高铌TiAl基合金高温抗氧化性能研究

在等原子比的TiAl基化合物的基础上添加不同量的Nb元素，获得了4种含不同组成相和微观组织的合金．用氧化增重法研究了这4种含Nb合金和二元TiAl合金在1000℃静止空气中的断续氧化行为．采用XRD、SEM和EPMA分析了氧化膜的结构和组成．结果表明，Nb的加入能够提高合金的高温抗氧化性．以γ α2为主相的合金Ti-42．8Al-14．2Nb形成了有效的保护性抗氧化膜．过量Nb的加入促使合金中富Nb相增多，氧化膜中出现Nb2O5，使氧化膜的结构疏松，同时氧化膜出现分层，氧化层剥落加速．     

Nb-Ti-Al高温Nb合金氧化行为的研究

 用真空电弧熔炼制备了β(Nb-35Ti-6A1)和β+δ(Nb-30Ti-15A1、Nb-15Ti-11Al)Nb台金,研究了3种Nb合金1000℃静止空气中的连续氧化行为,采用金相显微镜、XRD和SEM分析了氧化膜的结构和组成.研究表明,由Nb2O5,金红石TiO2和-A12O3组成的混合氧化膜具有一定的保护作用,3种Nb-Ti-Al合金氧化动力学曲线均遵循抛物线规律;Nb-35Ti-6Al中的富Ti偏析区发生内氧化,而Nb-30Ti-15Al和Nb-15Ti-11Al中δ相的存在有利于降低氧在基体中的溶解和扩散,使β+δ两相合金的氧化性能优于β单相合金.     

Zr-xNb-0.15Fe-0.05Cu-0.05Ge合金在400℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能

利用高压釜腐蚀试验研究了Zr-x Nb-0. 15Fe-0. 05Cu-0. 05Ge(x=0. 7,1,1. 3,1. 6,质量分数,%)合金在400℃/10. 3 MPa过热蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性能。使用SEM和TEM分别观察了合金和氧化膜的显微组织。结果表明:随着Nb的质量分数从0. 7%增加至1. 6%,试验合金的耐腐蚀性能逐渐下降。合金中的第二相为体心立方结构的β-Nb(bcc-β-Nb)相与含有Cu和Ge的密排六方结构的Zr(Nb,Fe)_2(hcp-Zr(Nb,Fe)_2)相,随着Nb含量的增加,主要第二相由Zr(Nb,Fe)_2相逐渐转变为β-Nb相,且呈条带状。Zr(Nb,Fe)_2和β-Nb第二相相对含量的变化对合金的耐腐蚀性能有较大影响。具有较大P. B.比、且呈条带状分布的β-Nb相促进了氧化膜中微裂纹的扩展,而且大量的β-Nb相氧化所产生的体积膨胀会影响氧化膜柱状晶的生长,增加了氧化膜中的内应力,促进孔隙和微裂纹形成,从而降低了合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Cr含量对Nb-Ti-Si-Cr基超高温合金组织及抗氧化性能的影响

采用真空非自耗电弧熔炼方法制备了4种不同Cr含量的Nb-22Ti-14Si-xCr-3Al-5Hf-1.5B-0.06Y(x=0,10,14,20,at％)超高温合金.研究了Cr含量对合金的相组成、显微组织和高温抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明:不含Cr合金的组织由初生Nbss枝晶和Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶团组成,含Cr的3种合金中,初生相均为(Nb,X)5Si3,并出现了Nbss/Cr2Nb共晶团.随着Cr含量的增加,初生相(Nb,X)5Si3的含量增加,Nbss/Cr2Nb共晶团的含量增加,而Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶团的含量却减少,当Cr含量达到20 at％时,组织中未发现Nbss/(Nb,X)5Si3共晶团.1250℃的氧化实验表明:随着Cr含量的增加,氧化膜组织中Ti04Cr03Nb03O2和(Ti,Cr) NbO4含量增加,而Nb2O5和Ti2Nb10O29的含量却减少,氧化膜与基体结合程度加强,合金的高温抗氧化性能也随之增强.     

合金元素对Ti-Mo合金的相结构和力学性能的影响

采用真空电弧熔炼工艺制备了含Fe、Nb、Al和Sn的Ti-12 Mo合金铸锭,并对其进行了950℃保温30 min炉冷和水冷的热处理.研究了化学成分和热处理对Ti-12 Mo合金相结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明:Ti-12 Mo合金中加入Al、Sn元素能起稳定α相的作用,加入Fe元素能起稳定β相的作用,加入Sn元素则阻...     

新型TC21钛合金相变行为和相组成研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)对TC21钛合金β热处理后,经不同冷却速率冷却及双重退火后的相结构进行了分析,并用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对显微组织和相的形貌特征进行了观察研究。结果得出,TC21钛合金在β处理时经炉冷和水冷后,合金由α和β两相组成。空冷状态下,合金主相为α β,并有少量Nb3Si相析出。实验证明,冷却速率主要影响α和β相含量的比例,相的组成基本不受冷却速率的影响。合金经970°,30min,空冷 600℃,4h退火后,仍由α相和β相组成,没有发现新的析出相,但观察到转变β相中存在次生析出的细小针状α相。     

稀土Y对Nb-Ti-Si基超高温合金组织及抗氧化性能的影响

采用真空非自耗电弧熔炼法制备了5种成分为Nb-22Ti-15Si-5Cr-3Al-3Hf-x Y(x=0,0.03,0.06,0.12,0.30 at%)的合金,并在1250℃下分别进行了1、10、20和50 h的高温氧化实验,研究Y含量对合金电弧熔炼态组织及其高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:添加Y不改变电弧熔炼态合金相组成,组织仍由Nbss及γ-(Nb,X)5Si3相组成,但细化了共晶组织。高温氧化实验结果表明,不同Y含量合金在氧化不同时间后,氧化膜均由Nb2O5,Ti O2,Ti2Nb10O29和Ti Nb2O7组成;随着Y含量的增加,氧化膜中的孔洞和裂纹减少,合金单位面积氧化增重也逐渐减小,表明Y的添加能够显著提高合金的高温抗氧化性能。     

三重热处理对TC21钛合金网篮组织及拉伸性能的影响

对TC21钛合金进行三重热处理试验,研究了热处理温度和冷却速率对TC21钛合金网篮组织及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,TC21合金在β单相区高温(990℃)固溶后,再经历两相区高温(870~910℃)时效和低温(590℃)时效后,合金的显微组织呈现典型的网篮组织。随着第二重热处理温度的上升,片状α相含量和长度显著降低,厚度增加,合金的强度增加,塑性下降。经不同的冷却速率处理后,水冷和空冷试样的显微组织均由α相、β相和马氏体α′组成,而炉冷试样仅由α相和β相组成。三者的拉伸性能相比较,水冷和空冷试样表现为强度较好,塑形较差;炉冷试样表现为塑形较好,强度较差。TC21合金较好的三重热处理工艺为：990 ℃/1 h AC+870℃/1 h AC+590℃/4 h AC。     

Ti3Al—11Nb合金的相变

用透射电子显微术和X射线能谱术研究了Ti_3Al-11Nb(Ti-12.5wt%Al-21wt%Nb)合金热锻棒材在热处理过程中的相变特征。结果表明,合金在1100℃加热后缓冷到室温的样品其组织由α_2+β相组成。与α_2相相比,β相明显地表现出Al含量低而Nb含量高。1200℃油淬样品的组织由α_2+B2相组成,二相含量大致相近。1200℃水淬样品由单一的B2相组成。水淬并经750℃时效的样品中析出两种形态的α_2相:首先由晶界析出的较粗的α_2相以及在晶内普遍析出的弥散的α_2相。     

β相区凝固的铸造γ-TiAl基合金的微观组织(英文)

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究Ti-43Al-4Nb铸态合金及其热处理态合金的显微组织以及相转变行为。结果表明:通过从β相区凝固的方法可以获得组织细小的铸态Ti-43Al-4Nb合金;凝固过程中γ晶能够直接从β相中形核,β相与γ相沿初始α晶界共存,有效地抑制了铸态Ti-43Al-4Nb合金晶粒的长大;Ti-43Al-4Nb合金在凝固过程中的相转变顺序为L→L+β→β→α+β→α+βr→α+γ+βr→(α2+γ)片层+γ+βr;经1250℃、16h热处理后,Ti-43Al-4Nb合金的显微组织与铸态组织相比有一定程度的粗化;由于Nb元素的充分扩散以及β相的非平衡状态,经过上述热处理过程后残余β相能够被完全消除。     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Preferential oxidation of carbon during the initial stage of oxidation of an Fe-0.8%C alloy at 400°C

The preferential oxidation of carbon in an Fe-0.8%C alloy during the first 60 min of oxidation in air at 400°C was studied by a thermogravimetric method and by measuring the quantity of evolved carbon oxides. The morphology of the external oxide surface depended on the type of exposed phase—a rosettelike oxide grows over ferrite, whereas the oxide surface over cementite is relatively smooth. A possible mechanism for the preferential oxidation of carbon and its subsequent cessation is proposed.Formerly of Institute of Materials Engineering, Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland.     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.