Major bridge development in Hong Kong,China—past,present and future

The first “modern” type of vehicular bridge was built in Hong Kong China in the 1920s. The need for an efficient transportation system to cope with population growth and enable economic development has demanded the construction of more and more bridges since the middle of the 20th century. By 2007, Hong Kong had a total of about 1300 vehicular bridges. Four of these bridges, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, and the cable-stayed bridge on the Hong Kong- Shenzhen Western Corridor, are considered to be major bridges supported by cables. Currently, the Stonecutters Bridge on Route No. 8 is under construction and is expected to be completed in late 2009. At the same time, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge will be in its detailed design stage soon. While efforts have been made by bridge builders to construct these giant structures, the upkeeping of these valuable assets at a high standard and ensuring their continuous functioning and performance during their intended lifespans will be another important task for bridge engineers. Wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS) will play a key role in this respect.     

Stonecutters Bridge – durability,maintenance and safety considerations

Stonecutters Bridge, currently under construction in Hong Kong with a main span of 1018 m, will become one of the longest span cable-stayed bridges in the world. It will be the first major bridge situated in the urban area of Hong Kong, with Victoria Harbour as the backdrop. The design contains a number of significant aesthetic features, primarily the circular mono-column towers with a metallic look at the upper part, and the steel twin box deck structure. Durability, maintenance and safe operation are undoubtedly amongst the major considerations in the design. In view of the prominence of the bridge, it is important to maintain the aesthetic qualities throughout its 120-year design life. It is a challenge for the bridge engineers to achieve this without jeopardising the operation and the structural performance of the bridge. This paper describes the durability, maintenance and safety considerations for the bridge.     

Wind turbulence characteristics study at the Stonecutters Bridge site: Part I—Mean wind and turbulence intensities

Hong Kong is situated in the typhoon belt thus major civil engineering structures such as tall buildings and bridges are exposed to very severe gusty winds caused by a direct hit once every few years. Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge having a colossal central span of 1018 m. The dynamic action of gusty wind on the bridge therefore needs careful consideration. A study into the turbulence characteristics at the bridge site has therefore been initiated with the objective of deriving a model of turbulence suitable for buffeting calculations of slender structures. To this end, Highways Department of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) erected a 50 m high meteorological mast at the bridge site and commissioned wind tunnel experiments employing a 1/1500 scale terrain model. Part I of this paper will focus on the study of mean wind and turbulence intensities. Part II will focus on the other turbulence characteristics including wind power spectra, integral length scales and wind coherences.     

香港大型悬吊体系桥梁的发展

香港从一个落后小渔港,在百余年中,发展成一个现代化世界之大都会,贸易商港、金融中心和物流枢纽,发展的过程和基础设施的建设有密切的关系,而道路及桥梁工程发挥的作用更是十分明显和重要。简要介绍香港一些重要的世界级桥梁工程发展项目及前景,其中有青马大桥、汲水门大桥、汀九大桥、青龙大桥、昂船洲大桥、伶仃洋大桥、港珠澳大桥等,并着重介绍其关键技术、创新点、质量管理、经济和社会效益。     

香港新世纪桥梁建设的发展和前景

昂船洲大桥位处于香港港口一个显的位置，落成后将成香港一个主要标志。大桥的主跨为1018m，这般大跨度的斜拉桥将是一项世界纪录，亦将是斜拉桥科技上的一大突破。设计和兴建昂船洲大桥将是一项极大的挑战。对此项艰巨而且复杂的工作，引入国际性竞争机制是明智决定。本工程如按常规在本地招标设计，     

Influence of Stabilizing Cables on Seismic Response of a Multispan Cable-Stayed Bridge

Abstract:   A recent trend in the design of long-span bridges is multispan cable-stayed bridges with three or more towers. A critical problem of multispan cable-stayed bridges is the stabilization of the central tower(s), which has resulted in increasing application of stabilizing cables. The Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong is one of a few multispan cable-stayed bridges adopting stabilizing cables ever built. In this article, the dynamic properties of multispan cable-stayed bridges with stabilizing cables and the effect of stabilizing cables on bridge seismic response are studied by referring to the Ting Kau Bridge. Based on a validated 3D finite-element model, modal analysis is conducted which shows that the longitudinal stabilizing cables bring about a number of global modes with strong modal interaction among the deck, towers, and cables. The seismic response and internal force in the central tower are found to be much larger than those in the side towers. The longitudinal stabilizing cables are very effective in reducing the internal force in the central tower generated by longitudinal earthquake excitation, but insignificantly affect the seismic response in the bridge deck and side towers. As a whole, the stabilizing cables act favorably in the reduction of seismic response of the bridge.     

大跨度斜拉桥的动力分析模型

本文用双三主梁模型对香港汀九大桥的动力特性进行了分析,获得了大桥的自振频率和振型。本文还提出了一种适用于叠合梁桥面系的新型双主梁模型,该模型减少了节点数量和单元数量,提高了计算效率。     

Fatigue analysis of long-span suspension bridges under multiple loading: Case study

Long-span suspension bridges are often subject to multiple types of dynamic loads, especially those located in wind-prone regions and carrying both trains and road vehicles. Fatigue assessment shall be performed to ensure the safety and functionality of the bridges. This paper proposes a framework for fatigue analysis of a long-span suspension bridge under multiple loading by integrating computer simulation with structural health monitoring system. By taking the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong as an example, a computationally efficient engineering approach is first proposed for dynamic stress analysis of the bridge under railway, highway and wind loading. The fatigue-critical locations are then determined for key bridge components, and databases of the dynamic stress responses at the critical locations are established. The time histories of dynamic stresses induced by individual loading during the design life of the bridge are generated based on the databases. The corresponding stress time histories due to the combined action of multiple loading are also compiled. Finally, fatigue analysis is performed to compute the cumulative fatigue damage over the design life of 120 years. The results indicate that it is necessary to consider the combined effect of multiple loading in the fatigue analysis of long-span suspension bridges.     

Wind turbulence characteristics study at the Stonecutters Bridge site: Part II: Wind power spectra, integral length scales and coherences

Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong is a cable-stayed bridge having a colossal central span of 1018 m. The dynamic action of gusty wind on the bridge therefore needs careful consideration. In order to obtain a realistic estimate of the wind turbulence characteristics, Highways Department of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) erected a 50 m high meteorological mast near Stonecutters Bridge and commissioned wind tunnel experiments employing a scale terrain model. Part I of this paper has focused the discussion on the study of mean wind and turbulence intensities. In this Part II of the paper, the other turbulence characteristics including wind power spectra, integral length scales and wind coherences will be discussed.     

高速公路火损桥梁安全检测与评估

近年来随着我国高速公路桥梁建设的飞速发展,高速公路桥梁遭受火灾的次数亦在逐渐增多,高速公路特别是国家大动脉承担着繁重的交通运输任务,一旦发生火灾,将直接造成不可估量的经济损失。本文以京港澳高速桥梁遭受火损为例,介绍火损桥梁安全检测与评估方法,为以后类似工程提供借鉴。     

Investigation concerning structural health monitoring of an instrumented cable-stayed bridge

In Hong Kong, a sophisticated long-term structural health monitoring system has been devised by the Highways Department of HKSAR Government to monitor the structural performance and health conditions of three cable-supported bridges. On-structure instrumentation systems for two new long-span bridges are also being implemented. The implementation of these monitoring systems highlights the necessity for developing a monitoring-based structural health evaluation paradigm for long-span bridges. This paper describes the research directed towards this that has been conducted in the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Taking the instrumented cable-stayed Ting Kau Bridge as a paradigm, the research covers the development of an index system and a database system for monitoring data management, the modelling of the environmental variability of measured modal properties with the intention of eliminating environmental effects in vibration-based damage detection, and the feasibility of using measured modal properties from the deployed vibration sensors for structural damage identification.     

中国桥梁产业的现状及其发展之路

进入21世纪以后,中国桥梁建设又迎来一个新高潮。上海东海大桥建设拉开了中国建设跨海长桥的序幕,苏通大桥和上海卢浦大桥给中国桥梁界冲击超千米斜拉桥和拱桥的纪录提供了机会     

伸缩装置的破坏分析

在气温变化、混凝土收缩、徐变及荷载等因素的影响下,桥梁梁体长度会发生变化,从而使梁端发生位移,为适应这种位移并保持桥上行车平稳,就必须设置桥梁伸缩装置。随着我国交通运输事业的飞速发展,高速公路、高架道路、立交桥的大量兴建,公路桥梁车辆通行量的增大,车速的提高,车辆的承重在增长,人们对行车舒适性等的要求越来越高,因此对公路桥梁伸缩装置的要求也越来越高     

Construction site safety in Hong Kong

The structural characteristics of the Hong Kong construction industry, most notably its elaborate system of subcontracting and the casual basis on which labour is employed, pose serious problems for safety managers. By international standards, Hong Kong's construction industry performs very badly in the area of safety. Recent work in the UK and Finland highlights the effectiveness of behavioural techniques to improve safety performance on construction sites. Work is currently under way to test these techniques in the Hong Kong construction setting. The structural properties of the Hong Kong construction industry have been taken into consideration and labour commitments to the group and to the organization have been identified for additional consideration in research. It is expected that these variables will intervene in the application of behavioural techniques to determine their effectiveness. This paper investigates the theoretical background to commitment at the group and organizational level and presents a site level research model which is illustrative of the possible effects that group and organization level commitment may be found to have on the use of behavioural techniques.     

香港新世纪桥梁建设的发展和前景

香港从一个小渔港，在百余年中，发展成一个世界之大都会，发展的过程和基础设施的建设有密切的关系，而道路及桥梁工程的作用更是十分明显和重要。本文简介香港一些重要的世界级桥梁工程发展项目及前景。并着重介绍其关键技术、创新点、质量管理、经济和社会效益。     

Considerations on recent trends in, and future prospects of, steel bridge construction in Japan

In this paper, consideration is given on recent trends in, and requirements for a bright future of, steel bridge construction in Japan. As far as recent trends are concerned, it is observed that the construction of long and big steel bridges has practically been completed. Consequently, the focus of recent main works is the maintenance of superannuated (overaged) bridges and the seismic retrofitting of existing bridges. The refreshment and regeneration of some superannuated bridges is also needed recently in order to mitigate the uncomfortable influence of these bridges on their surrounding environment. As for a bright future in steel bridge construction, first and foremost it is emphasized that the steel bridge industry should be able to attract, train and retain better students and engineers. For this purpose, maintenance and retrofitting works should be economically reasonable jobs. The necessity and importance of these works should be understood by the nation through retrofitting existing bridges against disasters and mitigating the unfavourable influence of bridge structures on the bridge environment on the basis of the code of ethics for civil engineers promulgated by JSCE. Moreover, bridge engineers should seek better social status and the bridge engineering field should become attractive to young students who will bear the future of this field.     

探索“交界空间”的可持续发展——“港珠澳大桥·香港口岸国际概念设计竞赛”的启示

“港珠澳大桥·香港口岸国际概念设计竞赛”是香港特别行政区路政署筹划的国际设计竞赛,是一次粤、港、澳三地多元文化融合的可持续探索.通过对竞赛的评述,结合对获奖和入围方案的分析,不仅阐述了香港政府对口岸建设地标化、模块化、生态化等理念的探索,同时分析了中国口岸建筑的设计变化趋势——从单一化向多元化转变,最后探讨了本次竞赛对中国口岸建设可持续发展的借鉴意义.     

位于平曲线上梁桥的空间地震响应分析

对于山区桥梁来说,由于地形的限制,桥梁一般位于平、竖曲线上.这种桥梁的地震响应有着其自身的特点.梁桥仍然是公路建设的主要桥型.本文用自编的梁桥地震响应分析程序,对此类桥梁进行了计算和分析,总结了此类桥梁的地震响应特点,提出了抗震设计的一些建议.     

大连庄河建设大桥的设计与施工

大连庄河建设大桥是世界首座混凝土自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系桥,本文以大连庄河建设大桥为背景,介绍了该体系桥梁的设计构思及施工方法,分析了该体系施工控制中需要注意的和遇到的相关问题以及解决方法,可以为该类桥型的进一步研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。     

大型桥梁工程施工关键点测量和检测方法

在大型桥梁建设过程中,施工测量方案的确定不但要考虑精度要求,更要考虑可行性,而且需要在施工的不同阶段,针对不同施工关键点的特点采用多种方法进行测量和检测。本文将结合上海长江大桥测量工程的实践,对大型桥梁施工测量中的关键环节进行分析,并简要介绍其测量和检测方法。