风电制氢与煤化工集成系统可行性分析

为了提高西北地区弃风电的利用率、减少煤化工产业对当地环境的污染,提出了风电与煤化工进行耦合的方案。该方案构建了风电制氢与煤化工相耦合的基本架构,将不能并网的富裕风电电解水制氢,氢气应用于煤化工系统,简化其单元过程。以30万t/a甲醇规模为例,对两种方案的能耗、投资及经济可行性进行了分析。结果表明,在有充足弃风电的西北地区,风电制氢与煤化工耦合系统的煤耗量、水耗量和CO_2排放量分别是原单纯煤化工系统的51.9%、62.2%、22.2%,就地可利用弃风电电量1.238 4×10~9kWh/a;对于30万t/a甲醇规模,耦合方案投资可以节省1.23亿元,甲醇成本每年可以减少602.99万元。     

风电/煤制天然气集成系统的研究

<正>我国西部多省具有丰富的的煤炭资源和风能资源,即可发展以煤气化为基础的大型煤化工产业,也可以发展大规模风电产业。但是,大型煤化工存在CO2排放等问题,大规模风电由于风能的随机性和间歇性而难以并网利用。因此,从系统集成角度出发,基于大型煤化工和大规模风电的特点,将大规模风电非并网利用[1],通过风电电解水产生H2和     

油田脱烃采出气回收减排工艺研究

在石油开采行业中,富含CO2的油田采出气一直是人们难以利用的资源,大部分油田对其采取直接排放或燃烧的处理方式。针对上述问题,为了有效利用资源,减少排放,提出了压缩冷凝与膜分离耦合回收CO2和烃组分,并将其用于某大型油田采出气中,同时利用Aspen HYSYS模拟软件,对压缩冷凝与膜分离耦合回收工艺流程进行模拟优化。结果表明:在冷凝压力为2.0 MPa条件下,制冷温度-24℃,膜面积399m2,压缩机总功率250kW,CO2回收率为81.56%,烃组分回收率为97.10%,设备投资约2.79×106 CNY,公用工程费约为1.29×106 CNY/a,年经济效益约为9.47×106 CNY。     

非熔渣—熔渣氧气分级煤气化技术综合能耗分析

基于一个采用清华煤气化技术(非熔渣—熔渣氧气分级煤气化技术)的合成氨厂,对整个煤气化系统和各单元进行了物料、能量衡算和有效能分析,得出系统有效能损失为58 979.31 kW,其中氧气分级气化单元的能量损失最大,其次是灰/黑水处理单元,二者具有较大的节能潜力。本系统干煤和空分来的氧气占输入能量的90%左右,合理调配比煤耗和比氧耗对系统节能具有重要意义。     

基于碳捕集的太阳能-燃煤机组热力性能及技术经济分析

针对碳捕集系统对燃煤机组热经济性方面的影响,以600MW超临界燃煤机组为研究对象,研究了燃烧后碳捕集的再生能耗,提出了基于碳捕集的太阳能辅助燃煤机组热力系统集成方案,阐述了该集成系统碳捕集的工作原理和吸收机理,建立了集成系统热经济性评价指标。利用系统灵敏度分析法,计算了碳捕集率对集成系统热经济性的影响,并将相关数据绘制成曲线图加以对比分析。结果表明：当乙醇胺溶液浓度为30%、CO2捕集率为85%、当地日照达到最佳辐射强度500W/m2时,该太阳能集成系统的热效率为43.604%,此时太阳能-燃煤机组碳捕集电站的发电成本为0.5606￥/(kW?h),CO2的减排成本为0.5557￥/(kgCO2)。     

焦炉气制甲醇燃料的生命周期分析

建立了适合我国焦炉气制甲醇生命周期能源消耗与排放的分析模型,进行了焦炉气制甲醇生命周期的分析研究。研究发现,焦炉气制甲醇生命周期以原煤消耗为主,原油消耗下降为占化石能源消耗结构的1%。在总能源消耗方面,焦炉气制甲醇高于传统汽油和煤气化制甲醇路线,其在燃料阶段的能源消耗是传统汽油的6.9倍;与煤气化制甲醇相比,燃料阶段的能耗高出煤气化制甲醇约11%。在温室气体排放方面,焦炉气制甲醇路线温室气体的排放量约是传统汽油的1.8倍,其CO2和GHGs排放比煤气化制甲醇路线的少10%以上。     

加压固定床粗煤气再转化工艺研究

通过理论分析,综合加压固定床煤气化工艺和烃类转化工艺的技术特点,提出加压固定床粗煤气再转化工艺。加压固定床粗煤气再转化工艺取消了现有加压固定床煤气化工艺中煤气水分离、酚氨回收、废气焚烧、变换工艺洗涤塔、低温甲醇洗工艺萃取系统和石脑油分离系统等装置,降低固定资产投资46.9亿元（现用煤气化工艺化工固定资产投资117.25亿元）;每年减少使用原料煤96.84万～118.18万t,约合1.29亿元（以褐煤120元/t计）;取消使用二异丙基醚0.21万t/a、减少甲醇用量0.96万t/a和质量分数32%的NaOH用量0.36万t/a;取消含尘煤气水和含油煤气水排放量1585.71 t/h（原排放污水1761.9 t/h）;减少废水处理装置土地使用面积17790 m2以上。提高CO2利用率,提高硫回收率。加压固定床粗煤气再转化工艺具有工艺、设备和工程建设投资少,工艺运行成本低,环境保护好等显著特点。     

提高焦炉气甲醇生产中总碳利用率的措施

在以焦炉气为原料生产甲醇过程中,新鲜合成气的总碳利用率达不到设计要求,为此采取了调整转化炉工艺操作条件的措施,即提高转化炉温度和压力、降低水碳比等以降低新鲜合成气中CO2的含量。改进后,催化剂使用后期的精甲醇产量和新鲜合成气的总碳利用率分别提高了19 t/d和9.4%,CO2排放量减少了8 623 t/a。     

中国已成为世界最大煤气化炉市场

目前,中国已成为世界上最大的煤气化炉市场,2020年前我国对煤气化炉有巨大的市场需求,需求量预计将达到2250套。当前我国正在兴起的煤制油、甲醇、合成氨及煤制烯烃等煤化工产业,需要大量的大型煤气化炉。另外,我国还有约占全国煤炭总储量约20%以上的高硫煤,这些煤要获得高效、清洁利用,也必须以气化技术为龙头。如果2020年之前用煤基费托合成制醇醚燃料替代50Mt汽、柴油当量,则需煤0·22~0·36Gt;如果电煤中有1/3为煤气化燃气、蒸汽联合循环发电,则发电量约2·5×108kW·h,以效率42%计算,需用煤0·6Gt,两者合计为0·9Gt。由此预测,若以20…     

一季度新疆风电新增并网容量139万千瓦 居全国首位

正从国家能源局获悉:2014年一季度,全国风电新增并网容量456万千瓦,到2014年3月底,风电累计并网容量8055万千瓦,同比增长24%;风电上网电量366亿千瓦时,同比增长9%;风电平均利用小时数479小时,同比下降55小时;全国风电弃风电量48亿千瓦时,同比下降20亿千瓦时;平均弃     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.