气体润滑理论在超声波轴承中的应用

设计了一种超声波径向支承轴承，用动态Reynolds方程分析了轴承工作状态下挤压效应和动压润滑所产生气膜的压力，从理论上验证了轴承工作状态下存在气膜润滑。在相同的试验条件下，测定了超声波轴承和深沟球轴承的摩擦系数。两者相比，超声波轴承的摩擦系数仅为深沟球轴承的10％。     

轴颈表面粗糙度对橡胶材料干摩擦特性的影响

当船舶艉轴承供水系统出现故障或轴承过载时,金属轴颈与橡胶轴承之间会发生局部接触而处于干摩擦状态下。为研究金属轴颈表面粗糙度对水润滑橡胶轴承干摩擦特性的影响,采用TIME3230表面粗糙度测量仪对金属轴颈表面微凸体进行测量,得到金属轴颈表面微凸体的位置参数分布曲线,并对其进行去噪处理;利用傅立叶变换重新构造去噪后的金属轴颈表面粗糙度分布,并依据理论计算金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数。金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数计算结果与实际情况吻合,说明建立的轴颈表面粗糙度分布模型合理。分析结果表明:在干摩擦状态下,金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦因数随着表面粗糙度函数波幅的增大呈线性增大趋势,随着粗糙度分布函数的特征波长系数的增大呈非线性增大;润滑流动方向顺着加工纹理方向时,摩擦因数比垂直加工纹理方向和与加工纹理呈45°时的摩擦因数都小。因此,选择合理的轴承表面粗糙度的幅值和波长可以提高金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副的摩擦润滑性能;沿加工纹理加工、装配金属轴颈-橡胶轴承摩擦副,可降低摩擦因数。     

轴颈倾斜对静压气体径向轴承静态特性的影响

为获得轴颈倾斜对静压气体径向轴承静态性能的影响规律,采用有限差分方法数值求解考虑轴颈倾斜下的稳态Reynolds方程,分析不同轴颈倾斜角度下轴承静态特性参数的变化情况,结果表明:不同轴颈倾斜角度下轴承气膜厚度基本相同;轴承周向角度从90°增大到270°时,轴颈倾斜角度越大,轴承气膜压力越小,轴承周向角度从270°减小到90°时,轴颈倾斜角度越大,轴承气膜压力越大;偏心率一定时,随着轴颈倾斜角度的增大,轴承的静态承载力减小,静态刚度、摩擦因数、气体质量流量、静态力矩和角刚度均增加。     

表面改性对滑动轴承弹流润滑的影响

考虑滑移边界条件,建立了极限剪应力模型和线接触弹流润滑模型,推导了润滑剂界面滑移速度,并修正了流体润滑Reynolds方程,针对界面改性后滑动轴承的润滑状态进行了探究。首先,分析了对轴瓦和轴颈界面均进行改性处理后,轴承润滑状态在整个弹流润滑接触区的变化;其次,分别研究了仅对轴瓦或者轴颈做改性处理的影响;最后,探究了界面改性对轴承摩擦因数的影响,并讨论了摩擦因数随载荷、速度的变化。结果表明,在弹流润滑的条件下,同时对轴瓦和轴颈进行表面改性处理时,油膜会在入口区形成凹陷,在出口区形成坍塌;仅对轴颈界面进行改性处理时,油膜会在整个接触区形成凹陷,对应的压力也会随之增加;相反,仅对轴瓦界面进行改性处理时,油膜厚度减小,压力降低;表面改性处理后,摩擦因数降低,并随载荷、速度的增大而减小。     

表面织构对水润滑轴承混合润滑性能的影响

为分析表面织构对水润滑轴承混合润滑性能的影响,基于平均Reynolds方程及JFO空化边界条件建立带有表面织构的水润滑轴承混合润滑模型并数值求解,获得不同织构参数下水润滑轴承的Stribeck曲线。研究结果表明:表面织构是否能改善润滑性能与其深径比及面密度参数密切相关,织构的引入并不一定能降低水润滑轴承的摩擦因数;表面织构的面密度和深径比存在最优值,能使水润滑轴承获得最大的膜厚比与最小的摩擦因数,并在较低的转速下由混合润滑状态进入流体动压润滑状态。     

轴颈倾斜轴承的热流体动力润滑分析

考虑温度对轴颈倾斜轴承润滑的影响,通过解三维能量方程与固体热传导方程,计算轴颈、轴承和润滑油的温度分布,进而对轴颈倾斜轴承进行了热流体动力润滑分析。结果表明:轴承中央截面偏心率较大时,轴颈倾斜角对轴承润滑间隙中油膜温度、最大油膜压力、端泄流量和保持轴承稳定工作的力矩的影响较显著;轴颈倾斜角对油膜层面上的油膜最高温度、温度分布和压力分布的影响较大,油膜厚度较小的区域,油膜压力增大,摩擦生热多,油膜温度上升。     

低速大偏心滑动轴承润滑状态转变及特性分析

以动压滑动轴承为研究对象,建立了完全流体润滑模型和混合润滑模型.采用有限差分法进行数值求解,得到摩擦阻力、摩擦因数、承载力和端泄油温升等特性参数;通过膜厚比和摩擦因数判断轴承所处润滑状态,分析润滑状态转变后表面粗糙度对轴承特性的影响;并基于M2000型摩擦磨损实验机进行了混合润滑状态摩擦副跑合实验.结果表明,低转速下增...     

主轴颈圆柱度对发动机轴承润滑特性的影响

基于制造效率和成本的平衡考虑,发动机曲轴的轴颈圆柱度不可避免地产生公差,从而对轴承副润滑状态、摩擦功耗和服役性能产生重要影响。本研究针对某三缸发动机,基于弹性流体润滑(EHD)理论分析曲轴主轴颈圆柱度对主轴承润滑性能的影响。首先将主轴颈圆柱度分解为沿轴颈径向的圆度和轴向的腰鼓度及轴心直线度,通过Kriging方法建立形位尺寸与轴承摩擦功间代理模型;然后基于遗传算法进行优化求解,进而评估轴颈圆柱度尺寸在公差范围内对轴承润滑的影响规律。结果表明,轴颈圆柱度对于轴承润滑状态有重要影响,在公差范围内会使得轴承摩擦功明显增大,但是提供了轴承润滑状态小幅度改善的可能性。其中腰鼓度的影响最大,使得轴承摩擦功变化27.7%;直线度的影响次之,导致摩擦功变化18.9%;而轴颈圆度的影响十分微小,仅为3.1%。     

轴颈倾斜对内燃机主轴承润滑和磨损的影响

建立内燃机主轴承热弹性流体动力润滑模型,考虑轴颈倾斜,以粗糙接触压力表征轴颈与轴瓦的磨损程度.通过对不同工况下主轴颈倾斜角度、粗糙接触压力等的计算,研究轴颈倾斜对主轴承润滑和磨损的影响.结果表明,轴颈不对中倾斜角度较小时,主轴承仍能够处于流体润滑状态;轴颈倾斜角度较大时,轴承处于边界润滑状态,出现偏摩擦磨损.转速和负荷对轴颈倾斜影响较大,高转速和满负荷时轴承的润滑不良,磨损较大.     

赛龙轴承材料摩擦学性能的试验研究

利用数显式高速环块摩擦试验机,对赛龙轴承试块/镀镍钢环配副,分别在干摩擦、湿润滑、海水润滑条件下,进行摩擦磨损试验研究,分析赛龙轴承的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:赛龙干摩擦时的平均摩擦因数为0.4左右,相对其他非金属材料,赛龙的干摩擦性能较好,但赛龙不耐高温,高温时材料表面会被破坏生成丝状磨屑;湿润滑时赛龙的摩擦因数比干摩擦时的低,说明湿润滑时已处于边界润滑状态;海水润滑时摩擦因数较低,此时润滑状态逐渐变为完全流体动压润滑状态.正交试验结果表明,干摩擦和湿润滑时,转速变化对摩擦因数的影响较大;海水润滑时,载荷变化对摩擦因数影响较大.     

基于正交试验的大型离心压缩机轴承参数优化

轴承参数的选取是影响转子系统稳定性的主要因素,为此提出了基于正交试验的轴承参数优化设计的思想,并在某大型离心压缩机低压缸转子系统中进行应用,通过确定优选的轴承参数,综合评估了轴承参数对轴承-转子系统的稳定性和轴颈振幅的影响。对优化结果进行方差分析和F检验,找到影响系统稳定性和轴颈振幅的显著因子和不显著因子,所得结论对压缩机转子系统设计具有指导意义。     

大功率密度柴油机主轴承混合润滑分析

针对某型柴油机功率提升后主轴承润滑性能出现恶化的现象,计及表面形貌和弹性变形等因素影响,建立12V150柴油机主轴承润滑分析模型。运用弹性流体润滑、轴承动力学及Greenwood-Tripp微凸峰接触理论,分析功率提升后的主轴承润滑性能,提出需要改进的参数。分析表明:主轴承润滑性能变差的原因主要是功率提升后,曲轴和主轴承承受载荷加剧,油膜压力增加,引起轴颈弯曲或倾斜,导致主轴最小油膜度减小。研究曲轴平衡率、轴承宽度和润滑油黏度等参数对主轴承润滑性能的影响,提出了将曲轴平衡率由70%增大至90%,轴承宽度由46 mm增大至48 mm,并合理增加润滑油黏度的改进方案。结果表明:曲轴平衡率能有效地减小主轴颈倾斜角度,而轴承宽度和润滑油黏度对轴颈倾斜几乎没有影响;改进后主轴承最小油膜厚度提升了16.08%,峰值粗糙接触压力减小了37.11%,平均摩擦损失总功减小了13.08%。     

Thermal modelling of the lemon-bore hydrodynamic bearing

The lemon-bore hydrodynamic lubricated journal bearing is a bearing type which is commonly used in high-speed machinery. This is because the lemon-bore bearing is less susceptible to self-excited vibrations or instability than the plain cylindrical bearing at high speeds, while remaining easy to manufacture. However, the increased viscous shear will result in a higher increase in the temperature in the lubricating film.In this paper a finite element analysis is presented which has been used to calculate the pressure and temperature distribution in the lubricating film of a lemon-bore journal bearing. This thermo-hydrodynamic (THD) model is an inverse model, that is, a model in which the shaft eccentricity and attitude angle are calculated given a certain known and prescribed load and load angle. A novel, simple and fast mass-conserving cavitation algorithm has been used in order to calculate the pressure and mass fraction distribution in the lubricating film, and consequently accurately describes the heat flow in the cavitated areas. Furthermore, care has been taken to accurately model the heat to and from the oil supplies.This model has been used to check the design of the lemon bearings in a specific naval application. The results of this model are compared with those obtained using the bearing manufacturer's design code. The influence of several operating and design parameters is studied, particularly with respect to the maximum temperature. The results of this parameter study have been used to suggest design improvements for this particular application.     

A parametric study of a porous self-circulating hydrodynamic bearing

This paper is presenting a 3D, isothermal numerical analysis of a cylindrical porous journal bearing characterized by a self-circulating lubricating system that eliminates the necessity of an external circulating pump. The system includes a stationary porous bushing whose inner diameter faces the bearing clearance while the outer diameter faces a wrapped-around reservoir. The loaded, eccentric shaft is generating a high pressure zone in the convergent region followed by a low pressure zone in the divergent region causing the fluid to circulate naturally between the bearing clearance and the reservoir, as it passes through the porous bushing. The fundamental physics of the circulating mechanism are described, and its operation is numerically simulated. The study uses the complete 3D Navier–Stokes Equations (NSE) for the fluid motion in the bearing clearance and the adjacent reservoir. The flow inside the porous matrix is modeled using the Brinkman formulation with added pressure ‘penalties’ brought by the addition of the Darcy and Forchheimer terms. The bearing operates in the fully hydrodynamic lubricating regime disregarding surface roughness effects. A cavitation model proposed by Singhal et al. (2002 [1]) is utilized in the numerical simulation to account for flow and pressure characteristics in the divergent region. The parameters used during the simulations are angular velocity, permeability, porosity, reservoir depth and shaft eccentricity. The results which include the flow patterns, pressure maps and attitude angles, are presented on a parametric basis, and confirm the functionality of the proposed self-circulating system. It was found that the load capacity decreases and the attitude angle increase as permeability increases, and depending on permeability ranges, the increase in the reservoir depth may result in a reduction of the load capacity. Further, certain combinations of geometric parameters and permeability values render the pressure build-up independent of the reservoir depth. Because an optimal configuration requires both a large fluid mass flows through the porous bed (for cooling purposes) and a large load carrying capability, two variables at odds with each other in the present model, an interactive parametric analysis is essential in order to optimize the load carrying capacity versus geometric and operational parameters.     

可倾瓦推力轴承中进口压力对热动力润滑性能的影响

从理论上研究了进口压力对推力轴承热动力润滑性能的影响。进口压力的存在,使油膜厚度增大,油膜内粘性能耗散减少,进油流量增大,温升减低,有利于提高润滑性能,轴承转速愈高,进口压力也就愈大。因此,进口压力是分析研究高速轻载可倾瓦推力轴承热动力轴承热动力润滑性能中的一个不可忽略的重要因素。     

考虑黏-温及空穴效应的低速滑动轴承润滑性能分析

在低速重载条件下,温度升高导致的润滑油黏度下降以及局部压力过低产生的油膜空穴,严重影响到油膜压力与承载力等润滑性能。为探究考虑黏-温及空穴效应的低速滑动轴承润滑性能,通过编写黏-温方程的UDF程序,建立滑动轴承的Fluent有限元模型,考虑Mixture多相流模型的空穴效应,系统计算轴承油膜在不同工况下的润滑性能,分析对比偏心率、轴系转速以及黏-温效应的影响作用。结果表明：考虑黏-温效应条件下的油膜最大压力、最大温度、承载力以及空穴区域气穴最大体积分数均小于黏度恒定的情况,轴系转速和偏心率的增大会导致空穴区域最大体积分数的增加。     

高速角接触球轴承稳态温度场的数值模拟及实验研究

工程应用中,高速滚动轴承由于发热引起的失效严重影响设备的正常工作,因此研究轴承的温度场至关重要.以高速机床主轴上常用的B7010C/P4Y轴承为研究对象,用整体法分析轴承的生热量,使用热网络法建立轴承稳态温度计算模型,求解不同转速、载荷和润滑油温度下的轴承温度.结果表明:各节点温度与载荷和转速成正比,钢球节点处温度最高...     

Rigidity and damping characteristics of hydrodynamic sliding bearing with deformable working surfaces

The model of a hydrodynamic sliding bearing has been developed that takes into consideration the effect of the deformation of sliding surfaces on the bearing characteristics. The deformations of the sliding surfaces are determined when solving the problem of elastohydrodynamic contact of the journal and bearing with account for the pressure in the lubricating film. Variation in the clearance size at the deformation of the bearing and shaft surfaces is found by iterations when solving jointly the problems of lubricant flow and working surface deformation. Elastic deformations of the working surfaces are calculated using a two-dimensional boundary element model and a three-dimensional finite element model of the shaft and bearing. The method of finite elements is applied to calculate the parameters of lubricant flow in the bearing based on the solution of Reynolds equation in the disturbed form. The rigidity and damping characteristics of the sliding bearing with the deformable surfaces are compared to those of the bearing with the rigid surfaces; the results of the two-dimensional model of bearing deformation are compared to those of the three-dimensional one.     

圆形可倾瓦推力轴承润滑的计算机仿真

针对大型设备中所应用的圆形可倾瓦推力轴承的润滑问题,采用计算机对圆形可倾瓦推力轴承的润滑性能进行了仿真,通过软件程序计算了单个圆形可倾瓦推力轴承瓦面的油膜形状分布情况、油膜压力分布规律及油膜温度分布规律、功率损耗大小、流量多少等参数。结果表明,通过该仿真程序可模拟出不同工况下圆形可倾瓦推力轴承润滑参数,进而提前实现对圆形可倾瓦推力轴承润滑特性的预测,为大型设备中所使用的圆形可倾瓦推力轴承的设计、润滑和实验提供基础数据。     

Correction of pressure drop in a heavily loaded hybrid bearing when starting by using a constant flow lubrication system- Application to a rotary cement mill

We analyzed a lubricated journal plain bearing supporting heavy loaded rotary mill. During start-up operating, after the shaft is lifted by high external pressure lubricant, the speed of the shaft grows from 0 to the operating hydrodynamic speed when, suddenly after the first thirty seconds of shaft rotation, the pressure drops in one recess causing excessive damage to the pad bearing interface. The aim was to understand and provide some answers to the pressure drop in order to give an appropriate correction. Misalignment between the shaft and bearing surfaces was considered and analyzed in first part of the study. According to the obtained results the proposed correction is to use a suitable constant flow lubrication system which avoids the pressure to drop in recesses. A real application was made on a partial pad bearing supporting a heavy rotary cement mill localized at the cement plant of Chlef in Algeria.