Vortex particle smoke simulation with an octree data structure

We propose an octree‐based presentation of vortex particles to simulate smoke and gaseous phenomena in a physical way. Vortex particle method prevails over grid‐based method in terms of less numerical dissipation and more detail features, but it suffers from heavy computational overhead due to per‐particle Biot–Savart integration over the entire simulation space. To alleviate this problem, we employ an octree background grid to separate the vortex particles into individual groups. Particles in groups are aggregated as a single super vortex particle to reduce computational cost. The proposed method produces comparable visual result as previous methods with much less computational overhead. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

稳定且维护细节的液体与烟雾模拟算法

半拉格朗日方法在欧拉模型的液体与烟雾模拟中,因均值运算过多而存在数值粘性的问题,且表面提取算法会抹平液体表面的细节。为此,提出一种稳定且维护细节的液体与烟雾模拟算法。采用精确的数值方法求解对流项,在流体的边界及内部分布隐式的无质量粒子,利用简单的插值策略以及粒子和网格的双向影响,保证数值的稳定性,减少数值粘性,并结合基于显式曲面机制的表面追踪方法来实现丰富的视觉效果。实验结果证明该算法具有维护细节的能力。     

烟雾模拟中Navier-Stokes方程的优化求解方法

针对基于物理方法烟雾模拟中Navier-Stokes方程求解复杂,影响实时性的问题,引入无量纲化处理方法来简化方程形式,减少计算量,提高求解速度。并通过引入MacCormack求解Navier-Stokes方程对流项,实现降低用半拉格朗日方法求解对流项过程中由于时间耗散而导致小尺度细节丢失的问题。实验结果表明,采用文中方法模拟出的效果比较真实,且使基于物理方法的烟雾模拟达到了实时性的要求。     

CFD差分格式及限制器计算对比分析

差分格式是计算流体力学中最为核心的因素,一直是CFD发展的主线.为了分析比较各种差分格式和限制器,以激波管Biemann问题为算例,应用八种差分格式和五种限制器进行了计算分析,对比了各种格式对于膨胀波、激波及接触间断的分辨率,讨论了中心型和迎风型格式的粘性机理和优劣,比较了各类限制器的压缩性和耗散性.研究表明,各类差分格式对间断和粘性的处理,是提高格式精度和判别格式优劣的关键.采用MUSCL方法插值时,应权衡压缩性和耗散性,合理选择限制器.各类格式通过与MUSCL高阶插值方法相结合,可以有效提高的计算效率和计算精度.     

基于物理的烟雾动画

基于物理的烟雾模拟中，需要求解Navier-Stokes偏微分方程组．通过量纲分析，简化了该方程．在求解对流项时采用半拉格朗日方法，为弥补该方法带来的数值耗散，引入了高阶精度紧致格式，在较粗的网格上亦可得到较高精度的导数值．实验结果表明：该算法效果比较真实，速度较快．     

基于粒子系统的烟雾模拟

在计算机图形学领域,最热门的一个研究课题就是如何模拟自然景物,它的应用非常之广,但是,很多自然景物的外观是非常不规则的,而且又是随机变化的,所以模拟起来会有很大的难度。到目前为止,粒子系统技术一直被大家认为是模拟像自然景物这类不规则物体的最成功最有效的一个图形生成算法．在深入研究国内各种烟雾模拟方法的基础上,采用粒子系统和纹理贴图技术并结合烟雾运动的基本物理公式实现对烟雾的有效模拟。通过汽车尾气随风飘散的效果,来满足视觉上对烟雾浓度渐变的要求,能够真实地模拟出不断运动变化的烟团。最后．对研究工作进行总结．并对下一步的研究工作进行展望。     

计算流体力学中流体表面追踪方法概述

CFD（计算流体力学）自从诞生以来;一直致力于各种自然现象的计算机模拟工作,如烟雾、火焰、水流、爆炸等现象;它追溯自然现象的物理本质,借助自然现象的物理描述（将自然现象抽象成物理方程）结合现代计算机的快速计算能力,计算物理描述的属性值及其变化,从而实现视觉效果的模拟。模拟的步骤可以概括为：根据力学理论建立计算模型,即为流体力学的运动方程,一般是较为复杂的非线性偏微分方程,若想要全面描述流体的运动过程,还必须考虑能量守恒、连续性方程等;针对不同类型的非线性偏微分方程寻求最恰当的数值解方法;使用计算机编制求解的算法程序进行计算求解;通过计算机上的工具实现自然现象的视觉呈现;运用力学理论知识对模拟结果进行分析和解释,最终得出科学结论。     

A CNN‐based Flow Correction Method for Fast Preview

Eulerian‐based smoke simulations are sensitive to the initial parameters and grid resolutions. Due to the numerical dissipation on different levels of the grid and the nonlinearity of the governing equations, the differences in simulation resolutions will result in different results. This makes it challenging for artists to preview the animation results based on low‐resolution simulations. In this paper, we propose a learning‐based flow correction method for fast previewing based on low‐resolution smoke simulations. The main components of our approach lie in a deep convolutional neural network, a grid‐layer feature vector and a special loss function. We provide a novel matching model to represent the relationship between low‐resolution and high‐resolution smoke simulations and correct the overall shape of a low‐resolution simulation to closely follow the shape of a high‐resolution down‐sampled version. We introduce the grid‐layer concept to effectively represent the 3D fluid shape, which can also reduce the input and output dimensions. We design a special loss function for the fluid divergence‐free constraint in the neural network training process. We have demonstrated the efficacy and the generality of our approach by simulating a diversity of animations deviating from the original training set. In addition, we have integrated our approach into an existing fluid simulation framework to showcase its wide applications.     

基于粒子数生成函数的烟雾模拟*

在大规模虚拟战场仿真和复杂环境仿真中,烟雾作为其中的重要组成部分,其模拟具有重要的意义。针对烟雾模拟中难以达到真实性和实时性平衡的问题,引入层次细节技术,减少了模拟中所需要的粒子数目,在满足视觉效果的前提下提高了实时性。引入改进的物理模型与粒子系统相结合,增强烟雾的细节,生成真实感较强的烟雾。此外,还利用烟气抬升高度的阈值控制法来判断粒子的生命情况,使烟雾的模拟更加真实。实验证明,本系统利用有限的粒子数生成了满足视觉真实性和视景系统实时性要求的烟雾场景。     

分数阶控制系统的仿真方法

该文对分数阶控制系统提出了一种数值仿真方法。该方法根据Riemann—Liouville定义的分数阶积分和微分，利用δ函数的过滤性质，得到分数阶积分和分数阶微分的近似计算，推导出了相应的分数阶微分方程的数值求解方法，从而得到了分数阶控制系统的一种仿真算法。利用“短记忆法则”对此仿真方法进行改进，可以减少计算量、提高运行速度。文中给出了一些仿真例子，仿真研究结果表明该方法是有效的，它可适用与不同的分数阶系统。对于分数阶控制系统的仿真研究具有一定的实际意义。     

Numerical investigation of fully developed channel flow using shock-capturing schemes

The ability to simulate wall-bounded channel flows with second- and third-order shock-capturing schemes is tested on both subsonic and supersonic flow regimes, respectively at Mach 0.5 and 1.5. Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) and large-eddy simulations (LESs) are performed at Reynolds number 3000.In both flow regimes, results are compared with well-documented DNS, LES or experimental data.At Ma₀=0.5, a simple second-order centred scheme provides results in excellent agreement with incompressible DNS databases, while the addition of artificial or subgrid-scale (SGS) dissipation decreases the resolution accuracy giving just satisfactory results. At Ma₀=1.5, the second-order space accuracy is just sufficient to well resolve small turbulence scales on the chosen grid: without any dissipation models, such accuracy provides results in good agreement with reference data, while the addition of dissipation models considerably reduces the turbulence level and the flow appears almost laminar. Moreover, the use of explicit dissipative SGS models reduces the results accuracy.In both flow regimes, the numerical dissipation due to the discretization of the convective terms is also interpreted in terms of SGS dissipation in an LES context, yielding a generalised dynamic coefficient, equivalent to the dynamic coefficient of the Germano et al. [Phys. Fluids A 3(7) (1991) 1760] SGS model. This new generalised coefficient is thus developed to compare the order of magnitude of the intrinsic numerical dissipation of a shock-capturing scheme with respect to the SGS dissipation.     

Numerically Neither Dissipative Nor Compressive Scheme for Linear Advection Equation and Its Application to the Euler System

The numerical dissipation is always a big issue in the numerical simulation of hyperbolic equations. The problem is that on one hand one needs it for the stability of the scheme and on the other hand one wishes to get rid of it for obtaining good quality of the solution. In this paper we are going to present a new approach for tackling this problem by developing a new type of finite volume scheme for the linear advection equation. The scheme computes approximations to both the solution and entropy, which are then used in the reconstruction of solution in each cell. Ultra-bee limitation is performed in the solution reconstruction to eliminate the spurious oscillations near discontinuities. Designed in such a way, the scheme maintains the conservation of both the solution and entropy, and in this sense the scheme is numerically neither dissipative nor compressive. We then apply this method to the linearly degenerated second characteristic field of the Euler system to improve the resolution of numerical solution there. Numerical examples of both the linear advection equation and Euler system are displayed to show the efficiency of the method. H. Li supported by Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department No. 20070825. D. Mao supported by Shanghai Pu Jiang Program [2006] 118. H. Li, Z. Wang and D. Mao supported by China NSF Grant No. 10171063.     

On the interaction between dynamic model dissipation and numerical dissipation due to streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin stabilization

Here we investigate the roles of physical and numerical subgrid-scale modeling. The subgrid-scales are represented by a physical large-eddy simulation model, namely the popular dynamic Smagorinsky model (or simply dynamic model), as well as by a numerical model in the form of the well-known streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin stabilization for finite element discretizations of advection–diffusion systems. The latter is not a physical model, as its purpose is to provide sufficient algorithmic dissipation for a stable, consistent, and convergent numerical method. We study the interaction between the physical and numerical models by analyzing energy dissipation associated to the two. Based on this study, a modification to the dynamic model is proposed as a way to discount the numerical method’s algorithmic dissipation from the total subgrid-scale dissipation. The modified dynamic model is shown to be successful in simulations of turbulent channel flow.     

基于动态网格细分的烟雾模拟

提出了一种基于动态网格细分的烟雾模拟方法,该方法主要采取图形设备上的动态网格管理对烟雾进行并行处理以达到泊松方程的迭代求解。为了实现高性能,利用高速缓存以提高存取权限和适应硬件的能力。实验结果表明,该方法能够实现比较快速的模拟,结果比较令人满意。     

字典神经网络方法快速湍流烟雾合成

目的 基于物理的烟雾模拟是计算机图形学的重要组成部分,渲染具有细小结构的高分辨率烟雾,需要大量的计算资源和高精度的数值求解方法。针对目前高精度湍流烟雾模拟速度慢,仿真困难的现状,提出了基于字典神经网络的方法,能够快速合成湍流烟雾,使得合成的结果增加细节的同时,保持高分辨率烟雾结果的重要结构信息。方法 使用高精度的数值仿真求解方法获得高分辨率和低分辨率的湍流烟雾数据,通过采集速度场局部块及相应的空间位置信息和时间特征生成数据集, 设计字典神经网络的网络架构,训练烟雾高频成分字典预测器,在GPU（graphic processing unit）上实现并行化,快速合成高分辨率的湍流烟雾结果。结果 实验表明,基于字典神经网络的方法能够在非常低分辨率的烟雾数据下合成空间和时间上连续的高分辨率湍流烟雾结果,效率比通过在GPU平台上直接仿真得到高分辨率湍流烟雾的结果快了一个数量级,且合成的烟雾结果与数值仿真方法得到的高分辨率湍流烟雾结果足够接近。结论 本文方法解决了烟雾的上采样问题,能够从非常低分辨率的烟雾仿真结果,通过设计基于字典神经网络结构以及特征描述符编码烟雾速度场的局部和全局信息,快速合成高分辨率湍流烟雾结果,且保持高精度烟雾的细节,与数值仿真方法的对比表明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于物理模型的烟雾模拟

在分析研究流体物理特性算法基础上,提出一种新的烟雾模拟实现方法。该方法基于物理模型的求解简化方程模拟烟雾的动态变化过程。模型中采用了非粘性欧拉方程,通常它比其他用粘性Navier-Stoke方程建模的更适合用来对气体进行建模并且减少计算量。实验验证该模型还可以正确处理烟雾与移动的物体之间的相互作用。     

秦岭特长公路隧道火灾数值仿真研究

该文通过计算机建立了实验中所用的秦岭特长公路隧道的数值模型，并采用与实验中相同的火灾规模和边界条件对不同风速下隧道拱顶纵向温度分布进行了数值仿真研究。将仿真的结果和实验数据进行了比较，实现了对这个数值模型的有效性的验证。然后，采用这个数值模型对秦岭特长公路隧道发生火灾时的热环境进行了数值仿真研究，获得了从实验中很难得到的数据并在此基础是对隧道的性能化防火设计、消防安全措施、特别是对人员的在火灾时的安全逃生作了可靠的分析和预测。     

Computational error-analysis of a discontinuous Galerkin discretization applied to large-eddy simulation of homogeneous turbulence

A computational error-assessment of large-eddy simulation (LES) in combination with a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is presented for homogeneous, isotropic, decaying turbulence. The error-landscape database approach is used to quantify the total simulation error that arises from the use of the Smagorinsky eddy-viscosity model in combination with the Galerkin discretization. We adopt a modified HLLC flux, allowing an explicit control over the dissipative component of the numerical flux. The optimal dependence of the Smagorinsky parameter on the spatial resolution is determined for second and third order accurate Galerkin methods. In particular, the role of the numerical dissipation relative to the contribution from the Smagorinsky dissipation is investigated. We observed an ‘exchange of dissipation’ principle in the sense that an increased numerical dissipation implied a reduction in the optimal Smagorinsky parameter. The predictions based on Galerkin discretization with fully stabilized HLLC flux were found to be less accurate than when a central discretization with (mainly) Smagorinsky dissipation was used. This was observed for both the second and third order Galerkin discretization, suggesting to emphasize central discretization of the convective nonlinearity and stabilization that mimics eddy-viscosity as sub-filter dissipation.     

Spectral analysis of turbulence based on the DNS of a channel flow

The development and assessment of spectral turbulence models requires knowledge of the spectral turbulent kinetic energy distribution as well as an understanding of the terms which determine the energy distribution in physical and wave number space. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow yields numerical “data” that can be, and was, analyzed using a spatial Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to obtain the various spectral turbulent kinetic energy balance terms, including the production, dissipation, diffusion, and the non-linear convective transfer terms.     

破片战斗部威力仿真方法与仿真软件研究

在破片战斗部威力评估时,常采用分析方法和经验方法,这些方法不经过试验数据校正,会出现较大的误差。采用数值模拟方法的预测结果比上述两种方法更加准确,但是通过破片驱动的数值数值模拟计算,一般只能获得初始时刻破片场,而不能完整地描述破片飞散和破片作用目标的全过程。文中建立了包含数值方法和分析方法的威力仿真方法。采用该方法,实现对破片场形成、破片飞散、破片作用目标的全过程描述。基于数值计算结果,利用开发接口处理程序获得战斗部初始时刻破片场;利用分析方法,建立破片飞散、破片作用目标分析模型,分析模型中考虑空气阻力等因素的影响,从而获得破片弹道、破片威力参数和破片对靶板的毁伤效果。通过对虚拟靶板上命中破片进行统计,计算出破片命中密度分布和破片飞散角分布。在威力仿真方法的基础上,实现威力仿真软件的编码,针对某一定向战斗部进行了算例分析。