A Further Discussion on Trends in the Development of Advanced Manufacturing Technology

This paper is a supplement to “Trends in the Development of Advanced Manufacturing Technology” (Yang and Wu in Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 39: 73, 2003) but delves deeper into it. It first points out the strategic status of manufacturing industry in state development. Then, a detailed analysis is given on the features and trends in the development of advanced manufacturing technology in a total of 12 points from three aspects: “precision,” “extreme,” and “culture” from the aspect of the product itself; “green,” “rapidness,” “saving,” and “efficiency” during the manufacturing process; and “digit,” “auto,” “integration,” “networking,” and “intelligence” in view of the manufacturing method. In addition, it emphasizes that all the above aspects should be based on two base points: “manufacture” and “machinery.” Finally, it puts forth the guiding ideologies for the development of advanced manufacturing technology and the aspects China should give priority to in development, while stressing on the principles of independence, innovation and “human orientation.”     

Application of AZ4903 to production of stator windings

To satisfy the needs of the high deep-width ratio and thickness of a planar micromotor’s stator windings, a process method to produce an electromagnetic planar micromotor with AZ4903 is proposed. Optimum relationships, such as the desired rotation speed vs. thickness of the coating process, and the temperature vs. time of pre-baking, are obtained. The appropriate time of lithography and development are also achieved. The thickness of the produced windings is 40 μm with ideal perpendicularity. Finally, stators and rotors are fabricated. The rotation speed and pull-out torque of the micromotor are tested. The experiment proved that the micromotor worked with a steady speed and a low ripple of pull-out torque. __________ Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech) 2005, 45(8): 1062–1065 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Output tracking control of mobile manipulators based on dynamical sliding-mode control

A dynamical sliding-mode controller is devised to track the output of mobile manipulators. During the investigation, firstly a reduced dynamic model considering the dynamics of the driving motor is developed for mobile manipulators. Then, the system is decomposed into four lower-dimensional subsystems by means of diffeomorphism and nonlinear input transformation. Moreover, a design method of the dynamical sliding-mode controller that is applied to the output tracking of mobile manipulators is proposed. The simulation results indicate that the dynamical sliding-mode controller can not only track the given trajectory correctly but also reduce the chattering of sliding-mode control system considerably. __________ Translated from Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 34(6): 29–33 [译自: 华南理工大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

The prediction technology study of fatigue life for key parts of a tracked vehicle''s suspension system

In allusion to fatigue life of a tracked vehicle torsion bar, a virtual prototype model of the tracked vehicle suspension system including a flexible torsion bar was built based on dynamic simulation software—ADAMS. Node force and stress results of the torsion bar from last step simulation were acquired; taking into account the material characteristics and influential factors, fatigue life of the flexible body of the torsion bar was predicted. Engineering results can be acquired through the contrast of the result of virtual test and statistical fatigue. __________ Translated from Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering, 2006, 20(1): 44–47 [译自: 装甲兵工程学院学报]     

Directional solidification of metal-gas eutectic and fabrication of regular porous metals

Directional solidification of metal-gas eutectic (Gasar) is a novel process for making regular porous metals. This process is based on a solid-gas eutectic reaction involving a gaseous medium and a metal or ceramic phase. The process easily controls the porosity, the pore size, the pore orientation, and the pore morphology when the melting and solidifying conditions are varied in a wide range. The latest progress and our research work are reviewed in this paper. Translated from Special Casting and Nonferrous Alloys, 2005, 25(1):1–4 [译自: 特种铸造及有色合金]     

Modular structure of a self-reconfigurable robot

This paper proposes a novel, hermaphroditic, and lattice self-reconfigurable modular robot. Each module is composed of a center body—a cubic part and six sides that can rotate independently. There are two holes and two extensible pegs on each side. The rotary motion of each side and the extensible motion of the pegs are generated by a motor connected to a reducer, using a cone-shaped gear, belt, clutch, etc. The structure of the module is compact, and has space to extend further. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2005, 39(6): 877–879 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]     

双波段/双视场全景航空相机光学系统设计

为提高航空相机识别目标能力,设计了一种应用于全景式航空侦查相机的可见光/红外双视场成像光学系统,可见光光学系统焦距为200 mm/400 mm,相对孔径为1∶8.8,视场角为9.4°×7°/4.7°×3.5°。红外光学系统焦距为117 mm/234 mm,相对孔径为1∶4,视场角为9.4°×7.5°/4.7°×3.76°。该光学系统利用物像交换原则采用轴向移动变倍方式,设计结果表明,光学系统成像质量接近衍射极限,可以满足实际使用需求。     

Fluid damping clearance in a control valve of injector

A force model of a control valve of injector is set up, and the changes of the fluid damping clearance are investigated on the basis of the results of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the experiments of control valve of injector. Results indicate that a damping clearance of 0.02–0.03 mm between the poppet and the valve guide is the most sufficient to dampen any excessive control valve poppet bouncing. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2006, 40(6): 1031–1034 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]     

Blind identification of threshold auto-regressive model for machine fault diagnosis

A blind identification method was developed for the threshold auto-regressive (TAR) model. The method had good identification accuracy and rapid convergence, especially for higher order systems. The proposed method was then combined with the hidden Markov model (HMM) to determine the auto-regressive (AR) coefficients for each interval used for feature extraction, with the HMM as a classifier. The fault diagnoses during the speed-up and speed-down processes for rotating machinery have been successfully completed. The result of the experiment shows that the proposed method is practical and effective. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2005, 45(8): 1 036–1 039 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Measurements of nonstationary temperatures by the spectral pyrometry method

Recording of a sequence of thermal-radiation spectra allows determination of a nonstationary temperature T(t) without using the data on the emissivity of an object. For a КЭФ-4.5 silicon single crystal heated with radiation from a continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.064 μm), sequences of hundreds of emission spectra in wavelength ranges of λ = 350–760 nm and λ = 650–1000 nm were recorded at a signal storage time of a CCD array of τ = 15–35 ms and a frequency of recording spectra of f ≈ 30–66 Hz. The spectra were automatically processed, and the dependences of the crystal temperature on the time after the irradiation onset were obtained in the range T ≈ 1100–1450 K.     

Flow behavior of liquid-solid coupled system of piezoelectric micropump

This paper employs a shallow water model and the finite element method to approximate periodical flows of a micropump to a two-dimensional thickness-averaged flow. A liquid-solid coupled system equation of the micropump is presented. Through the mode analysis of the liquid-solid coupled system, the first-order natural frequency, diaphragm vibration shape and amplitude-frequency relationship are obtained. The vibration response of the diaphragm is calculated when an external electric field is applied. Based on the thickness-averaged flow equation, the periodical flow of the micropump is studied using the finite volume method to investigate the flow behavior and flow rate-frequency characteristics. Numerical results indicate that an optimal working frequency can be obtained, at which the flow rate of the micropump achieves the maximum when the external electric voltage is fixed. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2006, 21(4): 512–518 [译自: 水动力学研究与进展]     

Numeric simulation for structure''s damage identification of space truss

Damage detection by using the changes of dynamic parameters is a conventional damage diagnosis method, however, some indices are not sensitive enough to the most structural damages. In this study, the analytical data of displacement modes of truss structure are obtained by using the finite element analysis soft—ANSYS. The mode analysis technique for the axial strain change of any stick is used to detect the steel trusses with different damages. The analytical results show that the damage location and degree of the truss stick can be effectively diagnosed by means of the axial strain change. __________ Translated from Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2006, 30(2): 285–288 [译自: 武汉理工大学学报]     

A three-crucible version of thermal analysis

The operating technique and benefits of three-crucible differential thermal analysis are discussed. Using this method, the temperatures and heat effects of iron phase transitions were determined: 773±3°C (α→β), 923±4°C and 10.2±0.8 J/g (β→γ), 1400±3°C and 17.0±1.0 J/g (γ→δ), and 1539±4°C and 250±20 J/g (°→liquid). The temperature of (α→β) beryllium transition (1274±5°C), its melting point (1292±5°C), and the interval of BCC Be (18±5°C) were also measured. The total heat of both trnasitions is 15.1±0.7 kJ/mol, composed of the heat of the α→β transition (7.5±0.4 kJ/mol) and the heat of melting (7.6±0.4 kJ/mol). *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A31DG005 00013     

The choice of a spectral interval within which a heated opaque object radiates as a gray body

The temperature of opaque objects with the emissivity ɛ(λ) depending on the wavelength can be rather precisely determined with an error of ≤1–5% from their heat emission spectrum using the model of a gray body ɛ = const(λ). This method is based on the much more strong spectral dependence of the heat emission intensity I(λ) within the short-wavelength region in comparison with that of the emissivity ɛ(λ). At relatively low temperatures T ≤ 3000–4000 K, any opaque object radiates as a gray body in the short-wavelength spectrum region (λ ≤ 350–400 nm), even if it appreciably differs from a gray body in its optical properties. An experimental heat emission spectrum of tungsten (T ≈ 1970 K), for which the influence of the emissivity manifests itself in the long-wavelength region (λ > 580 nm), is given.     

Optimization model for rotor blades of horizontal axis wind turbines

This paper presents an optimization model for rotor blades of horizontal axis wind turbines. The model refers to the wind speed distribution function on the specific wind site, with an objective to satisfy the maximum annual energy output. To speed up the search process and guarantee a global optimal result, the extended compact genetic algorithm (ECGA) is used to carry out the search process. Compared with the simple genetic algorithm, ECGA runs much faster and can get more accurate results with a much smaller population size and fewer function evaluations. Using the developed optimization program, blades of a 1.3 MW stall-regulated wind turbine are designed. Compared with the existing blades, the designed blades have obviously better aerodynamic performance. __________ Translated from Journal of Shantou University (Natural Science), 2006, 21(1): 44–49 [译自: 汕头大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Combustion and emissions of the diesel engine using bio-diesel fuel

The combustion and heat release of engines using diesel fuel and bio-diesel fuel have been investigated. The results illustrate that the combustion happens in advance and the ignition delay period is shortened. The initial heat release peak declines a little, the corresponding crankshaft angle changes in advance, and the combustion duration is prolonged. The economic performance and emission features of diesel engines using diesel fuel and bio-diesel fuel are compared. The results also show that the specific fuel consumption of bio-diesel increases by about 12%. The emissions, such as CO, HC, and particulate matter decrease remarkably whereas NO _x increases a little. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 27(3): 216–219 [译自: 江苏大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Design of a piezoelectric transducer cylindrical phase modulator for simulating acoustic emission signals

To conveniently carry out the pipeline leak experiment in a laboratory, leak acoustic signals are simulated by using the converse piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) cylindrical phase modulator. On the basis of the piezoelectric equations and electromechanical equivalence principle, the transfer function of a PZT cylindrical phase modulator is delivered. A PZT cylindrical phase modulator is designed, and the numerical simulation is conducted. Results prove that the PZT cylindrical phase modulator can effectively simulate leak acoustic emission signals when the frequency is lower than 25 KHz. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2006, 32(8): 683–687 [译自: 北京工业大学学报]     

Finite element simulations of sheet metal forming under complex strain paths

Fracture is a common defect in sheet metal forming and it is essentially caused by tensile instability. This paper analyzes some experiments and theories for building forming limit diagrams of sheet metal and points out the advantages and disadvantages of current experiments and theories. According to this, a method that integrates the finite element simulation and experiment was used to research the forming limit diagrams of the sheet metal under complex strain paths. Taking the rear hanger that undergoes twice stamping as an example, the strain paths of the dangerous point of the rear hanger is investigated. Finally, the forming method of the rear hanger is confirmed. Results indicate that finite element method (FEM) can achieve the complex strain paths and different strain paths will have great impacts on the result of the sheet metal forming. __________ Translated from Journal of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Edition), 2005, 26(4): 289–293 [译自: 江苏大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Integration of microsensor for microsurgery robot''s end-effector

To enhance the effect of robotic microsurgery, the microsensors are integrated on the robot’s end-effector. On the basis of the requirements presented for the integration design, measuring mechanism for the robotic end trephine’s force and cutting depth are studied. Force microsensor and position microsensor are used to measure surgical information of the force and depth. Measuring mechanism was achieved by means of linear sliding bearing and differential measuring structure. The sensor data board was developed. With the power spectral estimation of sensor data, two digital filtering methods are proposed, to help eliminate the interference to the original microsensor signal. They are the filtering method of lowpass-bandstop serial structure suitable for a PC, and a shift average filtering algorithm suitable for the sensor data board, respectively. The experimental results show that the integration of microsensors for microsurgery robot’s end-effector can satisfy the design requirements, and the robotic end trephine can accurately fulfill the surgical task of corneal cutting. Translated from Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005, 31(7): 794–798 [译自: 北京航空航天大学学报]     

Gas-filled metal-ceramic high-pressure spark-gap switches

The results of the upgrading of P-48 and P-49 spark-gap switches that allowed us to improve their electric performances are presented. The design and performance data of РИМ 100/35 and РИМ 200/50 gas-filled metal-ceramic spark-gap switches are described. When used in the circuit of the Marx generator of the APCA accelerator operating at a voltage-rise time of 5–6 μs, they ensure a pulsed breakdown voltage of 120 and 150 kV, respectively. In such devices as МИРА, ДИНА, etc., operating at a voltage-rise time of 0.5–1 μs, the breakdown voltage of these spark-gap switches can be increased up to 130 kV (for РИМ 100/35) and 220 kV (for РИМ 200/50). The intrinsic switch time is <0.5 ns. Some practical recommendations for the metal-ceramic spark-gap switch design are provided.