塔河油田超稠油乳化降黏剂的研制

本文针对塔河油田地层水矿化度高、井底温度高的特点,研究了适合塔河油田超稠油的乳化降黏剂。以一定链长的混合叔胺(RN(CH3)2)和二溴乙烷(Br(CH2)2)为原料,合成了一种代号为DFA-12的双季铵盐型表面活性剂,并对其反应的影响因素进行了优化,得出最佳的反应条件如下:反应物RN(CH3)2与Br(CH2)2摩尔比为2.602∶1,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为24小时,产品纯度可达98.53%。稠油和表面活性剂溶液的混合液(油水质量比7∶3)的乳化实验表明,DFA-12较其他表面活性剂具有更强的耐盐能力,在矿化度高达214739.9mg/L下仍具有较好的乳化能力。通过DFA-12和其他的表面活性剂的复配实验,优选出适合塔河油田超稠油乳化降黏的最佳配方为:0.25%DFA-12+0.25%两性离子表面活性剂HES+0.1%聚合物DFP,该体系对塔河油田的超稠油乳化降黏指标达到最佳,在90℃下测定稠油和表面活性剂溶液的混合液(油水质量比7∶3)的黏度,以稠油黏度为基准计算降黏率,可达98%以上。     

耐温抗盐稠油降黏剂的室内实验研究

本文针对中原油田稠油油藏地质及稠油特征,应用正交实验设计方法,实验筛选出了耐温抗盐稠油乳化降黏剂体系,最佳配方如下:0.05%聚氧乙烯壬基苯酚醚NP-10+0.1%两性离子表面活性剂CS-B+0.1%十二烷基苯磺酸钠ABS,即在复配降黏荆体系中NP-10、CS-B、ABS的质量比为1:2:2时的降黏效果最佳。研究了pH值、含水量、水矿化度,二价阳离子浓度、温度、配伍性等稠油降黏剂性能的影响。结果表明:在油水比7:3、50℃下所筛选的最佳降黏剂体系对稠油的降黏率达99%,耐温110℃,耐盐,可满足于中原油田的稠油井的降黏需要。     

基于HLB值对特超稠油高分子乳化体系的降黏效果研究

针对特超稠油开采难度大,乳化降黏过程困难的问题,合成了具有自乳化性能的嵌段高分子结构表面活性剂DBPS,其临界胶束浓度为2.71×10-6mol/L,亲水亲油平衡值HLB为15.2。通过分光光度法测得河南特稠油、滨南超稠油的最大吸收波长分别为335和340 nm,最佳乳化HLB值分别为9.2和6.0。在特超稠油所对应的HLB值下,Span-80与DBPS形成的乳化体系(SD体系)对特超稠油的乳化降黏效果优于Span-80与Tween-80形成的乳化体系(ST体系)。当SD体系的HLB值与特超稠油的HLB值接近时,可以获得理想的乳化降黏效果,对河南特稠油和滨南超稠油的乳化降黏率分别可达97.71%和96.04%。     

嵌段高分子自乳化体系及其对超稠油的乳化性能

针对特超稠油开采难度大,乳化降黏过程困难的问题,提出了以嵌段高分子表面活性剂为核心的自乳化降黏体系。合成的高分子型非离子嵌段聚氨酯表面活性剂DBPS,其临界胶束浓度为2.71×10~(-6)mol/L。考察了引发剂(Na_2CO_3)加量,不同乳化剂与助表面活性剂对超稠油乳化效果的影响,通过正交实验优化了自乳化体系配方。结果表明,自乳化降黏体系最佳配方为:0.5%Na_2CO_3、0.5%DBPS、0.5%吐温80和0.6%聚乙二醇。自乳化体系与稠油混合后,形成较为分散的水包油型油水乳状液滴,乳化降黏率达98%以上。80℃时,乳状液沉降2.5 h后的脱水率达73%;70℃时,自乳化体系水溶液表面张力为27.02mN/m,自乳化体系水溶液与稠油的界面张力为0.0057 mN/m。     

稠油乳化降黏剂FPESS的合成及性能

为了降低稠油黏度,改善稠油流动性,以α-ω含氢含氟硅油、烯丙基环氧基聚醚、KHSO_3等为原料,经硅氢加成,磺化反应制得一种磺酸盐型氟硅表面活性剂(FPESS);采用FTIR和~1H NMR技术对其结构进行了表征,测定了FPESS的表面张力,考察了油水质量比、FPESS含量、乳化时间、碱含量等对降黏效果的影响。实验结果表明,FPESS溶液的临界胶束浓度为2.0 g/L,表面张力21.02 m N/m;在油水质量比8∶2、FPESS含量0.40%(w)、乳化时间30 min、碱含量0.040%(w)的最佳条件下,稠油的降黏率达到96.35%,FPESS与碱组成的降黏体系的耐盐、耐温性好。     

稠油乳化降黏吞吐技术室内模拟研究

本研究针对稠油开发需要,通过室内配方筛选,确定乳化降黏体系为：0.4%表面活性剂CD-1+0.2% NaOH+0.07% 聚合物HPAM,在油水体积比为7:3下形成的乳状液黏度为189.3 mPa·s,稠油降黏率达96.1%,稳定时间达48 h。将化学吞吐的方法与乳化降黏结合起来,可以取得很好的稠油开采效果,提高稠油采收率。本文通过正交试验设计,用室内物理模型模拟了稠油乳化降黏化学吞吐的过程,得到了相关吞吐工艺室内模拟参数（注入量16 mL,注入速度0.34 mL/min,焖井时间48 h,注入温度50℃）,并对室内模拟吞吐效果进行分析,在水驱（采收率为8.25%）基础上经过两次吞吐总共提高采收率10.78%。     

胜利油田陈南稠油的乳化降黏研究

为实现胜利油田陈南联合站稠油的乳化降黏,选取了7 种亲水亲油平衡值在8～18 的表面活性剂,通过测量单一和复配乳化剂对乳状液的脱水率和降黏率,筛选出降黏效果和静态稳定性良好的乳化剂,考察了油水质量比、乳化剂浓度、乳化温度、乳化强度对乳化降黏效果的影响。结果表明,在乳化温度50℃、乳化强度2000 r/min×10 min的条件下,筛选出的25.8% Span80+74.2%十二烷基苯磺酸钠和10.1% Span80+89.9%十二烷基苯磺酸钠两种复配乳化剂与稠油形成的乳状液静置5 h 后的脱水率分别为21.8%和23.0%,剪切速率为100 s^-1时的降黏率分别为99.92%和99.89%;随油水质量比降低,乳状液脱水率增加、黏度降低、稳定性变差;随乳化剂浓度增加,乳状液黏度先降低后增加;随乳化温度降低和乳化强度的增大,乳状液黏度增加;在油水质量比5∶5、乳化剂质量分数1%、乳化温度50℃、乳化强度1000 r/min×5 min 的乳化条件下,可使陈南稠油黏度（50℃）由1964mPa·s 降至35 mPa·s。图6 表3 参11     

耐盐耐高温超稠油降黏剂的研制与性能评价*

针对超稠油黏度高、流动性差和地层水矿化度高等现状,以表面活性剂、碱、有机磷酸为原料制得乳化降黏剂,对降黏剂配方进行了优选,研究了矿化度和温度对降黏剂降黏性能的影响,并分析了降黏机理。结果表明,超稠油乳化降黏剂最优配方为:质量比为1∶1的磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂YBH与醇醚羧酸盐类的阴、非离子表面活性剂YFBH复配的主剂、碱助剂、耐盐助剂NYZJ-1的质量比为1.1∶0.45∶1.15。在主剂、助剂总加剂量为0.81%(占原油乳状液的质量分数)、乳化温度80℃、油水质量比为7∶3、矿化度为95 g/L的条件下,可使超稠油黏度由316.5 Pa·s(50℃)降至其乳状液的0.0831 Pa·s,降黏率达99.97%,50℃下静置4 h的出水率为5.93%。温度对乳化降黏剂降黏性能的影响较小,经200℃处理2 h后超稠油乳状液的降黏率不变。复配乳化剂各组分间发挥了协同增效作用,增强了体系的降黏性能,提高了乳状液的稳定性。乳化降黏剂降黏效果良好,耐温抗盐,适用于高温高盐油藏。图10表3参15。     

渤海NB35-2油田稠油降黏剂筛选及适应性评价

针对渤海NB35-2油田存在原油黏度大、油层薄、热采增效低等特点,通过分析不同乳化降黏剂对渤海NB35-2油田稠油的乳化效果,筛选适用于渤海NB35-2油田稠油降黏剂。结果表明,室内筛选得到的降黏剂为非离子型降黏剂HJ-3,在室温(24℃)和油藏温度(250℃)条件下均具有较好的降黏效果;降黏剂的用量为0.1%时,降黏率达到最高值99.08%,油水质量比为3∶7。     

油溶性降黏剂的制备及性能评价

为解决渤海A27-2平台稠油长距离管输时黏度高、流动性差的问题,以甲基丙烯酸十八酯(A)、苯乙烯(S)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2甲基丙磺酸(Xm)为原料制得三元共聚物降黏剂。通过测定降黏剂对稠油的降黏率研究了各因素对聚合反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件,并用红外光谱仪表征了反应产物的结构。结果表明,最佳聚合反应条件为:单体A、S、Xm的摩尔比为9∶5∶1.5,反应时间4 h,反应温度80℃,引发剂过氧化苯甲酰与混合溶剂的加量分别为单体总质量的2.0%和320%,混合溶剂中甲苯与Ys的质量比为8∶3。该油溶性降黏剂对稠油的降黏效果较好,加量为稠油质量1‰时的降黏率为59.25%。降黏剂与表面活性剂OP-10复配后得到复合型油溶性降黏剂,其加量为稠油质量10%时的降黏率为82.18%,可在较低温度下实现稠油管输。     

特稠油SGVR-1水基降粘剂的研制

采用荧光法测定了辽河油田曙光采油厂1702井特稠油乳化HLB值.以混合型表面活性剂、阴离子型表面活性剂及非离子型表面活性剂为主剂,快速渗透剂及碱助剂等为辅助剂,按一定比例合成了水基降粘剂SGVB-1.室内实验结果表明,该降粘剂具有良好的乳化降粘性能(降粘率不低于99%)、自动破乳脱水性能和配伍性能(与破乳剂),是一种较理想的特稠油降粘用水基降粘剂.     

甲醇柴油乳液的拟三相图

绘制了柴油、甲醇、乳化剂+助乳化剂的拟三相图,利用拟三相图中相区面积的变化研究 HLB 值、乳化剂和助乳化剂的复配等参数对乳液增溶甲醇量的影响。结果表明,乳化剂的类型、助乳化剂的类型、助乳化剂与乳化剂的质量比和 HLB 值对拟三相图及最大增溶甲醇量有很大影响。当乳化剂由 span80与 tween80复配,其 HLB 值为5.5;助乳化剂由正丁醇、正戊醇和油酸复配,其质量比为3∶4∶3;且助乳化剂与乳化剂的质量比为3∶7时拟三相图乳液区面积最大,增溶甲醇量最高。     

不同浓度组分可控烷基苯磺酸盐弱碱三元体系乳化规律

三元驱油体系在地层运移过程中化学药剂浓度发生变化,使得三元驱油体系与原油乳化特性也发生改变。针对组分可控烷基苯磺酸盐弱碱三元体系在地层运移过程中与原油的乳化特性开展实验研究。结果表明：使用均化仪对体系及原油进行乳化后,组分可控烷基苯磺酸盐弱碱三元体系中聚合物浓度越低,乳化后体系黏度增幅倍数越大;乳化后三元体系界面张力变化不大,Zeta电位小幅下降,乳状液类型以油/水型为主;三元体系乳化析水率、乳化特性变化明显,其原因是表面活性剂的分子结构影响较大,与界面张力及Zeta电位关系不大。正交实验方法分析了组分可控烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂、碳酸钠及中等相对分子质量聚合物这3种不同类型化学药剂对组分可控烷基苯磺酸盐弱碱三元体系乳化特性的影响规律。方差分析结果表明：影响乳状液黏度因素由大到小的顺序为：聚合物、弱碱、表面活性剂,当聚合物质量浓度为600 mg/L时,乳状液黏度增幅倍数最大;影响乳化析水率的因素由大到小的顺序为：弱碱、表面活性剂、聚合物,当Na₂CO₃质量分数为0.3%、表面活性剂质量分数为0.3%、聚合物质量浓度为1000 mg/L时,乳化体系在24 h时的乳化析水率最低,乳化特性最明显。     

Emulsification of Indian heavy crude oil using a novel surfactant for pipeline transportation

The most economical way to overcome flow assurance problems associated with transportation of heavy crude oil through offshore pipelines is by emulsifying it with water in the presence of a suitable surfactant.In this research,a novel surfactant,tri-triethanolamine monosunflower ester,was synthesized in the laboratory by extracting fatty acids present in sunflower(Helianthus annuus)oil.Synthesized surfactant was used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions of a heavy crude oil from the western oil field of India.After emulsification,a dramatic decrease in pour point as well as viscosity was observed.All the prepared emulsions were found to be flowing even at 1°C.The emulsion developed with 60%oil content and 2wt%surfactant showed a decrease in viscosity of 96%.The stability of the emulsion was investigated at different temperatures,and it was found to be highly stable.The effectiveness of surfactant in emulsifying the heavy oil in water was investigated by measuring the equilibrium interfacial tension(IFT)between the crude oil(diluted)and the aqueous phase along with zeta potential of emulsions.2wt%surfactant decreased IFT by almost nine times that of no surfactant.These results suggested that the synthesized surfactant may be used to prepare a stable oil-in-water emulsion for its transportation through offshore pipelines efficiently.     

永平油田稠油自发乳化降粘剂的筛选及驱油效果评价

针对永平油田稠油粘度大、油层厚度薄、原始含油饱和度低及热采投产后产油量低的现状,筛选出一种能使稠油在地层中发生自发乳化的降粘剂,使稠油以较低粘度的乳状液被采出,从而提高稠油的采收率。针对不同乳化降粘剂对永平油田稠油的乳化效果评价结果表明,自发乳化降粘剂NS在质量分数为2%、温度为45℃的条件下,可将油水界面张力降至10-3mN/m数量级以下,并可完全自发乳化等体积的永平油田稠油,降粘率达99.74%。NS自发乳化驱油实验结果表明,经过后续水驱后,自发乳化驱的采收率在水驱基础上提高了38.18%。     

Experimental investigation of the effects of various parameters on viscosity reduction of heavy crude by oil–water emulsion

The effects of water content, shear rate, temperature, and solid particle concentration on viscosity reduction(VR) caused by forming stable emulsions were investigated using Omani heavy crude oil. The viscosity of the crude oil was initially measured with respect to shear rates at different temperatures from 20 to 70 C. The crude oil exhibited a shear thinning behavior at all the temperatures. The strongest shear thinning was observed at 20 C. A non-ionic water soluble surfactant(Triton X-100) was used to form and stabilize crude oil emulsions. The emulsification process has significantly reduced the crude oil viscosity. The degree of VR was found to increase with an increase in water content and reach its maximum value at 50 % water content.The phase inversion from oil-in-water emulsion to water-inoil emulsion occurred at 30 % water content. The results indicated that the VR was inversely proportional to temperature and concentration of silica nanoparticles. For water-in-oil emulsions, VR increased with shear rate and eventually reached a plateau at a shear rate of around350 s-1. This was attributed to the thinning behavior of the continuous phase. The VR of oil-in-water emulsions remained almost constant as the shear rate increased due to the Newtonian behavior of water, the continuous phase.     

STABILITY AND RHEOLOGY OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION STABILIZED BY AN ANIONIC- NONIONIC SURFACTANT MIXTURE

The stability and rheology of an Egyptian Heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (TDS) and a nonionic (NPE) surfactants individually or in a mixture have been studied. The study reveals that, the viscosity of the crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsion increases as the surfactant concentration and speed of mixing of the emulsion increases. Fresh water and synthetic formation water have been used to study the effect of aqueous phase salinity on the stability and viscosity of the emulsion. Surfactant dissolved in synthetic formation water has been utilized to find out the possibility of injecting the surfactant into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for enhancing the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsion. The study revealed that, the viscosity of the emulsion containing fresh water is always less than that containing formation water, these findings have been correlated with the crude oil/water interracial tension (IFT) measurements The decreased IFT value results in a decrease in the average particle size of the dispersed crude oil leading     

SODIUM LIGNIN SULFONATE TO STABILIZE HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant derived from waste wood pulping industry in stabilizing an Egyptian heavy crude oil (Geisum)-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation has been investigated. The stability and rheology of the emulsions stabilized by SLS or with a nonionic surfactant nonyl phenol diethylenetriamine formaldehyde ethoxylate (NDFE) individually or in a mixture have been studied. It has been found that the dynamic shear viscosity of the crude oil decreases substantially when it is emulsified with water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsion increases as the surfactant concentration increases. Potable water and saline water containing different molar concentrations of NaCI have been used to study the effect of aqueous phase salinity on the stability and viscosity of the emulsion. Surfactant dissolved in saline water has been utilized to find out the possibility of injecting the surfactant into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for enhancing the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsion. The study revealed that, the viscosity of the emulsion containing potable water is always less than that containing saline water and the viscosity increases as the salt content increased.     

SODIUM LIGNIN SULFONATE TO STABILIZE HEAVY CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The efficiency of sodium lignin sulfonate (SLS) as an anionic surfactant derived from waste wood pulping industry in stabilizing an Egyptian heavy crude oil (Geisum)-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation has been investigated. The stability and rheology of the emulsions stabilized by SLS or with a nonionic surfactant nonyl phenol diethylenetriamine formaldehyde ethoxylate (NDFE) individually or in a mixture have been studied. It has been found that the dynamic shear viscosity of the crude oil decreases substantially when it is emulsified with water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The stability of the oil-in-water emulsion increases as the surfactant concentration increases. Potable water and saline water containing different molar concentrations of NaCI have been used to study the effect of aqueous phase salinity on the stability and viscosity of the emulsion. Surfactant dissolved in saline water has been utilized to find out the possibility of injecting the surfactant into a well bore to effect emulsification in the pump or tubing for enhancing the production of heavy crude oils as oil-in-water emulsion. The study revealed that, the viscosity of the emulsion containing potable water is always less than that containing saline water and the viscosity increases as the salt content increased.