Perfect match model‐based link assignment to design topology for satellite constellation system

In satellite constellation network, the satellites visible from one satellite are more than communication terminals (CTs) equipped. Each inter‐satellite link (ISL) would occupy one CT on each of two satellites connected by this ISL. Therefore, a fundamental problem considering link assignment is how to assign limited CTs for each satellite to establish ISLs with its visible satellites. Link assignment scheme based on perfect match model (LAS‐PMM) is proposed to make full use of huge bandwidth provided by CT. In LAS‐PMM, the problem of assigning all the CTs of each satellite to establish ISLs is modeled as a perfect matching problem, where a perfect matching is searched over a mixed complete bipartite graph. Simulation results show that LAS‐PMM is better than the regular and greedy LASs, in terms of CT utilization and average node‐to‐node distance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国低轨移动卫星通信系统星座设计

本文研究低轨移动卫星通信系统设计中的一个基本问题－－星座设计问题，并给邮了我国低圆轨道移动卫星通信系统的星座设计方案，该星座是以三个轨道平面组成的２４颗星系统，它的高度为１３２６ｋｍ，轨道参数由本文提出的优化算法进行设计，本文用统计的方法对我国低轨系统方案和Ｇｌｏｂａｌｓｔａｒ系统（２４颗星方案）的覆盖性能进行分析比较，结果表明本文提出的系统对我国的覆盖特性优于Ｇｌｏｂａｌｓｔａｒ系统，本文还对圆     

MIMO场景下的低轨卫星选星算法

低轨(LEO)宽带星座卫星通信作为地面5G无线通信系统的重要补充,始终面临地面可视卫星数量大、传统选星算法计算复杂度高等难题。为实现高效的卫星分组选择算法,基于多输入多输出(MIMO)系统原理,以大尺度路径损耗模型为基础,结合递减卫星选择算法,从而以较低计算复杂度、更快收敛速度有效逼近最优容量性能。该算法在典型LEO星座系统构型下通过数值仿真得到了验证,为未来5G低轨卫星星座通信传输方案设计提供了一种参考思路。     

Shadowing correlation assessment and modeling for satellite diversity in urban environments

Non‐geostationary orbit satellite networks have dynamic, yet deterministic topologies. This paper deals with the consequences of relying on the use of multiple visible satellites to improve availability with time/locations through satellite diversity techniques. The assumption of independent blockage events in two different satellite‐to‐mobile links is generally not accurate and information on shadowing correlation should be taken into account in the assessment of availability.In this paper a shadowing correlation study for urban environments is presented and a model for the real environments, as well as for a generic urban environment is inferred. The model proposed here is simple and can be run on a computer. It also relates urban and constellation geometries thus allowing the identification of those cases for which satellite diversity gain should be expected. As a result of this analysis and modelling, we present empirical analytical expressions describing positive correlation coefficient as a function of satellite angular separation (azimuth and elevation). We also show that an angle exists above which correlation can be negative and satellite diversity can sensibly improve link availability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theatre in the Sky: a ubiquitous broadband multimedia‐on‐demand service over a novel constellation composed of quasi‐geostationary satellites

To meet an ever‐growing demand for wideband multimedia services and electronic connectivity across the world, development of ubiquitous broadband multimedia systems is gaining a tremendous interest at both commercial and academic levels. Satellite networks will play an indispensable role in the deployment of such systems. A significant number of satellite communication constellations have been thus proposed using Geostationary (GEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. These constellations, however, either require a potential number of satellites or are unable to provide data transmission with high elevation angles. This paper proposes a new satellite constellation composed of Quasi‐GeoStationary Orbit (Quasi‐GSO) satellites. The main advantage of the constellation is in its ability to provide global coverage with a significantly small number of satellites while, at the same time, maintaining high elevation angles. Based on a combination of this Quasi‐GSO satellites constellation and terrestrial networks, the paper proposes also an architecture for building a global, large‐scale, and efficient Video‐on‐Demand (VoD) system. The entire architecture is referred to as a ‘Theatre in the Sky’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于分布式星群的双层星座设计

当前,陆地通信系统已无法满足日益复杂的信息需求,利用空间信息网络实现全球范围内的无缝覆盖和高效容量传输成为研究热点。现有卫星通信系统以单层星座为主,缺少高低轨卫星之间的协同。提出了一种基于分布式星群的双层星座设计,以基于分布式星群的低轨卫星作为网络架构的基础,采用星间链路实现低轨卫星之间的通信,通过高轨卫星实现中低纬度地区覆盖性能加强。仿真结果表明,所提方法在仅依靠在国内部署卫星地面站的前提下可实现全球多重覆盖。     

IGSO在卫星移动通信中的应用研究

研究利用IGSO星座提供卫星移动通信业务所涉及到的星座覆盖性能、多普勒频移及业务支持能力等问题。研究表明,采用2颗或3颗IGSO卫星构成的星座能够对我国区域提供较好的覆盖性能(单星和多星覆盖率及平均通信仰角),而引入的多普勒频移并不大。链路计算结果表明,采用IGSO卫星能够有效解决GEO卫星在高纬度区域的低仰角问题,并能用比较小的IGSO卫星来达到非常大的GEO卫星才能实现的性能。因此,采用IGSO的区域卫星移动通信系统具有较好的技术可行性。     

基于STK的双层卫星星座设计及仿真

轨道与星座的设计是整个卫星通信系统设计的基础,合理的轨道设计与星座配置方案可以显著提高系统的整体性能。结合GEO卫星处理能力强,LEO卫星星地时延小的特点,以提供全球实时接入为目标,提出了一种由LEO卫星提供全球覆盖的GEO/LEO双层卫星网络星座设计方案。运用卫星覆盖带分析方法,确定由48颗LEO卫星完成全球覆盖。通过在STK仿真环境下进行计算机仿真验证,得到所设计的卫星星座可完成全天时全球覆盖。     

最大访问间隔时间与成像侦察卫星星座

以区域成像侦察为背景,基于遗传算法提出了一个成像侦察卫星星座设计方法。研究了通过遗传算法模型优化设计侦察卫星轨道高度、轨道倾角、右升交点角及平近点角等轨道参数的方法。并对有3颗低轨道卫星的侦察卫星星座进行了优化仿真。结果表明,优化后的星座不仅在指定目标区域具有优异的最大访问间隔时间性能,而且具有一定的全球侦察能力。     

Satellite visibility in Northern Europe based on digital maps

This paper presents the calculation of satellite visibility and system availability based on digital elevation maps. New models for satellite visibility are derived for both non‐geostationary orbiting satellite constellations and geostationary satellites. Regression models for satellite visibility and average number of visible satellites based on easily available surface roughness variables are developed and tested. Cumulative distributions for the percentage of time that Iridium satellites are visible, taking terrain obstacles into account, are calculated and the relation between satellite visibility and system availability is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protection of fixed service receivers from the interference produced by the non‐geostationary satellites in a fixed satellite service network: a statistical interference analysis

Until 1997, the power flux density (pfd) limits applicable to fixed satellite service (FSS) satellite transmitters to protect fixed service (FS) receivers operating in the same frequency band were those in Article 21 of the radio regulations. They were developed assuming that potentially interfering satellites in the FSS would only operate in the GSO. The need to revise these limits to allow for the protection of FS receivers from interference generated by non‐geostationary satellites has led to several studies, most of them based on the non‐realistic assumption that every visible satellite in a NGSO constellation produces the maximum allowed pfd level at the FS receive station location. To provide a quantitative indication of how pessimistic this assumption is, this paper considers a more realistic model in which the pfd entries reaching a given FS receiver location are characterized by statistically independent random variables. The probability density functions of these random variables depend on the operational characteristics of the NGSO network. The obtained results have also shown the need to consider some of the operational characteristics of NGSO satellite networks when evaluating the interference produced by their satellites. If these operational characteristics are not taken into account in the calculations, higher values of interference, that do not reflect the real interference environment, are obtained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北斗三号卫星伪距测量误差特征分析

随着卫星导航系统广播星历和钟差参数的精度提升,下行导航信号伪距测量误差对于用户定位授时精度的提升益发显著。由于独特的卫星星座和系统体制,北斗二号卫星伪距测量与仰角呈现线性相关的变化特征,且幅度显著于 GPS 卫星,是北斗二号服务性能提升的关键瓶颈。 随着北斗三号系统的建设,空间星座逐步以 MEO 卫星为主。本文利用 iGMAS 公开数据全面评估北斗卫星下行伪距测量的多路径误差特征,结果表明,北斗三号卫星伪距多路径误差随仰角变化的趋势已得到明显改善,峰峰值为±1m,分布较为随机,与 GPS 卫星特征类似。     

基于GEO中继卫星的地月空间通信组网及连通性研究

The architecture of cislunar multi-hop communication networks, which focuses on the re-quirements of lunar full-coverage and continuous cislunar communications, is presented on the basis of Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO) satellite network relays. According to the geographical distribution of the forthcoming Chinese Deep Space Measuring and Controlling Network (DSMCN ), two networking schemes are proposed and two elevation angle opti-mization models are established for locating GEO relay satellites. To analyze the dynamic connectivi-ty, a dynamic network model is constructed with re-spect to the time-varying characteristics of cislunar trunk links. The advantages of the two proposed schemes, in terms of the Connectivity Rate (CR), In-terruption Frequency (IF), and Average Length of Connecting Duration (ALCD), are corroborated by several simulations. In the case of the lunar polar orbit constellation case, the gains in the perform-ance of scheme I are observed to be 134.55% , 117. 03% , and 217. 47% compared with DSMCN for three evaluation indicators, and the gains in the per-formance of scheme II are observed to be 238.22% , 240.40% , and 572.71% . The results validate that the connectivity of GEO satellites outperforms that of earth facilities significantly and schemes based on GEO satellite relays are promising options for cislu-nar multi-hop communication networking.     

Large constellations for fast acquisition and delivery of information: Design and analysis by stereographic projection onto the equatorial plane

Recent space projects are designed by satellite constellations with a large number of spacecraft, a global character (i.e., from equatorial to high inclination orbits), and the possibility to transfer information to different satellites of the constellation (inter satellite link) in order to deliver the information to the ground as soon as possible. To cope with a large number of parameters, a fast tool for constellation design, performance evaluation and networking strategies is needed. The aim of this paper is to obtain the performance of any constellation in less than 1 s, even when the number of satellites in the constellation and the duration of the analysis is large (e.g., more than 200 satellites in a period of some days). The proposed algorithm is based on analytical formulae obtained by using the stereographic projection on the equatorial plane of the satellite orbits and the projection of the target and ground station orbits. It is believed that the two-dimensional projection proposed here can offer some advantages with respect to the spatial analysis of satellite orbits and their ground tracks, such as the reduction in time required to calculate station/satellite and satellite/satellite encounter conditions, and the clear and simple representation of the motion of the satellite of the constellation and of the ground stations of interest.     

Mobile P-service satellite system comparison

Several future operators of the mobile handheld telephone (P-service) satellite communications systems are gearing up for system implementation to compete for the mobile handheld telephone market of the future. While these companies are proceeding with system realization, they are also looking for partners to finance these huge satellite projects. Potential partners or bulk users are administrations of national communication systems and operators of national communication satellites. These future partners ask themselves which P-service satellite communication system they should choose. There is not an easy answer because P-service satellite systems come in many varieties. There are the low altitude earth orbiting satellites (LEOs), the medium altitude earth orbiting satellites (MEOs), and the geosynchronous altitude earth orbiting satellites (GEOs). Each system has a different type of satellite repeater: digital regenerative, transparent digital, and the bent-pipe. And each satellite system uses its own modulation/multiple access system. The fact that satellites circle the earth at different altitudes has an impact on speech quality, and, because systems vary in satellite as well as constellation complexity, there are different price tags attached. All systems display ingenious features and will eventually work. Mobile users will decide which system will best serve their purposes. This article attempts to compare six P-service satellite systems and find a method for system selection. By use of self-established system criteria, it is possible to arrive at a P-service system selection. By weighing the system criteria, the sensitivity of system selection can be tested. The results or the selection of a particular system should not be considered a recommendation; rather, the process of selection should be used as a possible guideline.     

Performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in packet‐switched intersatellite link networks

This paper addresses the performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in non‐geostationary packet‐switched satellite communication systems. The dynamic topology of satellite networks and variable traffic load in satellite coverage areas, due to the motion of satellites in their orbit planes, pose stringent requirements to routing algorithms. We have limited the scope of our interest to routing in the intersatellite link (ISL) segment. In order to analyse the applicability of different routing algorithms used in terrestrial networks, and to evaluate the performance of new algorithms designed for satellite networks, we have built a simulation model of a satellite communication system with intersatellite links. In the paper, we present simulation results considering a network‐uniform source/destination distribution model and a uniform source–destination traffic flow, thus showing the inherent routing characteristics of a selected Celestri‐like LEO satellite constellation. The updates of the routing tables are centrally calculated according to the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向低轨通信星座的导航定位方法比对研究

当前基于低轨卫星的导航定位方法研究成为国内外热点,其中基于低轨通信卫星的导航定位技术更是当前研究的重点方向。然而低轨通信星座较低的时空基准精度给导航定位带来了较大的挑战,针对弱时空基准约束的低轨卫星导航定位体制设计还处在研究的初级阶段。本文针对低轨通信星座的导航定位服务需求,基于LEO通信卫星的伪码测距信号与多普勒测频信号,开展精度因子（Dilution of Precision,DOP）及定位精度均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）分析,并对两类测量体制下的低轨通信星座导航定位服务性能进行分析论证。理论分析与仿真结果表明,在设定低轨通信卫星10 m～30 m弱时空基准误差的约束下,多普勒测频体制具有更优的导航定位精度,其周期平滑后的三维RMSE值为1.28 m,相比伪码测距体制下的三维RMSE值优化了86.8%;二维RMSE值为0.99 m,相比于伪码测距体制提升了52.9%。本文提出了一种较为可靠的低轨通信星座多普勒定位方案,为未来低轨通信卫星用于导航定位服务提供了有益参考。     

An enhanced Markov chain based model for the narrowband LMS channel in built‐up areas

In this paper, a technique to derive the transition probabilities for a Markov chain model for the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel in built‐up areas is presented. This technique contributes to improving empirically derived parameters in that it can account for elevation and street orientation effects as well as building density. Physical‐statistical or ‘virtual city’ techniques are used to relate observed edification statistics to signal attenuation statistics. This methodology can also be applied to generating correlated time‐series for simultaneous links to a constellation of satellites from the same mobile terminal. The proposed approach also allows the generation of enhanced time‐series which take into account diffuse multipath and diffraction effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

QoS routing based on mobile agent for LEO satellite IP networks

Current quality of service (QoS) routing schemes for low earth orbit (LEO) satellites IP networks either neglect the varying population density or fail to guarantee end-to-end delay. As a remedy, QoS routing protocol based on mobile agent (QoSRP-MA) is proposed. QoSRP-MA is a source-based routing protocol. Once connection requests arrive, QoS mobile agents are dispatched from ingress satellite to explore routes, which migrate using satellite routing tables. Upon arriving in egress satellite, QoS mobile agents migrate back towards ingress satellite to reserve bandwidth. To construct satellite routing tables, load balancing routing algorithm based on mobile agent (LBRA-MA) is presented. In LBRP-MA, at regular intervals mobile agents launched on all satellites migrate autonomously to evaluate path cost and update routing tables. Moreover, path cost between source and destination is evaluated considering satellite geographical position as well as inter-satellite link (ISL) cost. Furthermore, ISL congestion index is considered to update routing table. Through simulations on a Courier-like constellation, it shows that QoSRP-MA can achieve guaranteed end-to-end delay bound with higher throughput, lower connection failing ratio and signaling overhead compared to high performance satellite routing (HPSR) scheme.     

中低轨卫星跨层激光链路二次同步切换方法

中低轨卫星之间跨层激光链路的无缝切换直接决定了双层卫星光网络的稳定性.异步切换方法会导致网络拓扑频繁重构,而集中同步切换将造成两层间连接中断,网络运行状态失控.为此,本文提出了中低轨卫星星座激光链路的二次同步切换方法,在保证中低轨道卫星连通的基础上,可降低网络拓扑重构频率.研究了整数周期比的中轨道和低轨道卫星空间位置特性,建立了中低轨卫星星座构形二阶非球摄动模型,确定了中低轨道之间轨道周期比为3的双层卫星星座构形.按连接和切换顺序将该星座构形中跨层激光链路分为两组,以相对周期的1/4为基准,每次令其中一组同步切换,通过交替完成切换.研究结果表明,二次同步切换方法使得网络拓扑重构频率降低到链路切换频率的1/7,比集中切换方法在网络平均时延方面降低了30ms.