7003铝合金动车柜体的应力腐蚀开裂

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段,对某动车7003铝合金柜体的裂纹进行原因分析。裂纹为沿晶扩展,且有分枝,断口为冰糖状花样,晶面上有发纹、鸡爪纹,经分析裂纹为氢脆起主导作用的应力腐蚀裂纹。通过慢应变速率拉伸实验及恒位移应力腐蚀实验对7003铝合金的应力腐蚀倾向进行评价。慢拉伸实验表明,7003铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的断裂为穿晶与沿晶的混合断裂,在穿晶断裂部分有大量的二次裂纹、解理台阶及河流花样,应力腐蚀敏感指数达0.2。恒位移实验结果显示:经28天腐蚀后,7003铝合金已发生裂纹扩展,长度达700μm,断口的应力腐蚀区存在"舌状凸起"和"凹槽"等形貌,有较明显的应力腐蚀敏感性。     

淬火微观组织对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

以U75V重轨钢CT(Compaction test)试样为研究对象,分别研究了冷速为3℃/s、5℃/s及空冷轧态的组织对稳定区(疲劳扩展Ⅱ区)疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,疲劳试验在高频共振疲劳试验机上进行。研究结果表明:疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着珠光体片层间距的减小而降低,冷速由大到小(5℃/s、3℃/s、空冷)所对应的n值分别为3.603 05、3.631 18和3.885 28;珠光体组织的疲劳裂纹断裂形式主要以穿晶断裂为主,同时伴随部分沿晶断裂;片层间距影响裂纹扩展路径的偏折程度,偏折程度随片层间距的减小而增大,增大的裂纹偏折路径对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用增强,有利于疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低。     

室温大气环境下峰时效态3J21合金疲劳行为

在MTS万能实验机上对室温大气环境下峰时效态3J21合金的疲劳行为进行研究,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对宏观断口及微观断口进行分析。结果表明,峰时效态3J21合金的疲劳裂纹主要呈穿晶扩展,沿晶扩展的所占比例较小,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命较低,扩展路径比较平直,扩展速率较大,裂纹扩展抗力较小,疲劳寿命较低;峰时效态3J21合金疲劳断口由疲劳源、疲劳裂纹扩展区和瞬断区组成。在低速扩展区,峰时效态断口呈现冰糖状花样,在中速扩展区未看到长的疲劳条纹,仅发现个别细且短小的疲劳条纹,瞬断区可观察到二次裂纹、准解理和韧窝。     

复合材料层合板层间破坏及其断口形貌分析

本文利用扫描电子显微镜对环氧复合材料层合板层间破坏断口形貌的观察,分析了解理台阶的形成过程,并讨论了影响解理台阶形态的因素.最后,对复合材料层合板层间微裂纹的扩展与解理台阶和河流状花样所呈方向之间的关系进行了探讨.      

两种含氢钛合金的疲劳断裂特性

对含氢的两种新型钛合金Ti 4Al 2V和Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr拉 拉疲劳断裂特征进行了金相和断口观察。当材料承受大应力疲劳加载时 ,两种钛合金断口形貌除可见到疲劳弧线外 ,与静拉伸断口类似 ,氢含量不同对疲劳断口形貌的影响很小。充氢以后 ,疲劳载荷越低 ,裂纹源越多。不充氢的角裂纹通常以穿晶方式萌生 ,而充氢的角裂纹一般以准解理方式形核。Ti 4Al 2V在裂纹扩展区可见大量清晰的疲劳辉纹 ,而Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr的疲劳辉纹很少 ,且疲劳辉纹的间距比Ti 4Al 2V小得多。面裂纹一般在氢化物位置形核 ,然后穿晶扩展 ,具有沿晶和穿晶混合形貌。氢化物的含量越大 ,萌生面裂纹的几率越大     

室温大气环境下不同时效态2A12合金的疲劳行为

在拉-压疲劳试验机上对室温大气环境下欠时效态、峰时效态、过时效态和自然时效态2A12合金的疲劳行为进行研究,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析室温大气环境下不同时效态对疲劳断口形貌的影响.结果表明:在室温大气环境下,四种时效态2A12合金的疲劳断裂循环次数均随着循环应力的减小而明显增加.循环应力水平越低,疲劳寿命提高越明显;各时效态的疲劳断口均为穿晶断口.断口中均出现疲劳条纹、台阶和韧窝,并在较低循环应力下,疲劳条纹出现的区域较多;欠时效态和峰时效态断口上还可观察到轮胎花样.自然时效态表现出最好的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力,其次是欠时效态、峰时效态,过时效态的疲劳裂纹扩展阻力最低.对室温大气环境下各时效态2A12合金疲劳行为进行了讨论.     

自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

针对重轨钢在线淬火后自回火造成的抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力降低的问题,在淬火冷速分别为3℃/s、5℃/s、8℃/s,终冷温度为450℃条件下,研究了自回火对重轨钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,测算了疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris公式,采用扫描电镜及硬度计分别对自回火后钢轨的疲劳断口进行观察及硬度测试.结果表明:经过自回火后,钢轨的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快、硬度降低,且自回火之前钢轨的淬火冷速越大,自回火后其硬度降低越显著,硬度的降低增加了裂纹扩展的可能性;自回火后钢轨在Ⅰ区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率远大于直接淬火试样,使钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展的整体进程缩短,这是疲劳裂纹扩展速率增快的重要原因.不同淬火冷速后的自回火试样在应力强度因子范围 ΔK(ΔK=Kmax-Kmin)为10 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹、解理面和二次裂纹较少,河流花样数量较多、面积小、沟壑浅,而在ΔK=13.5 MPa·m1/2时,断口的疲劳辉纹间距增大,解理面和二次裂纹较多,河流花样数量增多、面积增大,疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN较快.     

失效分析技术及应用 第八讲 疲劳断裂失效显微形貌分析

疲劳断裂失效的显微形貌最突出的特征是疲劳辉纹条纹和轮胎压痕花样,这两个特征常常作为疲劳断裂失效或疲劳断口的显微判据,即在未知断口上如果能够观察到这两种特征之一就可以判断未知断裂或断口为疲劳断裂或疲劳断口。另外,疲劳断裂失效断口还具有解理或准解理、韧窝花样、蛇行滑移花样、二次裂纹等显微形貌特征。     

316不锈钢应力腐蚀断裂扫描电镜研究

应用扫描电镜和Ｘ射线能量色散谱仪对３１６不锈钢应力腐蚀断口形貌、腐蚀产物及裂纹扩展的晶体学特征进行研究。结果表明,断裂为穿晶断裂,断口形貌为台阶条纹和河流花样,并有腐蚀产物和腐蚀坑等。通过对腐蚀坑形貌的研究,提出了腐蚀坑形态与晶面之间的关系,证明了３１６不锈钢在氯离子环境下的应力腐蚀开裂主要沿｛１００｝、｛１１１｝、｛１１０｝晶面扩展的机制。     

温度对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金在150℃,25℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN进行了测试,给出了扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值△K之间的关系曲线.用SEM对2种温度下断口形貌进行了观测,实验结果表明,150℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,25℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的门槛值;稳态扩展区解理断裂和条带循环机制共存,150℃的da/dN试样中的疲劳辉间距比25℃试样细;快速扩展区的断口形貌呈韧窝型静载断裂特征,150℃的da/dN试样中的韧窝比25℃试样深.     

Fatigue and fracture paths in cold drawn pearlitic steel

This paper analyses the influence of microstructural anisotropy of a progressively drawn pearlitic steel (orientation of pearlitic lamellae in the drawing direction) on the microscopic and macroscopic evolution of cracking paths produced by fatigue and fracture. The fatigue crack path is always contained in the transverse section of the wires, i.e., the subcritical propagation develops under a global mode I, so that the main crack path is associated with mode I and some very local deflections take place to produce a roughness in the fatigue crack path depending on the drawing level. The fracture crack path evolves from a global mode I propagation following the transverse plane in slightly drawn steels (including the hot rolled bar that is not cold drawn at all) to a global mixed-mode propagation associated with crack deflection in intermediate and heavily drawn steels (the latter with a strong mode II component), the deviation angle being an increasing function of the drawing degree in the steel.     

在线钢轨断裂原因分析

U75V热轧钢轨铺设在曲线地段使用超过3a(年),其中一支钢轨发生断裂,部分钢轨出现剥离掉块。当查找断裂原因,对断裂钢轨进行了理化检验。结果表明:轮轨接触应力过大,超过了钢轨接触疲劳强度,由于疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的速率大于磨耗速率,在钢轨塑性变形层表面萌生并形成了疲劳裂纹,并沿变形流线方向疲劳扩展,在轮轨接触圆角处距表面2 mm处形成了疲劳核伤,在车轮的反复作用下发生了断裂。     

Influence of the Microstructure of Eutectoid Steel on the Cyclic Crack Propagation: Pearlite and Spheroidite

In this paper the influence of microstructure on fatigue crack growth was analysed in steel with slightly hypereutectoid composition. A material constituted of pearlite colonies and a thin layer of proeutectoid cementite (pearlitic steel) was studied in its initial condition (as received). In addition, the same material was analyzed after undergoing a spheroidization treatment obtained by an isothermal treatment on pearlitic steel at 700oC and heating time of 10h. Results indicate that fatigue crack propagation curve in the Paris region is not modified by the spheroidization process. Fractometallographic analysis showed a change in the micromechanism of fatigue, evolving from transcollonial (trying to break pearlite lamellae) in the pearlitic steel to intergranular in the spheroidized steel, where cracking takes place through the layer of proeutectoid cementite.     

On propagation of short rolling contact fatigue cracks

Recent accidents involving railway rails have aroused demand for improved and more efficient rail maintenance strategies to reduce the risk of unexpected rail fracture. Numerical tools can aid in generating maintenance strategies: this investigation deals with the numerical modelling and analysis of short crack growth in rails. Factors that influence the fatigue propagation of short surface‐breaking cracks (head checks) in rails are assessed. A proposed numerical procedure incorporates finite element (FE) calculations to predict short crack growth conditions for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading. A parameterised FE model for the rolling‐sliding contact of a cylinder on a semi‐infinite half space, with a short surface breaking crack, presented here, is used in linear‐elastic and elastic–plastic FE calculations of short crack propagation, together with fracture mechanics theory. The crack length and orientation, crack face friction, and coefficient of surface friction near the contact load are varied. The FE model is verified for five examples in the literature. Comparison of results from linear‐elastic and elastic–plastic FE calculations, shows that the former cannot describe short RCF crack behaviour properly, in particular 0.1–0.2 mm long (head check) cracks with a shallow angle; elastic–plastic analysis is required instead.     

Introduction to the damage tolerance behaviour of railway rails - a review

Despite substantial advantages in material development and in periodic non-destructive inspection together with periodic grinding and other measures in order to guarantee safe service, fatigue crack propagation and fracture is still in great demand as emphasised by the present special issue. Rails, as the heart of the railway system, are subjected to very high service loads and harsh environmental conditions. Since any potential rail breakage includes the risk of catastrophic derailment of vehicles, it is of paramount interest to avoid such a scenario. The aim of the present paper is to introduce the most important questions regarding crack propagation and fracture of rails. These include the loading conditions: contact forces from the wheel and thermal stresses due to restrained elongation of continuously welded rails together with residual stresses from manufacturing and welding in the field, which is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 provides an overview of crack-type rail defects and potential failure scenarios. Finally the stages of crack propagation from initiation up to final breakage are discussed.     

Fracture Mechanics Determinations of Allowable Crack Size in Railroad Rails

An evaluation of fatigue behavior of rail steel is necessary to ensure rail transportation safety. Fatigue in these steels was studied with fracture mechanics techniques. The goal of these studies was to find out the appropriate way of preventing a crack from reaching its critical size in the rail. Tests were conducted on rail head, and transverse head cracks were analyzed through damage tolerance concepts. Critical crack size and crack growth characteristics for the rail were determined, and the residual service life was calculated for defective segments of the rails. Additionally, the allowable crack size for different nondestructive testing intervals was determined.     

Cleavage fracture behaviour of carbon steels for different ferrite–pearlite contents

Abstract

The effect offerrite–pearlite content on the cleavage fracture behaviour of carbon steels was determined via plain tensile tests at temperatures from 12 to ?196°C. It was found that, under conditions of uniaxial tension within the test temperature range, the cleavage fracture stress for pearlitic eutectoid steel is independent of temperature, whereas that for mild steel changes with temperature and exhibits a depression at low temperatures. An increase in the proportion of pearlite enhances the effect of pearlite colonies as obstacles to cleavage crack propagation. Only when the volume fraction of pearlite is comparable to that of ferrite does the steel begin to display the fracture features of pearlitic steel. Possible mechanisms manifesting different fracture characteristics for steels of various ferrite–pearlite contents are discussed with the aid of fractographic observations.

MST/1075     

Mechanisms of mixed mode fatigue crack propagation at rail butt-welds

In the present paper, the fatigue crack propagation of longitudinal flaws starting in butt-welded joints of rails is analysed. Firstly Finite Element simulations are carried out, in order to determine the actual stress intensity factor histories caused by the passage of the wheel over the rail. Simulations show that fatigue crack growth is dominated by an out-of-phase Mode I–Mode II mechanism with an overlapping of about 180 degrees. Then, mixed-mode fatigue test experiments have been designed in order to reproduce in-service conditions at laboratory test level. For this purpose, tubular specimens have been subjected to mixed-mode loading (reversal torsion combined with axial tension/compression). The crack growth propagation dominated by the shear has been confirmed. At the end of the paper, the conditions to obtain the shear mode crack propagation are discussed and the kinetics data are presented.     

Effect of Cold Drawing on Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of High-Strength Steel

This paper deals with the effect of cold drawing on a high-strength steel in wire form with pearlitic microstructure. Cold drawing produces a preferential orientation of the pearlite lamellae aligned parallel to the cold drawing direction, resulting in anisotropic properties with regard to fracture behaviour in air and aggressive environments (stress corrosion cracking). While the hot rolled bar has a randomly oriented microstructure in both transverse and longitudinal sections, the fully drawn wire presents a randomly oriented appearance in the transverse cross-section, but a marked orientation in the longitudinal cross-section. These microstructural characteristics affect the time-dependent behaviour of the steels when a crack is present in a corrosive or hydrogen environment and influences both the subcritical crack growth rate, the time to failure and the crack propagation path. It is shown that in the strongly drawn steels the crack changes its propagation path, and a micromechanical model is proposed to explain this behaviour. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.