一种鞣制—加脂制剂的合成和应用

紧密鞣制法可制得可干洗的皮革。这一方法在于同时向皮组织里引入鞣剂和加脂剂,从而使它们与胶原实现永久性结合。 紧密鞣制需要双功能的制剂。 现已合成可用于工艺过程的具有鞣制/加脂双功能的制剂。 鞣制/加脂制剂的合成 三氧化铬作为络合剂,由乙二醇和亚硫酸化猪油脂合成这一双功能制剂。 亚硫酸化猪油是用革厂处理猪皮过程中,由猪皮废弃物制得的一种油脂,可在120—170℃熔化,具有以下特性:     

加脂、复鞣对无铬鞣革耐湿热稳定性的影响

通过对比实验研究了不同加脂剂、复鞣剂对无铬鞣猪皮服装革耐湿热稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,磺化油SEO、STO、亚硫酸化鱼油、L-3对无铬鞣的耐湿热稳定性影响较小;硫酸化蓖麻油、亚硫酸化蓖麻油与硫酸化鱼油会大大降低无铬鞣革的耐湿热稳定性。磺化油STO、SEO、硫酸化鱼油、硫酸化蓖麻油、亚硫酸化鱼油加脂后的DSC曲线表现出皮革胶原变性集中的趋势。复鞣剂ART-Ⅰ配合ART-Ⅱ和Tergotan RSN Power所得坯革收缩温度较低,搭配应用复鞣剂所得的坯革的收缩温度都在90℃以上。     

亚硫酸化锌油研制及应用

本文以湖北沙市盛产的梓油为主要原料，采用以焦亚硫酸钠为磺化剂，在催化剂、乳化剂存在下进行氧化、亚硫酸化得到棕色或桔黄色磺化梓油，其结果硫含量在９％￣１３％（以ＳＯ３计）。     

加脂助剂SFO的改性及应用性能的研究

对加脂助剂SFO分别进行了磷酸酯化改性、顺酐酯化-亚硫酸化改性,并与磺化油SS进行复配实验,结果表明顺酐酯化-亚硫酸化改性的应用效果较为理想,加脂后的革较柔软、丰满、具有泡感及较强的蜡感.SFO顺酐酯化-亚硫酸化改性产物与磺化油SS复配比例为15～20:100时,应用后的效果与Coripol MK加脂剂的类似.     

亚硫酸化梓油研制及应用

本文以湖北沙市盛产的梓油为主要原料，采用以焦亚硫酸钠为磺化剂，在催化剂、乳化剂存在下进行氧化、亚硫酸化得到棕色或桔黄色磺化梓油，其结合硫含量在９％～１３％（以ＳＯ３计）。参考文献８     

汗液处理对加脂皮胶原纤维干热收缩性能的影响

分别采用合成牛蹄油、硫酸化蓖麻油以及亚硫酸化鱼油,对铬鞣过的牛皮胶原纤维进行了加脂处理,并采用自制的人工汗液对其进行了浸泡处理。采用热台显微镜研究了各种加脂皮胶原纤维试样,在汗液处理前后的干热收缩行为。结果表明:经汗液浸泡处理以后,各种加脂剂加脂的皮胶原纤维的耐干热收缩性能都有所降低。从急剧收缩温度的角度来看,加脂处理使得皮胶原纤维的耐汗性降低了。     

结合型大豆磷脂加脂剂的合成研究

通过对大豆磷脂进行H2O2氧化(羟基化)、马来酸酐酯化、中和、偏重亚硫酸钠亚硫酸化的化学改性方法,合成出了结合型磷脂加脂剂。着重研究了羟基化反应和马来酸酐酯化反应中各因素的改变对反应的影响。通过正交实验得到了H2O2氧化反应的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度65℃,反应时间5 h,H2O2用量与磷脂的质量比为20%,乳酸用量与磷脂的质量比为4%;马来酸酐酯化反应的最佳工艺为:催化剂质量分数为0.8%,反应温度100℃,反应时间3 h。     

耐水洗猪绒面服装革的加脂工艺研究

本文从耐洗革的机理入手，以常规的染色加脂工艺为基础，通过对比试验筛选出耐洗性能优良的加脂剂，尤其重点考察了加脂剂的耐洗性及其综合加脂效果，从而确定了猪皮耐水洗反绒服装手套革的加脂配比方案。研究结果表明，多功能亚硫酸化羊毛脂和防水性加脂剂等用于耐洗猪皮反绒服装手套革的加脂，除具有良好的综合加脂效果（油润、丝光、柔软等）外，还可赋予皮革以耐洗特性。     

加脂助剂SFO的改性及其应用性能

对加脂助剂SFO进行了磷酸化改性和亚硫酸化改性,然后对改性产物进行了红外分析,最后对制备的加脂剂进行应用试验,结果表明：磷酸化改性加脂助剂SFO加脂剂的综合应用效果比其业硫酸化改性加脂剂的综合应用效果好,加脂助剂SF0有助丁提高染料的吸收率,使成革的染色效果增强,由于加脂助剂SFO具有优良的性能,绎过复配后的加脂剂应用性能呵以达到MK加脂剂的应用性能。     

如何提高牛皮二层绒面革的强度

本文就如何增加或改善牛皮二层绒面革强度的问题进行了探讨与研究，研究与生产实践结果表明，通过对牛皮二层革进行适当的复鞣填充与加脂，特别是研究用铬粉、小分子丙烯酸复鞣剂、Tanigan BN、R6等复鞣及CIOCLEN SK、CIOCLENP6、L-3、磺化油SS、亚硫酸化鱼油等加脂可以提高二层革的强度。同时要注意过程中的操作与机械作用，保持缓和作用以及干燥方法、过程的控制。这样可以提高或改善牛皮二层革的抗张强度、撕裂强度，从而提高了二层绒面成品革的质量。     

皮革干燥机理研究——革在干燥过程中的收缩

本文对采用不同的干燥方法的猪羊服装革在干燥过程中面积、厚度收缩情况进行了分析研究，通过小实验（皮革样块），大生产（整张皮），对干燥前后的革的面积、厚度的实际测量，得到了革的纵、横向收缩与湿含量的关系，得到了绷板干燥，烘房钉板干燥，烘房挂晾干燥，贴板干燥，热泵干燥以及自然干燥的过程中，服装革的收缩数据，从而从理论上分析干燥方法对皮革质量性能，得革率的影响，分析了干燥工艺的优劣。     

皮革低温除湿（热泵）干燥过程研究

皮革热泵除湿干燥设备是八十年代才开发的新技术设备，它利用热泵技术设定极为接近活动物生活环境的工况条件而保证获得极高的皮革质量，干燥快速、稳定，不受外部环境影响也不影响(污染)环境，且能耗显著降低和减小生产场地，因而得到普遍肯定和迅速推广。本文论述了皮革热泵干燥的原理，介绍了在摸拟样机上干燥皮革时进行的干燥时间，干燥室结构影响、能量消耗，以及干燥的皮革质量等实验，从而得出：热泵干燥的皮革质量在丰满、柔软、均一性及收缩率等方面与自然干燥基本一致而显著优于其它方法干燥的结果，在干爆速度、干燥时间、能量消耗等方面．也比各种传统方位优越。     

干法贴膜坯革的生产技术

根据干法贴膜革的生产质量要求及二层蓝湿革本身的特点,讨论了干法贴膜坯革的生产工艺,提出了立足用国产材料进行干法贴膜坯革生产的简捷工艺和技术.     

Effect of Hydrocolloids on the Dehydration Kinetics,Color, and Texture of Mango Leather

Abstract

Tray drying of mango pulp was carried out to prepare mango leather and the dehydration behavior was studied. Different hydrocolloids like guar gum, pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose, gum acacia, pectin, and sodium alginate were also added to the mango pulp at levels of 1, 2, and 3% w/w to determine their effects on drying rate, moisture ratio, color, and equilibrium relative humidity. Texture of mango leather was studied using tensile deformation. Hydrocolloids lowered the drying rate of mango leather but only during the initial 2 h of drying. Mango leather had an extensibility, peak force to rupture, deformation modulus and energy to rupture of 14.54 mm, 0.0036 kN, 0.2285 MPa, and 0.0369 J respectively. Hydrocolloids increased the extensibility and energy to rupture of mango leather. Yellowness and redness of samples was lowered but lightness of mango leather was not significantly affected by hydrocolloid addition. The equilibrium relative humidity of mango leather increased with increasing hydrocolloid concentration. The study revealed that hydrocolloids especially guar gum or pectin can be added to modify the texture of mango leather without significantly affecting the drying rate, color, and packaging requirements.     

不同干燥方式对苹果蟠桃纸的感官品质和理化特性的影响

为了研究不同干燥方式对苹果蟠桃纸的感官品质和理化特性的影响,本文采用五种干燥方式（烘箱热风干燥、烤箱干燥、微波炉干燥、烤箱-烘箱联合干燥、烤箱-微波炉联合干燥）制备苹果蟠桃纸,考察不同干燥方式制备的苹果蟠桃纸在感官评定、质构、色泽、褐变度、总酚和维生素C含量、抗氧化活性等方面的差异。结果表明,烘箱热风干燥的产品的形态、口感、色泽、风味更能吸引感官评定人员,感官评定分数为最高（86.7）,总酚类含量最高（5.66 mg GAE/g dw）、抗氧化活性较强（DPPH自由基清除率66.00%,FRAP法测定的总还原能力0.32 mmol Trolox/g dw）,但维生素C含量较低（4.56 mg/100 g）、褐变程度较高。微波炉干燥的苹果蟠桃纸维生素C含量最高（9.78 mg/100 g）,但感官评定分数最低为66.7,总酚含量（4.11 mg GAE/g dw）和抗氧化活性最低（DPPH自由基清除率58.00%,FRAP法测定的总还原能力 0.18 mmol Trolox/g dw）。烤箱-烘箱联合干燥和烤箱-微波炉联合干燥的产品则没有突出优势。综上,建议在苹果蟠桃纸生产中不采用微波炉干燥,采用烘箱热风干燥。     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DRYERS AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON ACCEPTABILITY AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DURIAN LEATHER

Optimization study on drying condition ofdurian leather was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimization was conducted for two different dryers, oven dryer and forced-air cabinet dryer, with temperature and time of drying as independent variables. It was shown that both variables significantly affected most of the sensory properties. For both dryers, the optimum points for 5 sensory attributes evaluated including taste, aroma, texture, appearance and overall acceptability, were at temperatures ranged from 47–55 C for 10–14 h. Based on the overall acceptability, the optimum condition for oven-dried leather was achieved at temperature 50C for 12.6 h, while for cabinet-dried leather at 52.5C for 10 h. Results showed that panelist preferred product dried with low temperature-long time compared with high temperature-short time. Except for Hunter color b value of cabinet-dried product, results also indicated that drying condition was significantly influencing the physico-chemical properties such as moisture, A_w, nonenzymatic browning, texture, vitamin C and color of durian leather.     

猪反绒服装革加工中的技术关键(Ⅱ)机械加工及后续处理

详述了影响猪皮蓝湿革剖层、削匀、磨革质量及得革率的主要因素和复鞣、染色加脂、干燥整理工艺技术与成品革质量的关系。提出了提高猪反绒服装革整体质量和经济效益应采取的技术和管理措施。     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NEURAL NETWORK PREDICTION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR TUNNEL DRIER FOR DRYING JACKFRUIT BULBS AND LEATHER

This article presents the field performance of a solar tunnel drier for drying jackfruit bulbs and leather. The drier consists of a transparent plastic‐covered flat‐plate collector and a drying tunnel connected in series to supply hot air directly into the drying tunnel using two direct‐current fans operated by a photovoltaic module. The drier has a loading capacity of 120–150 kg of fruits. Sixteen experimental runs were conducted for drying jackfruit bulbs and leather (eight runs each). The use of a solar tunnel drier led to a considerable reduction in drying time and dried products of better quality in comparison to products dried under the sun. A multilayered neural network approach was used to predict the performance of the solar tunnel drier. Using solar drying data of jackfruit bulbs and leather, the model has been trained using backpropagation algorithm. The prediction of the performance of the drier was found to be excellent after it was adequately trained. It can be used to predict the potential of the drier for different locations, and can also be used in a predictive optimal control algorithm.     

无铬猪皮鞋里革性能研究

无铬鞣剂(有机磷鞣剂)制备的无铬鞋里革,撕裂强度为2.31N/mm,拉伸强度为12.12MPa,断裂伸长率为100.12%;无铬鞋里革的干燥趋势及回湿趋势与有铬鞋里革相似;无铬鞋里革具有特殊的纤维结构;无铬鞣革的动态透水汽性为0.936mg/cm2·h,无铬鞋里革抑菌性能、耐汗性能、除臭性能优良。     

Drying of Apple Purees

Various factors influencing the drying rate of apple purée were investigated. A heated airstream passed over the purée which was contained on a large flat tray. The drying rate could be increased by raising the air temperature, by increasing the air velocity, by promoting turbulence at the tray entrance, by increasing the vertical spacing between trays, and by using metal instead of wooden trays. Three distinct modes of moisture removal were observed during the transition from wet purée to dried apple leather. It was possible to obtain a suitable apple leather product in about 3 hr using 107°C air at 4.6–7.6 m/sec.