JMC对应力波透射系数和节理比刚度影响的实验研究

 节理对岩体的动态力学特性有重要影响。采用改进型霍普金森花岗岩压杆(SHPB)实验设备,研究一维应力波在花岗岩人工节理处的传播规律,进而分析节理的动力学特性。通过切割工艺在花岗岩试样表面形成人工节理,使其具有不同的节理吻合系数(JMC)。采用两点式波分离方法处理实验数据,得到节理处的入射波,以及节理产生的反射波和透射波,进一步计算得到应力波传播通过节理的透射系数。基于SHPB实验的基本原理,得到节理的闭合量和作用在节理上的压力之间的关系,从而分析出节理的比刚度。该实验分析节理吻合系数对波传播的影响,进而研究节理吻合系数对花岗岩节理动态力学特性的影响。     

应力波穿越分形节理时的透反射规律研究

 为探讨应力波穿越不规则节理时的透反射规律,先借鉴分形损伤理论,建立分形损伤本构关系;在此基础上,基于线性位移不连续体模型,引入分形损伤本构,推导应力波穿越非规则节理时透反射系数的解析解,给出透反射系数与分形维数间的理论表达式。通过激光表面仪对节理进行扫描试验,分析节理面的分形几何特征,采用SHPB节理岩石冲击动力学试验手段,探讨应力波穿越单一分形节理时的透反射规律,并将解析解与试验结果进行对比分析,研究结果显示,透反射系数的试验值与理论值之间误差较小,表明所建立的分形损伤本构关系与推导的应力波穿越分形节理的解析解是正确的。     

Laboratory-scale investigation of response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations under dynamic loading

In underground rock engineering, water-bearing faults may be subjected to dynamic loading, resulting in the coupling of hydraulic and dynamic hazards. Understanding the interaction mechanism between the stress waves induced by dynamic loadings and liquid-filled rock joints is therefore crucial. In this study, an auxiliary device for simulating the liquid-filled layer was developed to analyze the dynamic response characteristics of liquid-filled rock joints in laboratory. Granite and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens were chosen for testing, and high-amplitude shock waves induced by a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to produce dynamic loadings. Impact loading tests were conducted on liquid-filled rock joints with different joint inclinations. The energy propagation coefficient and peak liquid pressure were proposed to investigate the energy propagation and attenuation of waves propagating across the joints, as well as the dynamic response characteristics of the liquid in the liquid-filled rock joints. For the inclination angle range considered herein, the experimental results showed that the energy propagation coefficient gently diminished with increasing joint inclination, and smaller coefficient values were obtained for granite specimens compared with PMMA specimens. The peak liquid pressure exhibited a gradually decreasing trend with increasing joint inclination, and the peak pressure for granite specimens was slightly higher than that for PMMA specimens. Overall, this paper may provide a considerably better method for studying liquid-filled rock joints at the laboratory scale, and serves as a guide for interpreting the underlying mechanisms for interactions between stress waves and liquid-filled rock joints.     

基于能量法测量节理岩体品质因子的实验研究

品质因子是衡量岩体中应力波衰减特性的一个重要参数。利用分离式霍普金森压杆实验系统对含人工节理花岗岩试样进行单轴冲击压缩实验,研究节理吻合系数(JMC)对岩体试样品质因子的影响。首先,根据品质因子基本概念得出了利用应力波能量计算品质因子的方法,并证明在试样严格满足应力均匀条件时,其与应力–应变曲线方法是等价的。然后,用三波法得到了节理试样的应力–应变曲线,同时用应力波能量方法计算了品质因子。实验结果表明:随着节理吻合系数(JMC)降低,应力–应变曲线滞回环面积增加,节理岩体试样的动态割线模量和品质因子均减小,说明节理接触面积减小弱化了整个试样并且使试样能量耗散能力增加。     

岩石SHPB测试中试样恒应变率变形的加载条件

 从分析霍布金逊压杆测试中试样变形应力、入射应力、反射应力和透射应力的相互关系入手,获得满足试样恒应变率变形所需的加载条件,即只有当加载应力和试样的变形应力具有相同的变化规律时,试样变形才处于恒应变率状态。试验结果表明,整形器法和异形冲头法都能在一定程度上实现试样的恒应变率测试,双试样法实际是整形器法的一个特例。整形器法更适合于理想弹脆性岩类的测试,异形冲头法对具有幂函数型本构曲线岩类和未知本构特征材料的测试有利,并且可重复性好。能产生半正弦波的异形冲头法可减小波形弥散对测试结果的影响。     

Oscillation elimination in the Hopkinson bar apparatus and resultant complete dynamic stress–strain curves for rocks

This paper highlights an improved experimental approach for eliminating oscillation that exists in the dynamic stress–strain response of rocks and other brittle materials obtained from tests using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Both analytical and experimental results for a number of rock types are presented to verify the idea. Results from the investigation indicate that oscillation in the dynamic stress–strain response of these materials originates from the Pochhammer–Chree dispersion of the loading incident wave, and more evidently from the relatively low strength and elastic modulus of the samples compared with metallic materials. In order to control the oscillation effectively, it is proposed that a half-sine loading waveform should be used instead of the conventional rectangular loading waveform in SHPB tests. Experimental results obtained from both the conventional and the improved methods are presented, including dynamic complete stress–strain curves for granite, sandstone and limestone. The improved method eliminates oscillation in the tests, provides better stability of strain rate and more representative results than those obtained from the conventional rectangular loading waveform shape.     

A waveform modification method for testing dynamic properties of rock under high temperature

In this study,a waveform modification method was proposed using a self-designed heating device combined with the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) technique for determination of dynamic behaviors of rock at high temperature.Firstly,the temperature gradient distribution on the incident bar was measured according to the variation of elastic modulus of the bar with temperature,and the relationship between the longitudinal wave velocity and temperature of the bar was obtained based on onedimensional stress wave theory.The incident bar with a temperature gradient was divided into a series of microelements,and then the transmission coefficient of the whole incident bar was obtained.Finally,the stress wave was modified by the transmission coefficient from 25℃ to 600℃.This method was used to study the dynamic properties of rock at high temperature,which not only preserves a classical SHPB device,but also effectively ensures the accuracy of the experimental results.A dynamic Brazilian disc experiment was carried out to explore the influences of loading rate and temperature on dynamic tensile strength of sandstone at high temperature using the proposed waveform modification method.     

不同地应力下爆炸应力波在节理岩体中传播规律模型试验研究

 通过模型试验研究不同地应力下应力波在节理岩体中的传播规律,同时考虑节理数量的影响,并推导地应力作用下应力波在多条非线性节理处的传播方程。首先,通过导爆索产生爆炸应力波,监测不同位置的应力,研究地应力下节理岩体中应力波传播的衰减组成,并分析地应力以及节理数量对应力波衰减的影响,其次,考虑地应力对非线性节理模型的影响,结合时间递归分析法,得出地应力作用下应力波在多条非线性节理处的传播方程,并将计算结果与试验数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明,高地应力下,爆炸应力波在节理岩体中传播时,其衰减主要由岩石材料和节理两部分分别引起的衰减叠加组成,随着地应力增加,节理岩体对应力波的衰减增强,其中岩石材料对应力波的衰减作用加强,而节理引起的衰减减弱。     

刀具动态作用下节理岩体破坏过程的数值模拟

基于细观损伤力学和动力有限元方法,模拟分析了节理岩体在刀具动态荷载作用下的损伤破裂过程,探讨了节理间距和节理角度的影响。在动力分析模型中,通过考虑黏弹性边界以排除边界应力波反射的影响,提高了计算精度。数值模拟结果表明,节理的存在改变了岩体中应力波的传播模式。一方面,节理面反射的拉伸应力波加剧了节理与刀具间岩体的碎裂;另一方面,软弱节理面破坏吸收了应力波能量,阻碍了应力波向下的传播,减弱了下部岩体的破坏程度。模拟结果还表明,节理间距越小,岩体破坏程度更加明显。倾斜节理的存在使刀具下部的裂纹出现不对称性扩展特征,影响了主裂纹向下扩展的能力,限制了其伸展的空间。节理岩体在刀具动态作用下的破坏过程研究还很少见到,研究结果对于节理岩体动态破坏的机理以及地下工程开挖等实际应用,具有一定的参考价值。     

高应变率下预制单节理岩石SHPB劈裂试验能量耗散分析

应用SHPB试验装置研究预制单节理岩石的能量耗散关系。使用SHPB试验系统,对高径比为0.5的完整花岗岩试样及预制单节理花岗岩试样进行高应变率下的冲击劈裂试验。在相同驱动气压下,改变加载方向与节理间的夹角,完成高应变率相同入射能下的冲击劈裂试验。对SHPB系统中的入射能、反射能、透射能及试样吸收能的时程变化规律进行了分析;从能量角度出发,分析冲击荷载作用下单节理岩石的能量耗散规律及其各向异性特征。结果表明:高应变率下,完整花岗岩试样在冲击劈裂试验中的吸收能随平均应变率增加而增加,表现出显著的应变率相关性;预制单节理岩石与加载方向之间夹角对破坏模式的影响明显,节理试样产生3种破坏模式:(1)穿越节理面的劈裂破坏;(2)沿节理岩石层面的滑移破坏;(3)劈裂与滑移破坏共同作用下的破坏。在入射能基本相同,入射时间较长时节理岩石试样吸收能较入射时间较短时的吸收能大。动态劈裂试验中,节理试样的吸收能随节理角度变化(0°~90°)近似呈U型。研究成果可为节理岩石动态力学性能研究提供参考。     

主动围压下地下工程岩石的冲击压缩特性试验研究

 岩石等脆性材料的力学性能与其所受围压的大小密切相关。为了研究地下工程岩石在围压下的冲击压缩特性,采用具主动围压加载的分离式Hopkinson压杆,对岩石进行主动围压下的SHPB冲击压缩试验,得到岩石在不同围压和不同应变率下的轴向应力–应变曲线,并对试验过程中试件的应力均匀性进行分析。研究表明：岩石类脆性材料在围压作用下其抗压强度和韧性大大提高,并且具有向延性特征发展的趋势,显现出较强的围压效应;在同等级围压下,岩石的峰值强度和峰值应变随应变率的变化表现出显著的应变率相关性,动态强度增长因子与应变率的对数呈近似线性关系,动态强度随应变率的增加而近似线性增长。单轴动荷载下,岩石在以拉应力为主,其他应力联合作用下发生破坏,表现出明显的脆性特征;随着围压的增加,岩石试件将发生脆性向延性的转变,破坏形态以压剪破坏为主,同时发生拉应变破坏和卸载破坏。     

泡沫混凝土动态力学性能及本构关系

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB),对泡沫混凝土进行了不同最大应变率下的冲击试验.结果表明:泡沫混凝土动态应力-应变曲线均呈现出明显的应变率效应,因材料多孔结构的特殊性,整段曲线上下波动较大,在破坏阶段尤为明显;应变软化阶段中应力值并没有快速下降至完全丧失承载力,而是形成了较高的应力平台,并且最大应变率越高,应力平台越长、越显著.从破坏层面分析,较低最大应变率下泡沫混凝土主要呈均匀压实破坏;较高最大应变率下则呈现逐层塌落的破坏形式.借鉴宏观损伤变量及朱-王-唐本构方程,归纳宏观试验结果,通过改进建立了反映泡沫混凝土峰值应力前动态应力-应变关系的等效本构方程.     

水泥砂浆石在一维与准一维应变状态下动态力学响应的比较和讨论

 分别采用改进了的SHPB 被动围压试验方法及一级气炮, 研究了水泥砂浆石在准一维应变及一维应变下的动态力学响应。分别得到了水泥砂浆石经摩擦力修正后的动态弹性常数、屈服强度以及高压下含损伤水泥砂浆石的冲击绝热关系。对水泥砂浆石在准一维应变、一维应变、一维应力下的应力2应变关系与高压下静水压缩曲线进行了比较和讨论。发现若以一维应变代替准一维应变, 其弹性区模量、Hugoniot 弹性极限等将引入显著的误差。     

一维动静组合加载下砂岩动力学特性的试验研究

 基于对深部岩石承受高地应力并在动力开挖扰动下发生破坏这一问题的科学认识,利用改造的劈裂霍普金森压杆动静组合加载试验装置,开展一维动静组合加载下砂岩的动力学特性试验研究。选取无轴压和3个典型轴压水平4种情形,开展不同应变率下的冲击试验。研究结果表明,相同应变率下岩石对外界冲击的响应受轴压比影响很大,冲击强度会随着轴压比的增加出现先增加后减小的趋势,在轴压比为0.6～0.7时达到最大值。相同轴压下,冲击强度会随着应变率的增加而增加,呈现指数函数关系。在一定的轴压比范围内,随着入射能的递增,岩石在加载破坏试验中先后会经历“吸收能量–释放能量–吸收能量”3个阶段。这3个阶段可以较好的解释高应力下岩石的动态强度递增、岩爆发生和诱导致裂三者之间的互相转化机制,对深部岩石工程的实践可以提供理论上的指导。     

岩石动静组合加载力学特性研究

 根据深部岩石力学研究的需要,在分析深部开挖中岩石受力特点的基础上,提出岩石动静组合加载问题。通过对多载荷凿岩机、INSTRON系统、SHPB装置的不断改进和尝试,研制出中高应变率段岩石动静组合加载试验系统,该系统可实现岩石轴向静压0～200 MPa、围压0～200 MPa和冲击动载0～500 MPa的同时加载。基于新研制的试验系统,对岩石在不同动静组合加载下的强度特性、破碎规律及吸能效率进行研究。结果表明：冲击动载一定,轴向静压从0增大到其单轴静压强度70%时,岩石的组合加载强度大于其纯静载强度或纯动载强度。轴向静压不变,随着冲击动载的增大,岩石的组合加载强度逐渐增大,表现出率相关性。动静组合加载下,岩石的破坏呈拉伸破裂模式,岩石的破碎块度在冲击动载或轴向静压增大时都向细粒端发展。岩石的吸能率随着动静组合加载的不同而不同,通过选择合适的动静组合加载,可使岩石的吸能率最大。     

三维静载与循环冲击组合作用下砂岩动态力学特性研究

 利用动静组合加载试验装置,对具有不同轴压和围压的砂岩进行循环冲击试验,研究砂岩抵抗循环冲击载荷能力的变化特性,并重点讨论围压和轴压对砂岩动态疲劳力学特性的影响。围压分别设置为4,8,10和12 MPa四个系列,轴向静载荷分别设置为49,84,105和125 MPa四个系列,入射杆上的入射波大小相等,入射能大小为230 J。结果表明,相同围压下,总循环冲击次数随轴压的增大而减小;相同轴压下,随围压的增加,岩石承受的总循环冲击次数增加。随循环冲击次数的增加,岩石动态峰值应力、加载段的变形模量和弹性应变逐渐减小,动态峰值应变和残余应变逐渐增加。动态峰值应力和平均应变率具有良好的负线性关系;相同围压情况下,随轴压的递增,动态峰值应力和平均应变率拟合直线斜率的绝对值越来越大;相同轴压情况下,随着围压的增加,拟合直线斜率的绝对值越来越小。三维静应力情况下,减小轴压或增加围压有利于提高岩石抵抗外部循环冲击的能力。     

Responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading

Impact-induced damage to jointed rock masses has important consequences in various mining and civil engineering applications. This paper reports a numerical investigation to address the responses of jointed rock masses subjected to impact loading. It also focuses on the static and dynamic properties of an intact rock derived from a series of laboratory tests on meta-sandstone samples from a quarry in Nova Scotia, Canada. A distinct element code (PFC2D) was used to generate a bonded particle model (BPM) to simulate both the static and dynamic properties of the intact rock. The calibrated BPM was then used to construct large-scale jointed rock mass samples by incorporating discrete joint networks of multiple joint intensities into the intact rock matrix represented by the BPM. Finally, the impact-induced damage inflicted by a rigid projectile particle on the jointed rock mass samples was determined through the use of the numerical model. The simulation results show that joints play an important role in the impact-induced rock mass damage where higher joint intensity results in more damage to the rock mass. This is mainly attributed to variations of stress wave propagation in jointed rock masses as compared to intact rock devoid of joints.     

冲击荷载作用下岩石动态力学特性及破裂特征研究

采用分离式霍布金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)试验系统对灰岩,白云岩和砂岩3类岩石进行动态冲击试验,得到岩石的动强度因子,耗散能密度及破碎尺寸与应变率的变化关系。在此基础上结合晶体离散元方法,采用高分辨率扫描和图像处理技术建立了晶体尺度试样模型,研究岩石材料高应变率力学特性和损伤特征。通过与室内SHPB试验对比,验证数值模拟的准确性。结果表明:岩石材料的动态屈服强度具有明显的率相关性,但弹性模量没有随应变率的增加而显著增加;在高应变率下,材料的动强度因子与应变率更符合Ханукаев公式;随着应变率的增加,岩石的破坏形态出现完整型→劈裂破坏→粉碎性破坏转化,这是由细观裂纹的激活数目以及裂纹间的相互作用关系所决定的。裂纹密度的变化和扩展路径的选择是材料动断裂机制,其宏观表现为材料的率效应和破碎成形。     

Rate-dependent mechanical behavior of jointed rock with an impersistent joint under different infill conditions

Transition in the rate-dependent mechanical response of rock was investigated due to the presence of impersistent joint with different infill conditions. Four types of samples, i.e. intact, jointed with no grouting, jointed and grouted with cement, and jointed and grouted with epoxy, were fabricated using model material. A series of dynamic split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests was conducted on prepared samples with strain rates varying between 53–130 s^?1 along with static uniaxial compression tests (10^?4 s^?1). Progression of fracture/failure along samples was monitored using high-speed imaging and digital image correlation (DIC). Strength was observed to be significantly lower for jointed samples as compared to intact samples. However, the increasing trend of strength with strain rates remained similar for all types of samples. Epoxy was observed to be a better grout due to greater improvement in the strength of epoxy grouted jointed samples than cement grouted samples under both static and dynamic conditions. Significant changes were observed in fracture behavior (initiation, pattern and mechanism) with strain rate for intact and jointed unfilled/grouted samples. Fracturing was dominated by shear and tensile cracks at high strain rates compared to tensile cracks at low strain rates in all samples. Unlike static loading conditions, the location of cracks initiation shifts away from joint tips with increasing strain rate and depending upon existing infill conditions (unfilled/grouted).     

Dynamic cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc method for measuring rock fracture parameters

The cracked chevron notch Brazilian disc (CCNBD) method is widely used in characterizing rock fracture toughness. We explore here the possibility of extending the CCNBD method to dynamic rock fracture testing. In dynamic rock fractures, relevant fracture parameters are the initiation fracture toughness, the fracture energy, the fracture propagation toughness, and the fracture velocity. The dynamic load is applied with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. A strain gauge is mounted on the sample surface near the notch tip to detect the fracture-induced strain release, and a laser gap gauge (LGG) is used to monitor the crack surface opening distance (CSOD) during the test. With dynamic force balance achieved in the tests, the stable–unstable transition of the crack propagation crack is observed and the initiation fracture toughness is obtained from the peak load. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness values obtained for the chosen rock (Laurentian granite) using this method are consistent with those measured using other methods. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness is in the range 2.5–4.6 MPa m^1/2 and the propagation fracture toughness is in the range 7.1–10.6 MPa m^1/2, which is consistently larger than the initiation toughness.