直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故分析

通过对直流蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故的分析,可看出RELAP5瞬态分析程序能较好地模拟一体化反应堆在SGTR事故后的事件响应序列及主要热工水力现象,例如环路的不对称效应、主回路的自然循环等。一体化反应堆在发生SGTR事故后,可通过一系列安全与保护系统的动作得到有效缓解,并最终能应用非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）的自然循环导出堆芯余热,使反应堆处于安全状态。同时,受事故影响蒸汽发生器压力在PRHRS投入运行后会快速升高,最终与一回路压力相平衡,此后,破口处的泄漏也会终止。此外,本文还研究了破口处临界流量及其积分流量结果不确定性的影响因素,其中主要考虑了采用不同的临界流模型和破口建模方式等两个方面。     

传热管破裂位置及根数对SGTR事故进程的影响

以一体化反应堆为研究对象,应用RELAP5/MOD3.4程序对套管式直流蒸汽发生器发生传热管破裂事故时,影响事故进程的一些因素进行了分析,其中包括破口在传热管轴向高度不同断裂位置,以及同时断裂多根传热管等。分析结果表明:不同断裂位置处的SGTR事故,其系统响应大致相同;不同破裂面积的SGTR事故,其破口处临界喷放流量与破口面积有着密切的联系。但总体来看,无论直流蒸汽发生器发生何种形式的SGTR,其一回路冷却剂通过破口处向二回路侧泄漏的积分流量大致相同,而且这个积分流量决定了一体化反应堆的瞬态响应。     

SGTR事故下气泡穿透深度模拟实验

蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)后,气泡在冷却剂中的穿透深度影响铅基冷却反应堆的安全运行。针对中国铅基反应堆SGTR事故,实验营造不同气体泄漏量,利用高速摄影技术对气泡在水介质中的穿透深度特性进行了模拟实验研究。观察了气泡流动流型演化全过程,得到了气泡流型及穿透深度的初步实验数据,并推导出气泡无量纲穿透深度与弗劳德数间的准则关系式,在弗劳德相似准则基础上该关系式可应用于密度比小的气泡在液态金属冷却剂中的注入过程。实验结果表明,在破口面积一定的条件下,气泡穿透深度与气体初始速度呈正比。由量纲分析得到气泡穿透深度关系式与文献的实验结果吻合较好。     

钠冷快堆蒸汽发生器小泄漏事故中氢迁移行为研究

钠冷快堆采用钠-钠-水/蒸汽三回路传热模式,二回路钠与三回路水/蒸汽通过蒸汽发生器实现热交换。蒸汽发生器中传热管的微小破损都可能导致钠水反应。为了有效扼制小泄漏事故的扩展,需要及时发现泄漏的发生。本文建立了钠冷快堆蒸汽发生器小泄漏钠水反应一维计算模型,采用Fortran语言编写了一维分析程序,用于计算小泄漏钠水反应氢气产生、迁移过程,并与参考文献计算结果进行了对比。最后,针对蒸汽发生器一根传热管破损分析了泄漏率、钠温对氢离子和氢气在二回路钠中迁移行为的影响。可为钠冷快堆二回路小泄漏探测系统的布置提供参考。     

蒸汽发生器传热管的降质及对其完整性的评估

蒸汽发生器传热管是反应堆冷却剂压力边界的主要组成部分，这就意味着必须保持传热管的完整性。然而，运行经验表明，蒸汽发生器传热管会出现各种降质。这些降质可能会导致管子的泄漏或破裂，使反应堆冷却剂丧失，并提供了直接通向二回路和释放到环境中去的途径。本文将介绍几种已知的传热管降质，传热管完整性性能准则．并对蒸汽发生器传热管完整性进行评估。     

钠水反应试验系统中小泄漏钠水反应氢气分布特性

蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆的关键设备之一,其传热管破裂引发的钠水反应会产生大量氢气及热量,危害钠冷快堆的安全运行。本文基于VOF多相流模型,在钠水反应试验系统内开展中小泄漏钠水反应工况的数值分析,获得了高压反应釜内氢气在钠水反应下的三维空间分布特性和迁移特性。结果表明：高压反应釜内氢气的迁移特性受钠液流速影响,氢气在整个循环环路的迁移特性主要受水泄漏量控制。通过设置灵敏度为0.005 ppm的氢计,获得了环路不同区域检测到氢气的最快特征时间。     

钠水反应试验系统中小泄漏钠水反应氢气分布特性

蒸汽发生器是钠冷快堆的关键设备之一,其传热管破裂引发的钠水反应会产生大量氢气及热量,危害钠冷快堆的安全运行。本文基于VOF多相流模型,在钠水反应试验系统内开展中小泄漏钠水反应工况的数值分析,获得了高压反应釜内氢气在钠水反应下的三维空间分布特性和迁移特性。结果表明:高压反应釜内氢气的迁移特性受钠液流速影响,氢气在整个循环环路的迁移特性主要受水泄漏量控制。通过设置灵敏度为0.005 ppm的氢计,获得了环路不同区域检测到氢气的最快特征时间。     

基于全范围模拟机对压水堆MSLB叠加SGTR事故分析

主蒸汽管道断裂事故叠加蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故属于核电厂超设计基准事故。为研究国内M310系列机组对该种事故的处理能力,采用了以宁德核电厂1号机为原型的全范围模拟机对此次事故进程进行模拟,选择了放射性释放较为恶劣的蒸汽管道破口(MSLB)叠加100根蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故,并应用了最新的SOP规程中的操纵员动作以缓解事故后果,分析了事故发生后一回路压力、蒸汽发生器压力、堆芯出口温度以及一次侧至二次侧破口流量的变化。分析结果表明了在核电厂自动动作和操纵员有效及时干预下,在一定情况下可以避免进入严重事故中,最终可以处于安全可控状态。     

对SGTR事故基于征兆的处理策略分析

电厂正常运行时发生蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故,考虑到燃料棒破损,反应堆冷却剂被裂变产物污染。由于该事故使放射性冷却剂从一回路向二回路系统泄漏,进而导致二回路系统放射性增加,另外如果破损蒸汽发生器发生满溢将对环境造成严重影响。本文基于SGTR事故征兆及后果等分析,确定适用于国内某百万千瓦级核电厂的基于征兆的SGTR事故处理策略,并通过最佳估算模型计算,分析评估基于征兆的SGTR事故处理策略的效果并最终确定该事故处理策略。     

铅铋快堆SGTR事故下高压过冷水注入高温铅铋合金流动传热数值模拟研究

铅铋快堆内蒸汽发生器传热管两侧为高压过冷水和高温铅铋冷却剂，传热管两侧较大的压差和温差以及液态铅铋合金（LBE）的腐蚀效应可能造成蒸汽发生器传热管破裂（SGTR）事故。深入研究事故后高压过冷水冲击高温液态LBE的射流沸腾和相变产物蒸汽扩散的特征，具有十分重要的学术意义和工程应用价值。为揭示事故工况下液态LBE与水相互作用的传热传质机理，基于流体体积（VOF）方法，结合LES湍流模型和Lee相变模型，建立了水/蒸汽-液态铅铋多相流动与传热的三维数值计算模型，系统研究了高压过冷水注入高温LBE内发生的相变传热过程。结合注入压力及过冷水温度等因素，分析了射流沸腾过程中不同工况对射流形态、迁移深度以及沸腾行为的影响，研究结果可为SGTR事故工况下堆芯安全性预测提供指导。     

Void Transport after Steam Generator Tube Leakage in Natural Circulation Lead-cooled Fast Reactor

For lead-cooled fast reactors, steam generator tube leakage and/or rupture (SGTL/R) is one of the safety issues. During SGTL/R, high-pressure water from secondary side of main heat exchangers is injected to lower-pressure primary side. It may have significant negative impact on the integrity of structures nearby, the flow and heat transfer capabilities of the primary system and the reactivity of the core. The transport of steam bubbles and subsequent void accumulation in the primary system of SNCLFR-100 were addressed in the paper. Based on ANSYS FLUENT, Lagrangian tracking of steam bubbles (voids) in Eulerian flow field was performed to identify the locations and traces of steam bubbles after SGTL. The core safety characteristics under SGTL/R accident were also evaluated. The results show that the leakage location, bubble size and the liquid contamination all have influence on the void transport. For the contaminated primary system of a lead-cooled fast reactor, the occurrence of SGTL with a low leakage location may significantly affect the normal operation of the reactor.     

Safety design of Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water fast reactor (PBWFR)

In Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water small fast reactor (PBWFR), steam is generated by direct contact of feedwater with primary Pb–Bi coolant above the core, and Pb–Bi coolant is circulated by steam lift pump in chimneys. Safety design has been developed to show safety features of PBWFR. Negative void reactivity is inserted even if whole of the core and upper plenum are voided hypothetically by steam intrusion from above. The control rod ejection due to coolant pressure is prevented using in-vessel type control rod driving mechanism. At coolant leak from reactor vessel and feedwater pipes, Pb–Bi coolant level in the reactor vessel required for decay heat removal is kept using closed guard vessel. Dual pipes for feedwater are employed to avoid leak of water. Although there is no concern of loss of flow accident due to primary pump trip, feedwater pump trip initiates loss of coolant flow (LOF). Injection of high pressure water slows down the flow coast down of feedwater at the LOF event. The unprotected loss of flow and heat sink (ATWS) has been evaluated, which shows that the fuel temperatures are kept lower than the safety limits.     

Investigation of correlation diagram between heat transfer coefficient and void fraction under sodium–water reaction

Sodium-water reaction (SWR) in a steam generator of sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is a significant phenomenon for safety assessment of the system. One of the top concerns in the SWR is an overheating rupture phenomenon in which a neighbor heat transfer tube fails instantaneously because of a deterioration of structural integrity under a high temperature condition. Hence, the heat transfer coefficient on the tube surface is of importance. Since hydrogen gas is generated in the SWR and liquid water will evaporate quickly due to depressurization, the reaction region is covered with a multi-phase flow structure, and thus the value of the heat transfer coefficient will vary widely. In the present paper, a correlation diagram has been developed between the heat transfer coefficient and the void fraction based on one dimensional homogeneous flow simulation. Furthermore, the transient of void fraction in SWAT-1R experiment is investigated using the diagram.     

池式快堆系统分析软件稳态功能开发

针对目前我国快堆系统分析软件主要采用国外引进方式而导致难以掌握核心物理模型的现状,以中国实验快堆(CEFR)为研究和建模对象,基于中子动力学模型、堆芯及其热钠池模型、中间热交换器模型、一回路和中间回路热量传输系统模型、三回路模型等,自主开发了基于CompaqVisualFortran(CVF)的适用于稳态计算的池式快堆系统分析软件SAC-CFR。通过与中国实验快堆安全分析报告中数据进行对比,验证了所开发模型的精度,为下一步瞬态模型的开发及控制和保护系统的开发做准备。     

Code development and safety analyses for Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water fast reactor (PBWFR)

Pb–Bi-cooled direct contact boiling water fast reactor (PBWFR) can produce steam from the direct contact of feed-water and lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) in the chimney of 3 m height, which eliminates the bulky and flimsy steam generators. Moreover, as the coolant LBE is driven by the buoyancy of steam bubbles, the primary pump is not necessary in the reactor. The conceptual design makes the reactor simple, compact and economical. Owing to the large thermal expansion coefficient of LBE and good performance of steam lift pump, the reactor is expected to have good passive safety. A new computer code is developed to investigate the thermal–hydraulic behaviors and safety performance of PBWFR in the present work. Unprotected rod run-out transient over power (UTOP) and unprotected loss of flow (ULOF)/unprotected loss of heat sink (ULOHS) are simulated to test and verify its safety. The results show that PBWFR has very good inherent safety due to the satisfactory neutron and thermal–physical properties of LBE. Cladding materials turn to be the key factor to restrict its safety performance and UTOP is more dangerous for PBWFR. It's suggested that it should appropriately reduce the maximum value of the control rods to mitigate the consequence of UTOP due to good reactivity feedbacks in the core.     

Gas entrainment allowance level at free surface and gas dynamic behavior of sodium-cooled fast reactor

In a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), inert gases exist in the primary coolant system either in a state of dissolved gas or free gas bubbles. The sources of the gas bubbles are entrainment and dissolution of the reactor cover gas (argon) at the vessel free surface and emission of the helium gas that is produced as a result of disintegration of B₄C control rod material. The gas in the primary system may cause disturbance in reactivity, nucleation site for boiling, etc. Therefore, it is a key issue from the design and safety viewpoint and the allowance level is necessary regarding the gas entrainment at the free surface and the gas bubble concentration in the primary system. In the present study, a gas entrainment allowance level at the free surface is discussed and rationalized for the Japanese SFR (JSFR) design. The influence of the gas entrainment is evaluated using the void fraction at the core inlet. Design criteria for the acceptable level of the gas entrainment and gas concentration are proposed in consideration of the background level of gasses in the coolant. For the purpose, a plant dynamics code VIBUL has been developed to apply to the JSFR design to evaluate the concentration distribution of the dissolved gas and the free gas bubble in the JSFR system. Using the plant dynamics code for the bubble behavior, the background level of the free gas (void fraction at the core inlet) has been obtained. Assuming that the total void fraction should be kept below 105% of the background level, a preliminary design allowance level of gas entrainment is proposed as the map in terms of the entrainment rate and the entrained bubble radius. Furthermore, the possibility of bubble removal and design requirement of the device is investigated to satisfy the allowance level. It is noted that the background level is already very low in comparison with the induced void reactivity by the void passing the reactor core.     

池式钠冷快堆事故源项计算方法研究及其应用

针对传统轻水堆事故源项计算方法不适用池式钠冷快堆的问题,分析可能发生的设计基准事故和超设计基准事故的释放路径,研究建立适用于池式钠冷快堆的堆芯损伤类、泄漏类和钠火类事故源项计算方法。结合示范快堆的6种典型事故：1盒燃料组件瞬时全部堵塞事故、反应堆堆本体覆盖气体边界泄漏事故、一次氩气衰变罐破损事故、主容器泄漏事故、一回路外无保护套管的钠净化管道泄漏事故和一回路无保护套管的外辅助管断裂或泄漏合并隔离阀关不住事故,开展事故源项计算及其剂量后果评价。结果表明：6种事故的放射性后果均低于GB 6249-2011的要求。该方法还可为回路式钠冷快堆、铅铋快堆以及气冷快堆事故源项计算提供参考。     

Study on Calculation Method of Accidental Source Term for Pool-type Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor and Its Application

To deal with the problem that the traditional light water reactor accidental source term calculation method is not suitable for sodium-cooled fast reactor, calculation methods for accidental source term of pool-type sodium-cooled fast reactor, including core damage type, leak type and sodium fire type, were studied and derived on basis of the analysis of release path of potential design basis accidents and beyond design basis accidents. The methods were applied to six typical accidents of the demonstration fast reactor, including the total instantaneous blockage of one fuel assembly, the leakage of cover gas region of reactor main vessel, the damage of primary argon decay tank, the leakage of main vessel, the leakage of sodium purification pipeline without protective sleeve outside the primary circuit, and the leakage of external auxiliary pipeline without protective sleeve outside the primary circuit or the isolation valve tube not be closed. The calculation of accidental source terms and their radiological consequences were carried out. The results show that the radioactive dose consequences of the six accidents are lower than the requirements of GB 6249-2011. The methods proposed can provide reference to the calculations of accidental source term of loop-type sodium-cooled fast reactor, lead-cooled fast reactor and gas-cooled fast reactor.     

示范快堆一回路主管道断裂事故最佳估算分析研究

与安全裕量有关的研究一直是反应堆安全设计与安全分析的重点和难点问题。本文针对池式示范快堆CFR600的设计特点,对主热传输系统中的重要现象进行了分析,并建立了最佳估算模型,基于Wilks方法对CFR600一回路主管道断裂事故进行了不确定性量化计算。最佳估算分析结果表明,CFR600在一回路主管道断裂事故下,包壳最高温度95%/95%上限为851?6 ℃,相较于保守分析结果具有约91?8 ℃裕量,低于包壳破损验收准则。     

Analysis of severe core damage accident progression for the heavy water reactor

In this study,the severe accident progression analysis of generic Canadian deuterium uranium reactor 6 was preliminarily provided using an integrated severe accident analysis code.The selected accident sequences were multiple steam generator tube rupture and large break loss-of-coolant accidents because these led to severe core damage with an assumed unavailability for several critical safety systems.The progressions of severe accident included a set of failed safety systems normally operated at full power,and initiative events led to primary heat transport system inventory blow-down or boil off.The core heat-up and melting,steam generator response,fuel channel and calandria vessel failure were analyzed.The results showed that the progression of a severe core damage accident induced by steam generator tube rupture or large break loss-of-coolant accidents in a CANDU reactor was slow due to heat sinks in the calandria vessel and vault.