非线性均压材料的设计理论与参数调控

具有非线性电学参数的材料,其电导率或介电常数能够随着空间电场做出自适应的改变,从而达到智能改善绝缘介质空间电场分布均匀性的效果,可用于缓解高压设备局部集中的高电场。目前,国内外已经能够制备出具有高稳定水平的非线性电导特性的材料,如以氧化锌压敏微球为填料,以绝缘材料为基体的复合物。该文详细综述了国际上对于非线性电导材料均压的设计理论,介绍了如何根据实际改善电场分布的需求选择非线性均压材料的参数。在此基础上,总结国际上学者对于在材料制备过程中调控材料非线性参数以满足均压设计需求的研究工作。本文也对非线性均压材料在应用于实际高压设备方面的进展做了简单介绍。     

One-dimensional model for nonlinear stress control in cableterminations

A one-dimensional model for field control in cable terminations is analyzed mathematically both for linear and nonlinear field grading materials. Far an applied ac voltage, the concept of the penetration length allows for a useful characterization of the voltage profile, even for materials where both the conductivity and the permittivity are field dependent. For lightning impulse events an analytical solution for purely resistive field control is presented, allowing for an arbitrarily strong nonlinearity of the conductivity. The model results yield a useful input for more detailed finite element calculations. The results show that conclusions for nonlinear field control based on linear calculations in general are misleading     

A Galerkin model to study the field distribution in electricalcomponents employing nonlinear stress grading materials

An effective model is presented for the evaluation of the electric field dynamics inside electrical components, using nonlinear stress grading materials. The model, implemented in a numerical procedure, permits the solution of the Laplace equation and the diffusion equation by adopting the Galerkin method. Two-dimensional domains, even of very complex shapes and the finite thickness of the grading materials are properly taken into account, allowing an accurate evaluation of the electric field distribution and a sound understanding of the influence of the different types of nonlinearities on the stress grading efficiency. The proposed technique has been applied to study the field distributions inside a cable termination equipped with a stress control tube and in a suspension cap-and-pin glass insulator covered with an anti-corona layer. Numerical results for sinusoidal power frequency and standard impulse voltages elucidate the different role of resistive and capacitive contributions in determining the overall potential maps     

±500kV换流站谐振现象分析

当带断口均压电容的断路器断开时,在断路器的均压电容、电容式电压互感器、变压器的非线性感抗间的铁磁谐振,会造成稳态的过电压,并造成较正常电流大得多的电流,导致设备绝缘损坏、热击穿或二者同时发生.介绍了实际运行中发生的铁磁谐振事件,对其进行理论分析和仿真验证,并提出了一些防止措施.     

基于多元线性回归的阻性和容性电流分解

为了研究交流电压作用下非线性半导体器件和非线性绝缘电介质的绝缘状态和介电性能,提出一种阻性和容性电流分解算法。以非线性电阻和非线性电容构成的并联等效电路为研究对象,推导响应电流关于激励电压的非线性方程。通过坐标变换,将其转化成多元线性方程。利用多元线性回归方法,获得等效电路参数且实现了阻性和容性电流的分解。定性分析该算法的抗干扰能力和对非标准正弦波电压的适应能力。仿真结果表明:该算法可以准确地实现阻性和容性电流的分解;当响应电流含有55 d B的噪声时,电路参数的求解误差较小;激励电压谐波分量对电路参数的求解几乎没有影响。实验结果表明:该算法可以实现MOA阀片在交流电压作用下全泄露电流的分解。     

Comment on “1-dimensional model for nonlinear stress controlin cable terminations” [and reply]

For the original paper see ibid., vol. 4, no. 6, p.785-91 (1997). In the aforementioned paper by Rhyner and Bou-Diab, a problem of considerable engineering interest concerning the evaluation of the voltage profile in a cable termination equipped with stress grading materials has been discussed. In the paper, the potential distribution inside the termination is evaluated both for linear and nonlinear materials by adopting the well-known RC transmission line model. Although both the problem and the model adopted are not new, the authors introduce and discuss two novel aspects, of theoretical and practical interest for the electrical engineer involved in the design of cable terminations. In this Comment on the paper, Tucci aims to show that there are some weak points in the general theoretical model adopted and some of the approximations used in the analysis of particular cases. In reply, the authors answer the criticism and comments raised by Tucci     

Harmonic modeling of linear and nonlinear loads based on Kalman filtering algorithm

Most harmonic nonlinear load modeling techniques developed in the last two decades, assume that the load connected to the load bus has a constant admittance, inductive or capacitive, which depends on the mode of operation of the load (constant R, L, and C). This is not true, since the loads in most cases are nonlinear and they inject harmonics into the system. This paper presents a new application of Kalman filtering (KF) to nonlinear load modeling in the presence or absence of harmonics. The proposed technique uses directly available samples of the load voltage and current to estimate, and track the variation of load parameters. The proposed algorithm can be used directly on-line for harmonics load modeling, as well as, to track the load power active and reactive. The effects of the critical parameters on the behavior of the proposed algorithm are discussed. Results for different simulated examples and practical examples from field measurements are reported in the paper. The conclusion drawn from these examples is that the algorithm is successful in estimating the load parameters.     

基于时域有限元法的电缆终端电场分析

基于后退欧拉法和变分原理推导了非线性的时域有限元电场计算方程。利用时域有限元方法分析了含不同应力控制管时的电缆终端电场分布。分析结果表明,采用由电容性和非线性电阻性材料复合绝缘结构的应力控制管时,电缆终端的电场分布最为均匀。     

Polar Ceramics in RF-MEMS and Microwave Reconfigurable Electronics: A Brief Review on Recent Issues

Properties and fabrication status of microdevices for microwaves based on polar ceramics are reviewed. We discuss bulk acoustic wave devices with AlN films, rf-MEMS capacitive switches with high permittivity materials, and tunable ferroelectrics. The relevant properties of ferroelectrics for microwave applications are summarized with emphasis on composites and thin films.     

用改进的DFT改进MOA容性电流补偿法

为解决非整周期采样时改进的容性电流补偿法存在频谱泄漏和栅栏效应而影响算得的阻性电流准确性的问题,提出了基于加Blackman-Harris窗插值的改进容性电流补偿法,有效减轻了非整周期采样给阻性电流测量造成的误差。比较仿真模型给出的原算法和改进算法所得阻性电流基波和3次谐波分量的误差表明,新算法的误差仅为原算法的几分之一到几万分之一测量的准确大为提高。     

金属氧化物避雷器在线监测的谐波校正及研究

泄漏电流阻性分量是金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)在线监测的重要指标,传统的容性电流补偿算法并未考虑谐波电压的作用,对监测结果产生很大的误差。为解决该问题,利用电压过零时避雷器阻性电流与容性电流的关系求解避雷器晶介电容C,并推导了谐波电压下的容性电流补偿系数G,提出了一种金属氧化物避雷器在线监测的谐波电压校正方法,有效降低谐波电压对阻性电流提取的影响,提高避雷器阻性电流的提取精度。MATLAB仿真结果表明,通过MOA在线监测谐波校正方法,避雷器晶介电容C、基波阻性电流分量i_(R1)、3次谐波阻性电流分量i_(R3)误差均≤10%,有效地减小谐波电压给监测结果带来的影响,降低了阻性电流提取的误差,提高了避雷器在线监测结果的准确性。     

基于大电流脉冲的超导储能磁体快速放电方法研究

常规的超导储能磁体放电方法不能满足磁体快速放电的要求,而且放电瞬间还会在磁体两端产生高峰值的过电压脉冲,这对磁体的安全是一个隐患,因此寻找快速、安全的放电方法具有一定的现实意义。通过理论分析,笔者研究了在直接放电方法基础上加入电阻性和电容性两种转换电路的可行性。仿真结果表明:两种不同类别的转换电路与直接放电方法相比,不仅放电速率明显提高,还能有效抑制过电压。加入电阻性或电容性转换电路后,磁体中的能量转移更加迅速,输出的电流脉冲峰值更高,对同类超导储能磁体放电研究提供了重要的参考依据。     

配电网低压反孤岛装置设计原理及参数计算

针对分布式光伏发电接入配电网发生孤岛效应对电力检修人员现场安全作业的影响,设计了一种应用于220 V/380 V配电网中的低压反孤岛装置。装置基于光伏发电的孤岛运行机理和防孤岛保护策略,通过破坏分布式光伏发电孤岛运行的条件,实现反孤岛功能。提出了3种类型(阻性、感性、容性)低压反孤岛装置的设计原理,结合工程实际,计算了系列化低压反孤岛装置设计参数。通过试验对设计原理进行了验证和分析,通过比较不同类型低压反孤岛装置的试验结果和负载特性,建议低压反孤岛装置优先选用电阻型扰动负载。     

High voltage AC resistive current measurements using a computerbased digital watts technique

A computer-based technique is described which can accurately determine high-voltage AC resistive currents by obtaining the watts loss of the test specimen and dividing by the true r.m.s. (t.r.m.s.) value of the applied voltage Therefore, the normal concern for guarding against stray capacitive currents and for the exact repetition of test setup geometry on successive testing are not required for accurate measurements of AC resistive current. The watts loss calculation is based on the general formula for average watts so that the resistive current can be measured accurately with some harmonics of the fundamental present in both the test current and the supply voltage. A digital oscilloscope is used to acquire the test voltage and current so that special-purpose amplifiers are not required. The overall system accuracy is verified to less than ±1.21% of full-scale current. A microprocessor was used to compute the following parameters: average power, t.r.m.s. voltage, t.r.m.s. resistive current, t.r.m.s. capacitive current, total t.r.m.s. current, and the magnitude of calculated measurement error. The waveforms displayed are volt-ampere, voltage, and total current. An EHV aerial lift boom, a 115 kV station post insulator, and a metal-oxide surge arrester are evaluated using this technique to illustrate the measurement advantages     

基于加汉宁窗插值的金属氧化物避雷器改进容性电流补偿法

改进的容性电流补偿法能减轻电网谐波给金属氧化物避雷器阻性电流测量造成的误差,有效地获得MOA的阻性电流。但DFT在非同步采样时存在频谱泄漏和栅栏效应,影响了计算所得阻性电流的准确性。为了解决这个问题,提出了基于加Hanning窗插值的改进容性电流补偿法,有效减轻了非同步采样给阻性电流测量带来的误差,提高了根据阻性电流基波和三次谐波判断MOA故障方法的有效性。仿真分析验证了提出算法的有效性。     

一种新的MOA阻性电流提取算法

根据小电流区金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)等值电路模型为非线性电阻和电容并联的原理分析了非线性电阻和电容产生的电流,指出二者之间存在正交关系,并进行了证明。在此基础上提出了一种获取MOA泄漏电流中阻性分量的方法。即使MOA电阻的非线性关系和晶介电容值未知时,理论上该方法仍然可以获得准确的阻性电流,且不受电压信号中存在谐波的影响,同时可以获得准确的晶介电容值。基于Matlab实现了多种算法,使用MOA模型仿真出了电压和泄漏电流信号,多种方法的计算结果中所提算法具有最小误差,电压谐波存在时误差均为0;实验室实测了10 kV MOA的电压和泄漏电流,计算结果表明所提算法具有最高的稳定性。     

氧化锌避雷器在线监测方法的研究

基波电压产生的基波阻性电流ir和三次阻性电流i3r可以反应MOA的运行状况。改进的容性电流补偿法可有效去除全电流中的容性电流,但全电流中仍存在谐波电压产生的阻性电流,影响了ir和i3r的提取精度,特别是i3r的误差较大。为解决此问题,在改进补偿法的基础上,提出了改进容性电流补偿法的修正方法,借助于一等效的线性电阻补偿了部分谐波电压产生的阻性电流,从而减小了谐波电压引起的误差,提高了i3r的提取精度。仿真分析表明,修正后i3r的误差减小了一半,验证了此修正方法的有效性,也提高了根据ir和i3r判断MOA故障方法的准确性。     

Stress grading for high voltage motor and generator coils

Stress grading on high voltage motor and generator stator windings is becoming more important as the electrical stress in the ground insulation is increased. While there are a variety of possible ways to relieve surface stress, non-linear resistive tapes have been almost universally adopted because of their simplicity and efficiency. However, selection and quality control on these materials has been problematic, as the means to characterize these materials has not been clearly set out. Most types of material can be characterized in terms of two parameters, a threshold stress and a gradient index, which can be determined from simple current and voltage measurements. It is hoped, therefore, that manufactures of grading products will adopt such measurements and publish these values as a matter of course. This will enable coil manufacturers to improve the specification and quality control of stress grading coatings     

Improvement of resistance protection of high-voltage capacitors of powerful capacitive energy storage systems from emergency overcurrent

A resistive protection circuit of high-voltage pulse capacitors with powerful capacitive energy storage (CES) in multimodule implementation from the emergency overcurrents arising in the individual modules of CES when internal or external electric breakdown of isolation of capacitors was proposed. The main distinctive feature of this circuit is separate operation of CES modules at the stage of charging of parallel-connected capacitors and their operation together at the stage of discharge of the capacitor of modules at the total electrical load. This mode prevents the explosion-like destruction of their protective graphite–ceramic fixed resistors of TVO-60 type in an emergency arising upon breakdown of a CES capacitor at the charge stage. The calculation results of the main electrotechnical parameters of the proposed resistive protection circuit are presented. The quantitative determination of such parameters of the protective circuit of CES indicates its practical feasibility in the area of high-voltage pulse technology.     

Mobile Noncontact Monitoring of Heart and Lung Activity

This paper describes two methods for noncontact monitoring of heart and lung activity, namely magnetic bioimpedance monitoring and capacitive electrocardiogram (ECG) recording. In principle, both methods bear the potential for mobile application in a personal healthcare scenario. To illustrate their performance, prototypes for both methods have been developed and first results are presented. Finally, the fundamental drawbacks and limitations of these methods are discussed, including a detailed stability analysis of the capacitively coupled ldquoright legrdquo in capacitive ECG measurements with mismatching electrode capacities and the development of an adaptive noise canceller for magnetic bioimpedance monitoring based on a nonlinear signal coupling model.