柴油机尾气余热回收系统的能分析和火用分析

采用R245fa作为循环工质,利用有机朗肯循环回收柴油机尾气余热,从而提高柴油机的燃油经济性。对不同蒸发压力下的朗肯循环热效率和发动机不同工况下余热回收系统的火用效率以及系统各组件的火用损失率进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,蒸发压力越高则朗肯循环效率越高,工质和尾气之间传热的不可逆损失和蒸发器出口较高的尾气温度使得蒸发器的火用损失率最大,采用余热回收系统回收发动机尾气余热,系统输出净功最高可达18.7 kW。     

有机朗肯循环的热力学分析

应用热力学第一定律和第二定律对有机朗肯循环低温余热发电系统进行了热力计算、能量分析和火用分析.并以R245fa为工质,针对100℃左右的热源,在给定工况下分析计算了系统的热效率.研究结果表明:影响热效率的因素为蒸发器出口、膨胀机出口以及冷凝器内的工质状态参数;要减少系统的不可逆损失,需减少各热力过程的有温差传热和摩擦损耗,即选取高效传热的蒸发器和冷凝器及设计制造适合有机工质的膨胀机;在冷凝器入口前加装回热器,可有效减少传热温差引起的不可逆损失,加装回热器后整个系统的热效率提高了0.32%.研究结果可供有机朗肯循环系统设计作参考.     

基于双有机朗肯循环的柴油机余热回收系统性能分析

为了有效回收柴油机的尾气、冷却介质和进气中冷的能量,针对一台六缸柴油机,设计了一套双有机朗肯循环系统,结合Aspen plus软件对该系统进行建模,研究双有机朗肯循环系统的运行性能,分析柴油机燃油经济性.经研究发现,加装双有机朗肯循环系统可有效改善原柴油机的热力学性能和经济性能.在设定的柴油机工况下(转速2 000 r/min、转矩1 313 N·m),双有机朗肯循环系统的总净输出功率最高可达43.65 k W,柴油机-双有机朗肯循环联合系统的有效燃油消耗率和热效率分别可达191.24 g/(k W·h)和37.57%,相比于原柴油机可分别改善13.69%和15.86%.     

有机朗肯循环系统回收发动机尾气余热的研究

根据柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环余热回收系统。采用R245fa作为工质,根据工质在不同蒸发压力下的蒸发率结合发动机的试验数据分析了两相流对系统性能的影响。通过比较系统净输出功、有机朗肯循环效率及主要部件损的变化规律确定了系统的最佳工作方案。结果表明,系统在全排气质量流量范围内能平稳地工作,有机朗肯循环效率达到10.2%,减小了各主要部件的损,余热回收效果明显。     

采用R1234ze(E)/R245fa的非共沸混合工质有机朗肯循环系统实验研究

非共沸混合工质具有的温度滑移特性能有效提升有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,简称为ORC）系统的性能,具有重要的研究意义。本文介绍了ORC系统测试试验台,建立了非共沸混合工质系统热力学分析模型,通过实验研究了工质流量对混合工质ORC系统的运行性能及换热特性的影响,并且与纯工质ORC系统进行了对比。结果表明,在系统工质流量较大时,采用混合工质R1234ze（E）/R245fa的ORC系统性能具有明显的提升。     

基于有机朗肯循环的热电联供系统

有机朗肯循环在低温热源领域具有广泛的应用.文中建立有机朗肯循环系统,通过选择循环运行参数和循环工质提高系统的效率,同时建立热电联供系统,提高系统综合性能.结果表明:蒸发温度(压力)和膨胀机等熵效率的提高都明显有利于提高系统热效率,降低冷凝温度和过冷度一定程度上也可以改善热效率.R236ea、R245ca、R245fa、...     

Power System of Diesel Recovery With a Engine Waste Heat ORC System

针对柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）系统．在该系统中,采用R245fa（1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷）作为循环工质,针对其不同蒸发温度以及冷凝温度,通过模拟计算研究了最终排气温度、系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率的变化规律．研究结果表明,当蒸发温度低于367．46K时应采用一级膨胀系统;当蒸发温度高于367．46K低于404．6K时应采用二级膨胀系统;冷凝温度恒定时,最终排气温度随蒸发温度的升高而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随蒸发温度的升高而升高;蒸发温度恒定时,最终排气温度随冷凝温度的降低而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随冷凝温度的降低而升高．     

中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环工质的选择

为了筛选出适合于中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的较优有机工质,采用热动循环的分析方法及PR状态方程计算以10种干流体有机工质为循环工质的中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环的效率及其余主要热力性能.结果表明,总体来看,随着循环工质临界温度的升高,蒸发压力、凝结压力、输出功率及效率呈下降趋势,而循环热效率及地热流经换热后的排放（或回灌）温度呈上升趋势.以R227ea（七氟丙烷）作工质的有机朗肯循环系统输出功率及效率最高,蒸发压力及凝结压力均处于较合适的范围,R227ea是中低温地热发电有机朗肯循环较理想的工质.     

低温有机朗肯循环工质性能分析

根据对有机朗肯循环工质的选取原则,选出7种工质作为备选工质,建立了有机朗肯循环的热力学模型,并基于热力学第一定律和第二定律对其热力过程进行了计算分析,分别对7种工质的蒸发压力、单位工质净功量、不可逆损失、热效率、火用效率进行对比,结果表明,在给定的热源范围内,R141b各项性能最佳,R1233zd其次,而R1234yf和R1234ze表现较差.     

不同工质有机朗肯-蒸汽压缩复合式热泵系统的能效特性比较

对有机朗肯-蒸汽压缩复合式热泵系统的循环原理进行了描述,建立了系统性能的计算模型.其系统优势在于结构紧凑,能小型化,这使得采用太阳能驱动的家用小型空调成为可能;且性能系数相对较高,吸收式的制冷系数(coefficient of performance,COP)小于0.7,而有机朗肯-蒸汽压缩复合式热泵系统的制冷COP理论上高于1.4,且在室外温度越高时系数越高;能实现机械能、冷量的切换输出.在制冷工况和制热工况下,对有机朗肯循环和热泵循环采用相同工质和不同工质的循环性能进行了比较计算,筛选出了复合系统最适宜的工质,为进一步设计有机朗肯-蒸汽压缩式热泵系统提供理论指导,使此复合式热泵系统的应用成为可能.     

柴油机排气余热的有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对柴油机排气余热的特点设计了有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统.在该系统中,采用R245fa(1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷)作为循环工质,针对其不同蒸发温度以及冷凝温度,通过模拟计算研究了最终排气温度、系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率的变化规律.研究结果表明,当蒸发温度低于367.46 K时应采用一级膨胀系统;当蒸发温度高于367.46 K低于404.6 K时应采用二级膨胀系统;冷凝温度恒定时,最终排气温度随蒸发温度的升高而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随蒸发温度的升高而升高;蒸发温度恒定时,最终排气温度随冷凝温度的降低而降低,系统净输出功率和朗肯循环实际效率随冷凝温度的降低而升高.     

Overall optimization of Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines considering the cooling power consumption

The Rankine cycle system for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty vehicle diesel engines has been regarded as a promising technique to reduce fuel consumption. Its heat dissipation in the condensation process, however, should be taken away in time, which is an energy-consuming process. A fan-assisted auxiliary water-cooling system is employed in this paper. Results at 1300 r/min and 50% load indicate that the cooling pump and cooling fan together consume 7.66% of the recovered power. What’s worse for the heavy load, cooling accessories may deplete of all the recovered power of the Rankine cycle system. Afterwards, effects of the condensing pressure and water feeding temperature are investigated, based on which a cooling power consumption model is established. Finally, an overall efficiency optimization is conducted to balance the electric power generation and cooling power consumption, taking condensing pressure, pressure ratio and exhaust bypass valve as major variables. The research suggests that the priority is to increase condensing pressure and open exhaust bypass valve appropriately at high speed and heavy load to reduce the cooling power consumption, while at low speed and light load, a lower condensing pressure is favored and the exhaust bypass valve should be closed making the waste heat recovered as much as possible. Within the sub-critical region, a larger pressure ratio yields higher overall efficiency improvement at medium-low speed and load. But the effects taper off at high speed and heavy load. For a given vehicular heavy-duty diesel engine, the overall efficiency can be improved by 3.37% at 1300 r/min and 25% load using a Rankine cycle system to recover exhaust energy. The improvement becomes smaller as engine speed and load become higher.     

回收排气余热能的气动-内燃复合循环理论研究

为了提高内燃机能源利用率,提出一种回收排气余热能的气动-内燃复合循环方法,采用内燃机排气和压缩空气混合气作为气动循环工质,建立复合循环工作过程数学模型,分析其主要参数对循环性能的影响规律.研究结果表明：内燃机排气压力的增大、压缩空气占比的减小、气动发动机转速和行程/缸径比的减小均能提高内燃机排气利用率和复合循环效率.复合循环可通过调节气动循环转速或压缩空气占混合工质的比例来实现气动循环工质流量与混合工质流量的匹配.     

Experimental study of a micro-scale solar organic Rankine cycle system based on compound cylindrical Fresnel lens solar concentrator

In the present study, a micro-scale solar organic Rankine cycle power generation system was developed. The system comprises of a solar collection system based on compound cylindrical Fresnel lens concentrator and an organic Rankine cycle power generation system integrated with a scroll expander. YD320 and R245 fa were used as the heat transfer fluid and the working fluid, respectively. The effects of the evaporation pressure, the degree of superheat, and the mass flow rate of the working fluid were analyzed to evaluate the solar collection efficiency, the electric power output, the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system. The results illustrate that both the increasing evaporation pressure and decreasing superheat degree have positive impacts on solar collection efficiency. The electric power increases as the evaporation pressure increases, while the thermal efficiency and the exergy efficiency decrease. However, the system overall efficiency decreases slowly due to the increase of solar collection efficiency. The electric power increases with the increment of the working fluid mass flow rate. The increasing mass flow rate has no visible impact on the thermal and exergy efficiencies of organic Rankine cycle subsystem, whereas a slightly increase of the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the integrated system. The electric power decreases with the increase of the superheat degree, whereas the thermal and the exergy efficiencies of the system increase. The system works more suitably with a higher degree of superheat for the small mass flow rate condition.     

一种发电和CO2捕集相结合的LNG 冷能利用系统

温室效应的加剧使人们的碳捕集意识逐渐提高。针对碳捕集问题,将CO₂超临界朗肯循环和有机朗肯循环相结合,对原有燃气轮机废气发电系统进行改进,提出了一种废气发电与CO₂捕集相结合的LNG冷能梯级利用系统。利用Aspen Plus软件对系统进行热力学模拟计算,详细分析了蒸发压力和蒸发温度对系统热力学性能的影响。结果表明,提高CO₂超临界朗肯循环的蒸发压力和蒸发温度,对系统的净输出功和热效率有积极影响;有机朗肯循环的蒸发温度达到250 ℃后,其余热回收率达到最大值且不再随蒸发压力发生变化;系统净输出功可达251.6 kW,余热回收率为92.00%,㶲效率为57.00%;CO₂液化量达到883.6 kg/h时,可减少CO₂排放量763万t/a。研究成果对保护环境具有重大意义。     

工质种类对OTEC系统性能的影响

本文基于朗肯循环,结合闭式OTEC系统模型,分别以氨、R22和R134a为循环工质,在温海水及冷海水温度相同的前提下,以装机容量50 kW的OTEC电厂为研究对象,开展工质种类对OTEC系统性能影响的研究。结果表明,氨系统较其他两个系统所需工质流量小、换热面积小、厂自用电少、朗肯循环净效率及供电效率高;R22系统与R134a系统相比,R134a系统供电效率大,其环保性好,是R22较好的替代工质。