甲苯二异氰酸酯装置光气破坏新方法

TDI生产装置停车过程中需要破坏大量的光气。为了缩短停车时间,采用碱液循环冷却的光气吸收塔,利用光气与碱液反应,使光气分解掉。通过热量平衡确定出停车时间和碱液罐体积。对该塔进行了模拟和分析,研究了碱液循环量对光气反应速度、塔的尺寸、停车时间、换热面积和循环水量的影响,最终确定出碱液循环量为200 m~3·h~(-1),碱槽体积200 m~3,风机风量12000 N·m~3·h~(-1),塔径3.2 m,停车时间8小时,所需换热面积120m~2,循环水量210 t·h~(-1),需要消耗19%新鲜碱液量总计118 t。此方案缩短了停车时间,提高了生产效率。     

基于火用分析的真空精馏系统操作优化

提出了真空精馏系统操作优化方案,对流程进行稳态模拟计算,并进行(?)分析,建立以处理单位质量原料的成本最低目标的优化设计模型。进而调整精馏塔塔顶压力、进料负荷、塔顶冷凝器出口副产蒸汽压力、再沸器导热油温度等操作参数,以达到优化流程参数的目的。结果表明,当塔顶压力达到10 kPa,精馏塔进料量可以增大到3750kg·h~(-1),此时处理单位质量原料的费用最低,优化流程的成本比原工况减少17.0%。     

基于Aspen plus萃取精馏的概念设计及优化

本文利用Aspen Plus软件,以醋酸.水体系为例,概念设计和优化萃取精馏过程.热力学模型选择NRTL活度系数方程和Hayden-O'Connell逸度系数方程,采用Aspen Plus的DSTWU模块,确定萃取精馏塔和溶剂回收塔的初始参数.在初始参数下,利用Aspen Plus的RadFRac模块对2塔精算,并利用Sensitivity模块,分别优化2塔的原料和萃取剂进料位置、回流比、萃取剂对原料的进料比等参数.设计和优化结果为:萃取精馏塔塔板数为30,原料进料板为第8块,萃取剂的进料板为第3块,回流比为3,萃取剂与原料进料比(质量)为1.6;溶剂回收塔塔板数为20,进料板为第7块,回流比为2.此参数下,利用RadFRac模块进行全流程模拟,结果显示,产品冰醋酸的质量分数达0.9975,2塔再沸器总热负荷为6545 kW,生产1t冰醋酸耗费蒸汽(1 MPa)量为4.25 t,与文献报道的普通精馏过程相比,可节约能耗52.23%.概念设计和优化的结果对工业化设计和生产具备指导意义.     

3,4-二氯苯胺精制工艺的研究

通过催化加氢反应产物3,4-二氯苯胺的热稳定性实验,得出产物中的胺基盐酸盐不会受热分解成HCl,对精馏设备不会产生腐蚀。通过抑制剂降解实验和产品热稳定性实验得出精馏塔釜温度须控制在190℃以下,可以有效避免抑制剂分解、产品色度变大。采用ASPEN软件对年产5000吨3,4-二氯苯胺产品分离工艺进行模拟和分析,确定精馏分离序列为先脱甲醇,再脱除水和轻组分,最后脱焦油,得到产品。脱甲醇塔常压操作,塔顶甲醇纯度为99.9%,塔底甲醇质量分率10 mg·l^-1,理论板数为26,进料位置在第15块板,对应回流量为3000kg·h^-1。脱轻塔常压操作,塔底温度175℃,塔底苯胺含量10 mg·l^-1,理论板数为26,进料位置在第7块板,回流量为1590 kg·h^-1。焦油塔塔底强制循环,产品侧线采出,产品的质量分率可达100%,回流量为1500 kg·h^-1,进料位置为第30块。整个分离过程产品的收率为99.15%。     

复杂平流多效精馏系统能量集成模型及过程模拟

为了更合理利用能量,将平流多效精馏系统中各效塔底产品、第1效至第n-1效塔顶产品及首效再沸器中加热生蒸汽的冷凝液用于预热原料液,建立由多效精馏及多级预热2个子系统构成的复杂平流多效精馏系统的能量集成模型。用于模拟具有切点系统的高度非理想溶液的平流多效精馏过程,用迭代法结合矩阵法求解。结果表明:用系统余热预热原料液可节省加热生蒸汽消耗量25%～35%,是1种非常有效的节能措施;各效精馏塔回流比及再沸器的有效传热温差、首效塔底再沸器中加热生蒸汽压力(或温度)、末效塔顶压力(或温度)、原料液的预热温度等参数,对平流多效精馏系统的操作费用及设备费用影响很大。     

阴极电泳乳液脱除溶剂中甲基异丁基酮的精制工艺模拟

对阴极电泳乳液脱除液中典型溶剂一甲基异丁基酮、丁酮和水的剩余曲线及共沸组成进行分析,提出了精馏-倾析联用工艺分离该混合溶剂的流程。应用流程模拟软件Aspen Plus进行模拟和灵敏度分析,确定了精馏塔的最佳塔板数、原料进料位置、回流比及液-液倾析器参数,得到质量分数大于99.5%的MIBK产品,且回收率超过95%,实现了阴极电泳乳液脱除液中甲基异丁基酮的高效回收。通过对分离系统各塔冷凝器和再沸器热负荷的计算,得到了处理量为6000 kg/h阴极电泳乳液脱除液分离系统所需要提供的冷却水量约56.25t/h,需要提供的中压饱和蒸汽(1.9 MPa)约为1.9I t/h。研究结果可为生产装置的设计和能耗的控制提供重要参考。     

精馏塔的节能控制——再沸器液位自调

问题的提出流程:每个精馏塔设两个再沸器(即列管式加热器),其作用是用蒸汽加热塔釜液以进行循环精馏,外来蒸汽减压后进到再沸器,与塔釜液通过列管进行顺流热交换,蒸汽从再沸器出来再去原料预热器加热粗甲醇,最后以冷凝液的形式送到冷凝水槽。原热能利用:蒸汽减压到3kg/cm~2(atu),其饱和蒸汽温度 tH=142.92℃将釜液加热到106℃±,再沸器排出蒸汽温度还有105～115℃。粗甲醇预热器来料温度一般72℃±,预热后的温度要求82～84℃。再沸器液位投运以前蒸汽耗量为2.0～2.3吨/时。表现出热量有余,常常打开支路使蒸汽白白     

APC技术在醋酸回收装置的应用

分析醋酸回收装置共沸精馏系统运行现状,在DCS常规控制基础上,应用先进工艺控制(APC)技术。通过克服萃取液蒸发器进料量、进料组分、加热蒸汽压力波动等干扰,稳定主蒸塔温度分布,同时优化主蒸塔中部温度、提馏段灵敏板温度,实现"卡边"优化控制。实测同等稳定负荷情况下,装置加热蒸汽单耗下降1.8%。     

利用PRO/Ⅱ软件概念设计醋酸-水萃取精馏

利用PRO/Ⅱ软件,选择Hayden-O'Connell热力学模型,概念设计醋酸/水萃取精馏,确定萃取精馏塔的理论板数、加料板位置、溶剂比、回流比等.并与普通精馏对比计算,结果,萃取精馏工艺的再沸器热负荷降低了51.8%,生产每吨醋酸耗费蒸汽量由8.9 t降至4.6 t,说明在同样的分离指标下,萃取精馏法分离醋酸/水优于普通精馏法.     

低浓度DMF废水的热集成回收新工艺

针对普通精馏回收低浓度废水中的DMF能耗高问题,本文提出了6种热集成节能方案,尽可能充分利用各物流的潜热和显热,以期达到降低能耗的目的:1)初始三效精馏工艺;2)增加多级进料预热器的三效精馏;3)四效精馏工艺;4)带热泵的三效精馏;5)单塔热泵精馏;6)改进的单塔热泵精馏。并应用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对6种节能方案进行了模拟计算。结果表明:对于低浓度DMF废水体系,多效精馏和热泵精馏与普通单塔精馏相比,均有显著的节能效果;增加多级进料预热系统,充分利用物流的潜热和显热,能耗明显降低;四效精馏与增加多级进料预热器的三效精馏节能效果相当;热泵精馏比多效精馏更加节能;改进的单塔热泵精馏最节能,节能率达到79%,每小时仅需3.6t的低压蒸汽,就可处理10t的废水,回收0.5t的DMF。六种节能方案比普通精馏节省约37.1%、47.6%、47.2%、67.9%、73.3%、79.0%的能耗。本文的研究结果对老装置的改造和新装置的设计有一定的指导意义。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

基于AD9626的模拟信号采集存储卡设计

自然界的绝大部分信号都是以模拟的形式存在,因此模拟信号的采集转换存储在数字时代十分关键。文章讨论了在雷达信号处理领域基于AD9626的AD采集存储卡的设计原理、硬件结构和程序设计与芯片配置等问题,为今后相关领域的研究提供了可参考的方案。     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

A human-computer interface for non-computer specialists

The COM teleconferencing system was designed to be easy to use for both beginners and people with much computer experience. A number of design choices in organizing the human-computer interface were considered very carefully. These design problems are not unique for teleconferencing applications, but will appear in many other developments of human-computer interfaces for non-computer specialists. This report discusses naming conventions, menu format, user commands, help facility and the treatment of ‘type ahead’ from the users.