T型微通道内流体流动的FLUENT模拟

在流体力学研究中,微流控技术是当今研究的一个热点。利用微尺度下流体流动的一些特性可以提高流体间传质、传热以及反应速率。T型微通道是一个比较常见的微流控装置,利用ICEM CFD软件建立T型微通道的几何模型;然后通过FLUENT软件对微通道内流体流动进行模拟仿真。模拟实验结果表明,通道内两相流体的速度和粘度对流型有显著影响。     

混合增强的微流控通道进展

以微尺度过程强化为特征的微流控技术具有传质传热效率高、反应速率快、反应器尺寸小、可控性高以及易于放大等特点,被广泛应用于各个方面。其中,在流体混合领域,微流控技术所采用的微通道能够增强多相流体之间的传质,实现样品的快速混合,从而强化反应过程。常用的增强混合的方法可分为改变各通道结合处的通道类型（如从T型变到同轴流动聚焦）、改变通道内部结构（如从普通微通道变为含内部挡板微通道）以及改变流体的流形（如从层流变为泰勒流）三种。本文主要介绍了近年来微尺度过程强化技术在微流控通道设计方面的研究进展,分析了不同类型微流控通道的设计及原理,简述了不同类型微流控通道的混合增强效果,并介绍了微流控通道在制备纳米颗粒等功能材料方面的应用。未来,精细化、集成化且制造简单的微流控装置将会在过程强化中得到更充分的应用。     

微通道内表面性质对其内流体流动特性的影响

通过对玻璃微通道内壁表面进行羟基化处理、溶胶-凝胶法纳米SiO2颗粒沉积以及疏水分子自组装等改性处理,制备得到了具有不同内壁表面润湿性和粗糙度的微通道;系统研究了微通道内表面性质对其内流体流动特性的影响。结果表明,在微通道内表面浸润性相同(同为亲水或疏水)时,粗糙表面会比光滑表面给微通道内的流体流动带来更大的阻力,而且流体流动推动力越大时其影响越大;当微通道内表面粗糙度相同时,亲水表面会比疏水表面给微通道内的流体流动带来更大的阻力,而且流体流动推动力越大时其影响越显著;相比之下,微通道内表面浸润性对其内流体流动的影响比其粗糙度的影响更大。研究结果可以为微流动系统或微流体机械的设计和应用提供指导。     

微通道内液-液多相流数值模拟研究进展

液滴微流控技术在化学化工、生物医学等领域具有良好的应用前景,而微通道内的液-液多相流动则是液滴微流控技术中最常见的流动现象,深入研究其机理及其内在规律对相关装置与过程的优化设计具有重要的指导意义。本文系统地综述了研究微通道液-液多相流常用数值研究方法,回顾了连续力学方法与介观动理学方法的研究进展,详细介绍了界面追踪方法与界面捕捉方法的特点以及常用模型,讨论了多种模型的应用情况,论述并对比了不同模型的优势与限制。为进一步开展微通道液-液多相流行为规律及其内在机理的研究提供有益借鉴。微通道内多相流动涉及多种流体与界面的相互耦合,应进一步深入研究在模型简化的基础上实现更精确的界面与流体动力学行为描述。     

微分散设备数量放大方式研究进展

单分散液滴是生产球形颗粒和微胶囊的模板，相关材料广泛用于光学显示、药物递送、生物测定、食品加工等领域。微分散技术通过精确控制微米级通道内的多相流体流动获得尺寸小、粒径分布窄、结构复杂可控的微液滴，是一种公认的新方法。但由于单个微通道的低生产率，其大规模的工业和商业应用受到限制。为了实现产品的高通量、易控制的规模化生产，将大量液滴生成单元和流体分配通道网络并行到单个芯片上进行数量放大是微分散设备放大的基本模式。为了保持液滴的单分散性和设备的鲁棒性，流体在并联微通道内的均匀分布是关键科学问题。系统综述了微分散设备数量放大的最新进展，对加工技术和材料进行了相关分析，并在此基础上对微分散设备放大的未来研究方向进行展望。     

MR流体用气相白炭黑

本发明涉及磁流变流体。磁流变（MR）流体是一种能在所施加磁场的影响下，使流动特性在约数毫秒时间内改变几个数量级的物质。类似的流体为电流变（ER）流体，这种流体在所施加电场的影响下，呈现改变其流动或流变特性的类似能力。在这两种情况下，引起的这些流变性改变是完全可逆的。     

微通道内气-液两相流及并行放大的研究进展

微化工技术从基础研究到工业应用的关键步骤是过程放大。为了实现产品的高通量、易控制和连续生产,微化工过程的研究主要集中于单通道内多相流的稳定性和微通道的并行放大。对单微通道内气液两相流的流型及其对传质的影响进行了综述,阐明了微通道内气液两相流的流动稳定性和传质高效性。同时,综述了微化工技术的应用现状,证明了微化工技术在工业化应用中的潜力。此外,综述了对称并行放大和非对称并行放大2种基本并行放大方式的研究进展,对其中的流体分布及其对传质的影响进行了总结。最后,对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

微/小通道内非牛顿流体多相流动与传热研究展望

概述了微/小尺度非牛顿流体多相流动与传热现象。在评述国内外已有文献的基础上,从实验研究与数值模拟二方面介绍了非牛顿流体管内多相流动与传热研究的现状、存在的问题。总结了微小通道内非牛顿流体多相流动与传热研究领域中若干值得探索的研究切入点,提出了若干值得探索的研究内容。讨论了非圆截面微通道试验器件的设计与加工、流动可视化与流型采集、流动参数测量、数值模拟等关键技术解决思路,给出了微/小通道内非牛顿流体的绝热气液二相流动可视化实验、流动沸腾传热及可视化实验设计方案,可为深入探索微/小尺度非牛顿流体管内多相流动与传热特性提供参考和借鉴。     

微通道内液-液两相流流型及传质的研究进展

微通道内液-液两相流流动在微化工系统中占有重要的地位,了解微通道内液-液两相流体流动和传质规律对推动其工业化应用有重要作用。本文以微通道内液-液两相流系统为研究对象,简述了不同工况下微通道内液-液两相流流型和混合传质效率,分析了微通道特征、流体性质和流体流动速度等对流型形成和传质效率的影响。指出目前对于微通道内液-液两相流的研究多处于定性研究,定量研究仅针对某一体系展开,所得结果具有一定的局限性。关于微通道内液-液两相流传质研究实验较多而数值模拟方法相对较少,接下来的研究工作中应该考虑建立微通道内液-液两相流基础研究的数据库,通过分析大量的数据获得有效的流型划分准则和相关经验式以此推动微通道内液-液两相流的工业化应用。同时在传质研究过程中应研究开发相应的数值模拟模型,保证实验和数值模拟相结合,提出有效的传质效率评价机制。     

微通道内表面活性剂与界面传递现象研究进展

表面活性剂在微流体应用中具有重要作用,常伴随动态界面传递现象。综述了微通道内含表面活性剂的多相流研究进展,剖析了液滴尺寸、液体流变性、压力降与微流体中动态界面张力的关系。总结了表面活性剂作用下的界面传递现象,如气泡及液滴的生成、运动、形变、破裂和聚并动力学的研究进展。综述了微流体中表面活性剂的吸附动力学,对该领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

Using computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids with a Scaba 6SRGT impeller

The 3D flow field generated by a Scaba 6SRGT impeller in the agitation of xanthan gum, a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress, was simulated using the commercial CFD package. The flow was modeled as laminar and a multiple reference frame (MRF) approach was used to solve the discretized equations of motion. The velocity profiles predicted by the simulation agreed well with those measured using ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry, a non-invasive fluid flow measurement technique for opaque systems. Using computed velocity profiles across the impeller, the effect of fluid rheology on the impeller flow number was investigated. The validated CFD model provided useful information regarding the formation of cavern around the impeller in the mixing of yield stress fluids and the size of cavern predicted by the CFD model was in good agreement with that calculated using Elson's model.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR LAMINAR DISPLACEMENT OF ONE NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BY ANOTHER IN HORIZONTAL CONCENTRIC ANNULI

This paper develops a mathematical model and a computational algorithm, which enable the prediction of laminar displacement efficiency in concentric horizontal annuli. Power-law model is used to characterize rheological properties of both displaced and displacing fluids. This model allows a careful investigation of individual effects of various parameters such as fluid rheology, flow geometry and displacement rate on the displacement efficiency. Simulated results demonstrate the dominant influence of rheological properties of displaced and displacing fluids on the laminar displacement efficiency. The model can be used to optimize fluid flow parameters in chemical process designs.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR LAMINAR DISPLACEMENT OF ONE NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BY ANOTHER IN HORIZONTAL CONCENTRIC ANNULI

This paper develops a mathematical model and a computational algorithm, which enable the prediction of laminar displacement efficiency in concentric horizontal annuli. Power-law model is used to characterize rheological properties of both displaced and displacing fluids. This model allows a careful investigation of individual effects of various parameters such as fluid rheology, flow geometry and displacement rate on the displacement efficiency. Simulated results demonstrate the dominant influence of rheological properties of displaced and displacing fluids on the laminar displacement efficiency. The model can be used to optimize fluid flow parameters in chemical process designs.     

Energy Dissipation Rates of Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Fluids in a Stirred Vessel

Energy dissipation rates of water and glycerol as Newtonian fluids and carboxyl methyl carbonate solution as non‐Newtonian fluid in a stirred vessel are investigated by 2D particle image velocimetry and compared. Mean velocity profiles reflect the Reynolds (Re) number similarity of two flow fields with different rheological properties, but the root mean square velocity profiles differ in rheology at the same Re‐number. Energy dissipation rates are estimated by direct calculation of fluctuating velocity gradients. The varying energy dissipation rates of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids result from the difference in fluid rheology and apparent viscosity distribution which decides largely the flow pattern, circulation intensity, and rate of turbulence generation.     

Agitation of yield stress fluids by gas injection

This study is in line with two previous studies by the same authors on gas injection in yield stress fluids. Gas is injected toward the bottom wall of a prismatic tank containing a yield stress fluid. When rising toward the free surface, trains of bubbles generate fluid recirculation in the tank. Two experimental colorimetric methods are introduced and validated in order to quantify the recirculation liquid flow rate as well as the time evolution of the extent and shape of the mixed volume. The influences of the injection flow rate, fluid rheology, and reactor size have been quantified. Correlations based on the characteristic nondimensional numbers of the flow have been developed to predict the downward liquid flow rate as well as the mixed volume. A model for estimating the mixing time is also developed and compared to experimental results.     

Gas injection in a yield stress fluid

Mixing of viscous non-Newtonian fluids plays an important role in many industrial processes (wastewater treatment, methanization, etc.). In some cases, mixing by gas injection can be more interesting than mechanical mixing. The present study focuses on the gas injection in yield stress fluids. The influence of the air flow rate, fluid rheological properties, and geometrical configuration on an air jet impinging the bottom wall of a tank containing a yield stress fluid has been considered. Focus has been placed on the air cavity present at the injection point. The trends of two key parameters of the cavity have been characterized: its maximum diameter and frequency detachment. Correlations based on the characteristic dimensionless numbers governing the flow have been derived. These correlations show that the apparent viscosity has an effect on the cavity's frequency but a low influence on its diameter which is mainly governed by the air flow inertia.     

CFD Investigation of the Mixing of Yield‐Pseudoplastic Fluids with Anchor Impellers

The study was carried out to simulate the 3D flow domain in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress with anchor impellers, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package. The multiple reference frames (MRF) technique was employed to model the rotation of the impellers. The rheology of the fluid was approximated using the Herschel–Bulkley model. To validate the model, the CFD results for the power consumption were compared to the experimental data. After the flow fields were calculated, the simulations for tracer homogenization were performed to simulate the mixing time. The effects of impeller speed, fluid rheology, and impeller geometry on power consumption, mixing time, and flow pattern were explored. The optimum values of c/D (impeller clearance to tank diameter) and w/D (impeller blade width to tank diameter) ratios were determined on the basis of minimum mixing time.     

Obtaining rheological parameters from flow test — Analytical,computational and lab test approach

In the mix design process of cementitious suspensions, an adequate rheology of the cement paste is crucial. A novel rheological field test device for cementitious fluids is presented here and investigated theoretically, by computer simulation and by lab tests. A simple flow stoppage test with a timed spread passage point provides accurate rheological parameters according to the Bingham material model. Values for yield stress and plastic viscosity are obtained for a test specimen of no more than 19.75 · 10^− 6 m³ of fluid. This volume is equivalent to 19.75 g of water at room temperature. Such a small volume allows reliable tests even for small amounts of fillers. Promising results show that both yield stress and plastic viscosity can be determined by this simple test. This novel rheological test method also enables the correlation of different rheological equipment used by different laboratories.     

Using transient energy release measurements for the in-line characterization of non-Newtonian fluids and fluid state in pipe flow

Alberini et al. have developed a new technology based on a passive acoustic emission (AE) sensing system that uses only a single sensor, with the goal of providing live and in-situ measurement of rheology. For this study, three different types of fluids were selected to represent common rheological behaviours: Newtonian behaviour, non-Newtonian behaviour with power law, and non-Newtonian behaviour with Herschel–Bulkley relationship. By analyzing the transient energy released during the interaction between the probe and the fluid, distinct acoustic fingerprints were identified in the frequency domain. These acoustic fingerprints were found to be characteristic of the different fluids and their rheology, and were validated in triplicate. Furthermore, the results showed that the intensity of the acoustic emissions increased with higher flow rates (30 to 50 L/min). To test the correlation between flow rate and acoustic response, a neural network regression test was conducted, which demonstrated a direct correlation between AE peaks and flow rate. The neural network used was nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX), and the test involved a stepwise regression with 70% training and 30% network validation. The study also introduced the Rheology-AE quotient, which maps fluid constituents against the acoustic signal. Results showed that this was a reliable means of deriving live rheology from a fluid's frequency domain. Finally, the results obtained from this study were validated using an offline rotational rheometer.     

表面活性剂虫状胶束流体中颗粒沉降负尾迹模拟

颗粒在剪切稀释黏弹性表面活性剂形成的蠕虫状胶束流体中沉降时会产生负尾迹，负尾迹的形成对该种复杂流体与固体颗粒之间的相互作用具有重要影响。基于Giesekus本构方程，采用POLYFLOW软件模拟了黏弹性表面活性剂(Viscoelastic Surfactant, VES)蠕虫状胶束流体中单颗粒的沉降过程，分析了流体松弛时间和迁移因子对颗粒周围速度场及应力场的影响，重点研究了颗粒尾部速度负尾迹的产生原因及其对颗粒曳力的影响。结果表明，Giesekus本构方程能够描述VES流体的非线性剪切变稀行为和弹性导致的拉伸变形。流体弹性导致颗粒尾部产生较大的拉伸变形，剪切稀化和流体弹性的共同作用使颗粒尾部产生拉伸变形，导致负尾迹出现。表征流体弹性的De(黛博拉数)越大，流体拉伸黏度的Tr(特劳顿数)越小，负尾迹越长。负尾迹的出现使VES流体中颗粒所受曳力减小，沉降速度开始增加。模拟结果为此种流体的进一步应用提供了一定的研究基础。