硅胶粒径对太阳能吸附制冷系统性能的影响

针对以硅胶-水为工质对的太阳能吸附式制冷系统,实验研究了不同粒径的硅胶材料对吸附床传热传质特性及系统制冷能力的影响。三组对比实验的硅胶材料平均粒径分别为1mm、3mm和5mm,在太阳辐射接近的条件下完成实验测试,结果表明粒径中等的硅胶材料表现最优,其制冷系数COP和按照循环周期定义的比制冷功率SCP₂均最高。小粒径材料虽然使吸附剂填充量有所增加,但是会导致吸附床轴向传质阻力增加,影响其末端吸附能力的发挥。而材料的粒径过大,则会降低吸附床的吸附剂填充量及其传热性能,从而导致预热脱附和冷却过程的时间延长,不利于系统的制冷性能改善。实验结果表明,吸附剂粒径是影响太阳能吸附式制冷系统工作性能的一个重要因素,在系统设计中需要给予重视。     

新型吸附床的研究进展

吸附床是吸附式制冷装置的核心部件,其性能的优劣直接关系到吸附式制冷装置的制冷效果.通过吸附床的热阻分析,得出强化吸附床传热的措施.文中重点介绍了提高吸附剂与换热壁面的换热系数和吸附剂间的导热系数来强化吸附床传热的方法,详细介绍了填充式吸附床、涂抹式吸附床以及固化式吸附床的结构特点,比较分析3种吸附床的传热传质特点,并阐...     

MnCl2/CaCl2-NH3再吸附系统的制冷性能

利用膨胀硫化石墨为基质研制了固化混合吸附剂,并搭建了低品位热能驱动的MnCl₂/CaCl₂-NH₃为工质对的再吸附制冷系统。对该系统进行实验研究,结果表明：160℃热源温度为制冷性能系数（COP）的拐点温度,最大制冷功率为2.98 kW。当热源温度高于160℃时,系统显热负荷增大,继续加热高温床会降低制冷效率。当制冷温度为15℃时,系统COP为0.284~0.396;单位质量吸附剂的制冷功率（SCP）为100.3~338.8 W·kg^-1。SCP随热源温度的升高而逐渐升高。     

固体吸附-蒸汽喷射式联合制冷循环热力分析

将吸附发生器产生的制冷剂蒸汽先进行蒸汽喷射制冷后再进行吸附制冷 ,形成的固体吸附 -蒸汽喷射式联合制冷循环具有较高的性能系数 .对联合循环的热力过程进行了分析 ,并对工作参数对联合循环制冷性能的影响进行了研究 ,结果表明这种联合制冷循环较适用于由高温余热驱动的制冷系统 .     

固体吸附制冷吸附剂的研究进展

简述了固体吸附制冷系统的基本循环原理;综述了近年来国内外在吸附制冷吸附剂方面的研究成果。提出了选用安全、无毒吸附质,开发适合于吸附制冷特点的吸附剂,研究性能良好的、环保型吸附工质对是推动固体吸附制冷技术工业化的关键。     

吸附制冷用复合吸附剂导热性能强化

采用混装和添加导热材料强化吸附剂的传热,在高真空重量装置上测定了复合吸附剂的吸附等温线;对吸附剂的吸附和脱附性能进行了差热分析;在吸附制冷循环模拟实验装置上评价了吸附剂传热性能。结果表明:添加导热材料制备的吸附剂导热性能得到了明显改善,吸附床层传热温差降低了23%～30%;复合吸附剂等温线形状没有发生改变,吸附质量分数有所下降;单位质量吸附剂的制冷量提高7.5%～12.5%;混装铁屑的吸附剂制冷量比其单独使用时高24%。     

一种能同时提高固体吸附制冷吸附剂传热传质性能的方法

通过在沸石分子筛中添加膨胀石墨和发泡剂并固结成型进行处理,使吸附剂的导热系数和渗透性有了显著提高,并测定了几种吸附剂的导热系数,采用SEM观察了发泡前后的沸石分子筛的晶体结构和微观形貌的变化,分析了膨胀石墨所具有的特性是使其成为合适的添加剂的原因。通过TGA测试表明吸附剂的传质性能有提高。     

一种能同时提高固体吸附制冷吸附剂

通过在沸石分子筛中添加膨胀石墨和发泡剂并固结成型进行处理,使吸附剂的导热系数和渗透性有了显著提高,并测定了几种吸附剂的导热系数,采用SEM观察了发泡前后的沸石分子筛的晶体结构和微观形貌的变化,分析了膨胀石墨所具有的特性是使其成为合适的添加剂的原因.通过TGA测试表明吸附剂的传质性能有提高.     

复合固化吸附储氢材料的传热性能测试及仿真

针对目前金属氢化物储氢技术中面临的粉化后传热性能不佳等问题,采用膨胀石墨为基质配制固化的金属氢化物吸附剂。使用Hotd isk热物性分析仪,测试了固化吸附剂的热物性参数,并对固化吸附床的传热及相应的储氢特性进行了仿真。研究结果表明,固化混合吸附剂相对于散装的储氢合金,轴向导热系数最高提高了52倍左右,径向导热系数最高提高了12倍左右。通过仿真发现,在相同的80℃热源温度下,固化混合吸附床所需要的加热时间相对于散装储氢合金吸附床可以缩短17%,吸氢速率可以提高24%。     

化学聚合法强化吸附剂热传导

采用化学聚合法强化吸附剂——沸石颗粒的热传导性能,利用苯胺单体在沸石颗粒表面氧化聚合,使少量的聚苯胺形成均匀连续的导热性能好的高分子材料网,在实验条件下可使该种吸附剂的有效导热系数提高到原来的4倍多。同时,将强化后的吸附剂挤压成型,进行强化吸附床层的传热研究,结果表明堆积密度为原来的1.5倍的成型块,其有效导热系数比原来提高30％,对比混合法的实验和数据分析表明,化学聚合法较物理混合法效果更明显,是一种适宜吸附剂热传导强化的新途径。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.