富氧空位Co3O4纳米线的制备及其电解水性能研究

在室温下利用NaBH₄溶液还原Co₃O₄纳米线获得富含氧空位（V_O）的三维自支撑纳米线阵列用作全水解电催化剂，其中NaBH₄处理10 min的Co₃O₄/NF在碱性介质中对析氧反应（OER）和析氢反应（HER）表现出很高的活性，在10 mA·cm^-2电流密度下分别仅需240和132 mV的过电位。V_O-Co₃O₄/NF同时作为阴极和阳极电催化剂时，在10 mA·cm^-2下电解水槽电压仅为1.63 V，其耐久性可达60 h以上。该工作为富含氧空位结构的过渡金属氧化物双功能电催化剂的制备提供了新的方法和思路。     

Engineering oxygen vacancy-rich Co3O4 nanowire as high-efficiency and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall alkaline water splitting

A novel kind of vacancy-rich nanowire arrays were prepared by reducing rough Co₃O₄ nanowires with NaBH₄ solution on 3D nickel foam at room temperature for overall water splitting. Co₃O₄/NF treated by NaBH₄ for 10 min was highly active for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and simultaneously efficient for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with the need of the overpotentials of 240 and 132 mV to drive 10 mA·cm^-2 in alkaline media, respectively. Furthermore, the electrocatalysts as both cathode and anode in a two-electrode system presented excellent durability for over 60 h at 10 mA·cm^-2, maintaining the cell voltage of merely 1.63 V. This work provides new methods and ideas for the preparation of transition metal oxide bifunctional electrocatalysts rich in oxygen vacancies.     

MOFs诱导中空Co3O4/CdIn2S4合成及光催化CO2还原性能研究

光催化二氧化碳转化技术，不仅可以利用取之不尽用之不竭的太阳光能，而且可将二氧化碳转化为高附加值的碳基燃料，受到研究者们的广泛关注。实验设计合成了新颖的中空结构的Co₃O₄/CdIn₂S₄异质结光催化剂。两种半导体的高效耦合作用极大地促进了光生载流子分离，同时形成更多暴露活性位点。基于异质结独特的结构优势，表现出高效的CO₂还原性能，5% Co₃O₄/CdIn₂S₄ 的CO生成速率达74 μmol·g^-1·h^-1，与单体CdIn₂S₄相比，不仅活性得到很大提升，同时CO选择性达到100%。     

Oxygen-deficient MoOx/Ni3S2 heterostructure grown on nickel foam as efficient and durable self-supported electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction

High-performance and ultra-durable electrocatalysts are vital for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during water splitting. Herein, by one-pot solvothermal method, MoO_x/Ni₃S₂ spheres comprising Ni₃S₂ nanoparticles inside and oxygen-deficient amorphous MoO_x outside in situ grow on Ni foam (NF), to assembly the heterostructure composites of MoO_x/Ni₃S₂/NF. By adjusting volume ratio of the solvents of ethanol to water, the optimized MoO_x/Ni₃S₂/NF-11 exhibits the best HER performance, requiring an extremely low overpotential of 76 mV to achieve the current density of 10 mA∙cm^‒2 (η₁₀ = 76 mV) and an ultra-small Tafel slope of 46 mV∙dec^‒1 in 0.5 mol∙L^‒1 H₂SO₄. More importantly, the catalyst shows prominent high catalytic stability for HER (> 100 h). The acid-resistant MoO_x wraps the inside Ni₃S₂/NF to ensure the high stability of the catalyst under acidic conditions. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the existing oxygen vacancy and MoO_x/Ni₃S₂ heterostructure are both beneficial to the reduced Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (|∆G_H*|) over Mo sites, which act as main active sites. The heterostructure effectively decreases the formation energy of O vacancy, leading to surface reconstruction of the catalyst, further improving HER performance. The MoO_x/Ni₃S₂/NF is promising to serve as a highly effective and durable electrocatalyst toward HER.     

In2S3/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化降解四环素

本文分别采用热缩聚法和水热法合成了g-C₃N₄和In₂S₃,再用简单的机械研磨工艺制备出了In₂S₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对In₂S₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂的晶体结构、形貌、微观结构和光学性质进行了表征,在可见光照射下,通过降解四环素(TC)来评价其光催化活性。结果表明,研磨比例为1∶4(摩尔比)的In₂S₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂表现出最佳的光催化性能,在氙灯下TC的光降解表观速率常数是0.025 1 min^-1,分别是In₂S₃和g-C₃N₄的2.9倍和1.6倍,在自然光下TC的光降解表观速率常数是0.010 4 min^-1,分别是In₂S₃和g-C₃N₄的2.6倍和1.4倍。In₂S₃/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂优异的光催化性能归功于载流子的高效迁移和分离以及增强的光吸收能力。本研究为设计和开发用于抗生素废水处理的可见光响应光催化剂提供了一条有前景的途径。     

不同形貌氧化钴活化过一硫酸盐降解硝基酚

通过控制形貌制备具有高活性晶面的金属氧化物可提高硝基酚的降解效果，以硝酸钴和乙酸钴为原料，制备了八面体、立方块和棒状Co₃O₄，通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对催化剂进行表征，表明合成的Co₃O₄粒径均匀、纯度较高。以3种不同形貌的Co₃O₄为催化剂，在pH值为8.0条件下活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解不同种类的硝基酚，采用高效液相色谱和总有机碳分析仪测定反应前后硝基酚和总有机碳含量（TOC）变化。3种Co₃O₄在Co₃O₄/PMS体系降解硝基酚时表现出不同的催化活性：棒状Co₃O₄ > 立方块Co₃O₄ > 八面体Co₃O₄，并且对不同硝基酚的降解效率存在显著的差异性。3种Co₃O₄在pH值为8.0下活化PMS所析出的Co²⁺含量较低，且均表现出良好的循环利用性。自由基淬灭实验和电子自旋共振（ESR）测试表明Co₃O₄/PMS体系降解硝基酚是通过自由基和非自由基机制共同协作完成的，起作用的活性氧化物种主要为羟基自由基（·OH）、硫酸根自由基（SO₄^·-）和单线态氧（¹O₂）。     

加热时间对Co_3O_4颗粒光催化性能的影响

以Co(NO_3)_2·6H_2O和CO(NH_2)_2为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为活性剂,采用水热-热分解法在不同加热时间(2 h、3 h、4 h、5 h)条件下制备纯相尖晶石结构的Co_3O_4颗粒。利用X射线衍射和电子扫描电镜研究Co_3O_4颗粒的结构和形貌,并以甲基橙为模拟废水,研究加热时间对Co_3O_4颗粒光催化性能的影响。结果表明,加热时间对Co_3O_4颗粒形貌影响很大,并直接影响其光催化性能。加热时间5 h制备的Co_3O_4结构疏松多孔,光催化性能最好,光照20 min,甲基橙降解率达95%。     

富氧条件下Rh/Co_3O_4催化剂对C_3H_6还原NO性能的影响

采用液相沉淀法制备Co3O4氧化物,并以其为载体制备负载型Rh催化剂。考察不同焙烧温度制备的载体和催化剂的结构、织构、氧化还原性能及其对C3H6催化还原NO性能的影响。结果发现,经600℃焙烧的载体制备的Rh/Co3O4催化剂中Rh与Co3O4的相互作用较强,促进对N—O键的削弱作用,提高对C3H6还原NO的还原能力。在相同实验条件下,当体系中C3H6为500×10-6、NO为500×10-6和O2体积分数为5%时,NO转化率50%,催化性能优于Rh/Al2O3催化剂。     

An efficient green route for hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate synthesis by thermal decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate over Co3O4/ZSM-5 catalyst:An indirect utilization of CO2

The utilization of CO2 as rawmaterial for chemical synthesis has the potential for substantial economic and green benefits. Thermal decomposition of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate (HDC) is a promising approach for indirect utilization of CO2 to produce hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI). In this work, a green route was developed for the synthesis of HDI by thermal decomposition of HDC over Co3O4/ZSM-5 catalyst, using chlorobenzene as lowboiling point solvent. Different metal oxide supported catalysts were prepared by incipientwetness impregnation (IWI), PEG-additive (PEG) and deposition precipitation with ammonia evaporation (DP) methods. Their catalytic performances for the thermal decomposition of HDC were tested. The catalyst screening results showed that Co3O4/ZSM-525 catalysts prepared by different methods showed different performances in the order of Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) N Co3O4/ZSM-525(IWI) N Co3O4/ZSM-525(DP). The physicochemical properties of Co3O4/ZSM- 525 catalyst were characterized by XRD, FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, NH3-TPD and XPS. The superior catalytic performance of Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst was attributed to its relative surface content of Co3+, surface lattice oxygen content and total acidity. Under the optimized reaction conditions: 6.5% HDC concentration in chlorobenzene, 1 wt% Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst, 250 °C temperature, 2.5 h time, 800 ml·min?1 nitrogen flow rate and 1.0 MPa pressure, the HDC conversion and HDI yield could reach 100% and 92.8% respectively. The Co3O4/ZSM-525(PEG) catalyst could be facilely separated from the reaction mixture, and reused without degradation in catalytic performance. Furthermore, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed based on the physicochemical properties of the Co3O4/ZSM-525 catalysts.     

Co3O4 with ordered pore structure derived from wood vessels for efficient Hg0 oxidation

Catalytic oxidation of Hg⁰ to HgO is an efficient way to remove Hg⁰ from coal-fired flue gas. The catalyst with ordered pore structure can lower mass transfer resistance resulting in higher Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency. Therefore, in the present work, wood vessels were used as sacrificial template to obtain Co₃O₄ with ordered pore structure. SEM and BET results show that, when the mass concentrations of Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O was 20%, the obtained catalyst (Co₃O₄ [20%Co(NO₃)₂]) possesses better pore structure and higher surface area. It will expose more available surface active sites and lower the mass transfer resistance. Furthermore, XPS results prove that Co₃O₄ [20%Co(NO₃)₂] has the highest ratio of chemisorbed oxygen which plays an important role in Hg⁰ oxidation process. These results lead to a better Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency of Co₃O₄ [20%Co(NO₃)₂], which is about 90% in the temperature range of 200 to 350 ℃. Furthermore, Co₃O₄ [20%Co(NO₃)₂] has a stable catalytic activity, and its Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency maintains above 90% at 250 ℃ even after 90 h test. A probable reaction mechanism is deduced by the XPS results of the fresh, used and regenerated catalyst of Co₃O₄ [20%Co(NO₃)₂]. Chemisorbed oxygen can react with Hg⁰ forming HgO with the reduction of Co³⁺ to Co²⁺. And lattice oxygen and gaseous oxygen can supplement the consumption of chemisorbed oxygen to oxidize Co²⁺ to Co³⁺.     

D-tracer study of butadiene hydrogenation and tetrahydrothiophen hydrodesulphurisation catalysed by Co9S8

H₂/D₂ exchange (473–583 K), 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation (418–513 K) and tetrahydrothiophen hydrodesulphurisation (428–557 K) have been studied over powdered Co₉S₈ (surface area, 7 m² g⁻¹) using D₂ as an isotopic tracer. Hydrogen exchange proceeded as a first order process at a modest rate (k₅₄₀ = 1.0 h⁻¹ m⁻²) with an apparent activation energy of 67 kJ mol⁻¹. Butadiene hydrogenation was diagnostic as to the surface state of Co₉S₈; samples showed either predominant 1:2-addition or 1:4-addition of hydrogen, interpreted as indicating the presence in the surface of single sites or pair/ensemble sites, respectively. Reactions at 473 K in the presence of D₂ gave butenes containing 0–6 D-atoms: exchange patterns obtained from these D-distributions showed that a proportion of butadiene molecules underwent extensive dehydrogenation during the normal progress of hydrogenation. At 633 K this dehydrogenation activity was evident as self-hydrogenation which occurred in the absence of D₂. Tetrahydrothiophen was desulphurised in the presence of D₂ to thiophen (void of D), butadiene (containing 0–5 D-atoms) and 1-butene (containing mostly 0 and 4 D-atoms). Increase in temperature or in deuterium pressure favoured butene formation so that it became the dominant product (88%). Tetrahydrothiophen also underwent self-hydrodesulphurisation in the absence of D₂. A mechanism is proposed, consistent with this D-tracer information, that accommodates dehydrogenation, desulphurisation and hydrogenation steps in the overall process. The activity of powdered Co₉S₈ exceeded that of powdered MoS₂.     

动物骨源羟磷灰石负载Co3O4用于N2O催化分解

通过焙烧猪骨和鸡骨获得羟磷灰石(nHAP)载体,并采用浸渍法制备Co3O4/nHAP催化剂。采用XRD、N2物理吸附-脱附、FT-IR和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征,在连续流动微反装置上考察催化剂催化分解N2O的性能。结果表明,相比于鸡骨源Co3O4/nHAP催化剂,以猪骨源HAP为载体的催化剂因其较大的比表面积以及较小的Co3O4粒径尺寸,提供了更多的活性位点。特别是猪骨源Co3O4/nHAP催化剂中适量的K、Na等元素促进了Co^3+到Co^2+的还原,削弱了Co-O键,使催化剂的催化活性显著提高。     

Co3O4-Bi2O2CO3催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O、Co(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O为原料,采用化学沉淀-水热法制备了Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃异质结构复合半导体光催化剂,并通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（DRS）、荧光光谱（PL）等手段对所合成的复合型催化剂进行了理化性能表征。研究结果表明：引入Co₃O₄没有改变Bi₂O₂CO₃物相结构,但促进了Bi₂O₂CO₃ 对可见光的吸收能力,提高了Bi₂O₂CO₃表面吸附氧物种的数量,抑制了光生载流子复合。复合光催化剂对罗丹明B（RhB）的光催化脱色实验显示引入Co₃O₄能够明显提高Bi₂O₂CO₃催化剂的光催化脱色能力。尤其是Co₃O₄引入量为0.6%的Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃样品对罗丹明B染料的光催化脱色率可达到97%（模拟日光照射30min）。本文为复合型光催化剂制备提供了简单易行的技术路线,制备的新型半导体复合光催化剂Co₃O₄-Bi₂O₂CO₃在环境净化方面表现出了较好的应用前景。     

一步电沉积法制备硫化镍/泡沫镍材料及其赝电容性能研究

通过一步电化学沉积法在泡沫镍(Ni foam，NF)集流体上制备了3D硫化镍(Ni₃S₂)材料，利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对所制备材料的物化结构和形貌进行了表征，并采用循环伏安法(CV)、恒流充放电法(GCD)研究了其作为超级电容器电极的电化学性能。测试结果表明，制备的Ni₃S₂/NF-10材料具有相互连接的3D结构，表现出优异的赝电容性能。在1 A/g电流密度下，比电容高达2850 F/g。将电流密度提高到10 A/g，该材料比电容仍能达到1972 F/g，说明其具有优异的倍率性能。测试结果表明所制备的Ni₃S₂材料有望应用于电化学储能领域。     

碳纸负载钴氧化物的制备及电催化析氧性能研究

高效且廉价的电催化析氧反应（OER）电极材料的制备对其在电化学能源转化和储存系统中的应用具有重要的研究意义。通过溶剂热法和不同气氛焙烧,分别制得碳纤维纸（碳纸）负载的两种钴氧化物（一氧化钴和四氧化三钴）,并将其用作OER电极的催化剂。运用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）技术分别对两种材料的物相、形貌和表面价态进行了表征及分析。结果表明：在氮气气氛下焙烧得到一氧化钴纳米片,而在空气下焙烧得到四氧化三钴纳米片。通过线性扫描伏安法（LSV）、循环伏安曲线（CV）、电化学交流阻抗测试（EIS）和计时电位法对两种材料的电催化析氧性能进行了研究。结果表明：一氧化钴电极比四氧化三钴电极具有更优异的析氧反应催化活性和稳定性。在1 mol/L 氢氧化钾电解液中,一氧化钴和四氧化三钴电极在10 mA/cm ²电流密度下对应的电位分别为1.568 V和1.617 V。     

Potassium-doped Co3O4 catalyst for direct decomposition of N2O

Direct decomposition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) on K-doped Co₃O₄ catalysts was examined. The K-doped Co₃O₄ catalyst showed a high activity even in the presence of water. In the durability test of the K-doped Co₃O₄ catalyst, the activity was maintained at least for 12 h. It was found that the activity of the K-doped Co₃O₄ catalyst strongly depended on the amount of K in the catalyst. In order to reveal the role of the K component on the catalytic activity, the catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, TPR and TPD. The results suggested that regeneration of the Co²⁺ species from the Co³⁺ species formed by oxidation of Co²⁺ with the oxygen atoms formed by N₂O decomposition was promoted by the addition of K to the Co₃O₄ catalyst.     

Bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulating M(Co,Fe)-Ni alloy for electrochemical production of syngas with potential-independent CO/H2 ratios

The electrochemical conversion of CO₂-H₂O into CO-H₂ using renewable energy is a promising technique for clean syngas production. Low-cost electrocatalysts to produce tunable syngas with a potential-independent CO/H₂ ratio are highly desired. Herein, a series of N-doped carbon nanotubes encapsulating binary alloy nanoparticles (M_xNi-NCNT, M= Fe, Co) were successfully fabricated through the co-pyrolysis of melamine and metal precursors. The M_xNi-NCNT samples exhibited bamboo-like nanotubular structures with a large specific surface area and high degree of graphitization. Their electrocatalytic performance for syngas production can be tuned by changing the alloy compositions and modifying the electronic structure of the carbon nanotube through the encapsulated metal nanoparticles. Consequently, syngas with a wide range of CO/H₂ ratios, from 0.5:1 to 3.4:1, can be produced on M_xNi-NCNT. More importantly, stable CO/H₂ ratios of 2:1 and 1.5:1, corresponding to the ratio to produce biofuels by syngas fermentation, could be realized on Co₁Ni-NCNT and Co₂Ni-NCNT, respectively, over a potential window of –0.8 to –1.2 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Our work provides an approach to develop low-cost and potential-independent electrocatalysts to effectively produce syngas with an adjustable CO/H₂ ratio from electrochemical CO₂ reduction.     

硫源对双壳层NiCo2S4超级电容性能影响

通过自模板法,选用硫代乙酰胺（TAA）、硫脲（TU）分别作硫源制备双壳层NiCo₂S₄纳米材料。其中以TAA为硫源制备的NiCo₂S₄表现出高的比电容（2064F/g,当电流密度为0.5A/g时）,优异的倍率性能（1291F/g,当电流密度为20A/g时）和较好循环稳定性。由动力学机制分析可知,NiCo₂S₄-TAA表面控制电容和扩散控制电容较NiCo₂S₄-TU均有提升。通过实验分析可知,TAA作为硫源合成的NiCo₂S₄是由较小的次级颗粒聚集而成,这有利于电化学过程中电解质离子的扩散。由于较好的导电性能和离子扩散速率,NiCo₂S₄-TAA表现出优异的电化学性能。上述结果表明,在本实验条件下,TAA是制备NiCo₂S₄电容器电极材料的最佳硫源。     

Co3O4改性USY分子筛吸附和催化氧化甲苯特性研究

利用水热法合成Co₃O₄/USY复合材料,研究其对有机污染物甲苯的吸附和催化氧化特性,同时结合微波对Co₃O₄的精准加热特性,考察不同负载量Co₃O₄/USY在微波作用下的升温特性及催化甲苯氧化降解特性。结果表明,通过水热反应,Co₃O₄在USY表面形成多孔蜂窝状结构;负载Co₃O₄后的USY保持较高的吸附容量,Co₃O₄/USY-1.5m室温下的吸附容量为85 mg/g;Co₃O₄/USY在干、湿两种状态下均在325℃表现出优良的催化氧化特性、CO₂选择性和稳定性;Co₃O₄/USY能够与微波高效耦合,快速升温启动其催化作用,控制反应温度为250℃,发现微波诱导甲苯催化氧化过程的CO₂选择性优于常规催化,表明所制备Co₃O₄/USY复合材料具备吸附甲苯并进行微波快速再生协同有机污染物高效催化氧化降解的可行性。     

可见光增强g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂的催化产氢性能

通过水热法制备了具有可见光增产氢高性能的g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂,采用XRD、TEM、SEM和EDS等分析样品的组成和形貌结构。催化产氢结果表明,光照条件下g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂具有极高的催化产氢活性,TOF值高达58.2 min~(-1),通过拟合温度动力学曲线,得到了催化反应的活化能为15.73 kJ·mol~(-1)。对样品进行UV-vis和PL测试发现,g-C_3N_4/Co_3O_4胶体催化剂具有极高的光能利用率和电子-空穴分离率,并进一步阐述了光能促进催化产氢的作用机理。