倒伏植被茎秆粗度对坡面水流特性的影响

为深入探索植被倒伏条件下水流结构的内在规律,开展植被茎秆直径对坡面流水流特性影响的试验研究。试验固定坡度为1. 0%,倒伏角度为20°,取茎秆直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm进行室内明渠流模拟试验。结果表明:在相同直径条件下,随水深增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,雷诺数呈线性增大,弗劳德数呈幂函数形式下降;在相同水深条件下,随茎秆直径增大,DarcyWeisbach阻力系数增大,雷诺数与弗劳德数随之而减小,且当茎秆直径每增加1 mm,阻力系数平均增大33. 76%,雷诺数平均减小2. 57%,弗劳德数平均减小8. 33%。     

ANALYSIS OF FRAZIL JAM DATA FROM HEQU REACH OF THE YELLOW RIVER

ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＦＲＡＺＩＬＪＡＭＤＡＴＡＦＲＯＭＨＥＱＵＲＥＡＣＨＯＦＴＨＥＹＥＬＬＯＷＲＩＶＥＲＷａｎｇＤｅ－ｓｈｅｎｇ；ＳｈｅｎｇＨｕｎｇ－ｔａｏ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｉｖｉｌａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＵｎ...     

A physical,movable-bed model for non-uniform sediment transport,fluvial erosion and bank failure in rivers

Sediment transport processes in rivers continue to pose a challenge when designing movable-bed physical models, particularly for reproducing the grain sorting and bank erosion (fluvial erosion and mass failure). This paper presents and discusses scale effects of a specific scaling approach for multi-grain size mixtures that preserves similarity of initial motion for each grain size class and of the bank stability coefficient between the model and the prototype, but relaxes strict similarity of the Shields and particle Reynolds numbers. This approach is appropriate when bed load transport near incipient motion conditions is being studied, and allows for larger grain size scales than when full Shields parameter similarity is enforced. As part of an environmental project to rehabilitate sediment transport through bank erosion, this method has been applied to scale a Froude number criterion physical model of a reach of the Old Rhine (France). This has resulted in an undistorted scale of 40, and the use of sand as the model bank material. Each grain size has a different geometrical scale. The time scale for sediment motion is grain size and flow discharge dependent. An average time scale of 6 has therefore been used (four model hours = one prototype day). A strategy devised for the field case consists of two higher, larger island groynes that replace the three existing groynes, producing bank erosion for flow rates below the mean annual flow rate. Extrapolation of model behaviour to the prototype is not a major problem, but the volume of eroded bank material may be underestimated, mainly because of the relaxation of the Shields number similarity and the apparent cohesive properties of the model bank material.     

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN ICECOVERED CHANNELS USING SEMI-LOGARITHMIC VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

1.INTRODUCTIONTheformationoficecoveronflowingwatergreatlyaltersflowcharacteristics,resultinginthechangeofvelocitydistributionandtheincreaseofflowdepthincomparisonwithfreesurfaceflowwiththesamedischargeduetotheincreasedresistancecausedbyanadditionalsolidboundary.Fromengineeringpointofview,estimationofconveyingcapacityofice--coveredstreams,orcalculationofwatersurfaceprofilealongriverreachwithicecoverisveryoftenrequiredinrivermanagementinvolvingtheoperationofreservoirswhenreleasesbaseduponthe…     

细颗粒原状土起动流速试验研究

为了得到更为客观科学的泥沙基本活动规律,利用有压矩形管进行了细颗粒泥沙起动试验。试验结果表明,管内水压力对细颗粒泥沙的起动有重要影响,水压力越大,管中泥沙起动断面平均流速和起动切应力越大。根据有压矩形管的水流分布特性和水压特点,将矩形管中水流转换为普通明渠水流,转换得到的明渠中泥沙起动垂线平均流速与试验矩形管中泥沙起动断面平均流速基本相同,验证了利用有压矩形管进行细颗粒泥沙起动流速试验的可行性和代表性。在试验矩形管与实际明渠的泥沙起动流速转换过程中,并未考虑不同水柱高度下曼宁糙率系数的变化,这方面还有待进一步研究。     

坡面薄层水流侵蚀试验研究及土壤抗冲性评价

通过室内冲刷试验，研究了坡面薄层水流的水力学参数特征及产沙变化，结果表明，粒径的雷诺数和弗汝得数都随放水流量而增大，但其流型和流态仍保持不变。径流流速，产沙率均随着流量的增大而呈幂函数增大，阻力系数则随着雷诺数的增大呈幂函数减小。分析薄层水流下理想坡面土壤颗粒的受力情况得出坡面产沙与径流剪切力关系的概念模型。结合试验数据，确定出模型参数的值，并得出试验土壤的临界切应力。     

Effect of sinusoidal corrugated bed on hydraulic jump characteristics

Hydraulic jump characteristics were studied experimentally over six corrugated beds with varying wave steepness, which had corrugation and Froude numbers in the range of 0.286–0.625 and 3.8–8.6, respectively. The effects of wave height and length of corrugation on the basic jump characteristics, including free surface location, velocity, shear stress distribution and energy dissipation, were studied for a range of Froude numbers. The dimensionless hydraulic parameters were found to be a function of the Froude number. The results showed that the tailwater depth and the length of the jump on corrugated beds are smaller than those of the corresponding jump on a smooth bed. The analysis of velocity profiles at different sections in the jump showed that the velocity profiles were similar to those of a simple plane wall jet. The normalized boundary layer thickness δ/b was equal to 0.57 for jumps on a corrugated bed, compared to 0.16 for the simple wall jet. The analysis and comparison of the bed shear force and shear stress coefficient showed that shear stress on a corrugated bed is about 10 times that of a smooth bed. The results of this study are in good agreement with previous results and showed that corrugated beds can be used to dissipate the excess hydraulic jump energy in stilling basins.     

冰盖下散粒体泥沙起动流速的试验研究

本文通过水槽试验，对模拟冰盖流的河床泥沙起动流速进行了试验研究，探讨了冰盖流下河床泥沙起动流速的变化规律。试验表明:冰盖下泥沙起动流速与冰盖及槽底糙率的相对比值有关。     

Shear velocity criterion for incipient motion of sediment

The prediction of incipient motion has had great importance to the theory of sediment transport. The most commonly used methods are based on the concept of critical shear stress and employ an approach similar, or identical, to the Shields diagram. An alternative method that uses the movability number, defined as the ratio of the shear velocity to the particle＇s settling velocity, was employed in this study. A large amount of experimental data were used to develop an empirical incipient motion criterion based on the movability number. It is shown that this approach can provide a simple and accurate method of computing the threshold condition for sediment motion.     

三峡坝区非粘性均匀花岗岩砂粒起动条件研究

由花岗岩风化而成的砂粒质地粗，石英、长石颗粒的粒径较大。通过实验室对非粘性均匀花岗岩砂粒起动条件研究，得到特定条件下不同砂粒粒径在薄层水流紊流流态时的起动流速。实验结果表明，同一粒径组的非粘性花岗岩风化砂粒随底坡坡度的增加其起动流速变小；同一边界条件时，细粒砂随坡度的增加，其起动流速降低幅度较小，相应地随着砂粒粒径变大坡度增加时，其起动流速降低幅度较大。     

粗细化过程中的非均匀沙起动流速

本文对处于淤交替（粗化细化）过程下的宽级配非均匀沙起动特点进行了分析，文中首先探讨了均匀沙起动流速的表达方式，然后引入非均匀沙暴露高度和泥沙粒径的关系和研究成果，导出了宽级配非均匀沙分级起动流速的计算公式，通过实验资料检验符合良好。     

Experimental and theoretical study of density jumps on smooth and rough beds

Hydraulic jumps in density currents are technically referred to density jumps. These jumps significantly influence the dynamic and quality characteristics of the gravity currents. The density jump is studied theoretically and experimentally in this study by considering the bed roughness. Experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory flume (0.4 m width; 0.9 m depth; 8.3 m length). Four rough beds comprised of closely packed gravel particles glued onto the horizontal part of the bed were examined. For both smooth and rough beds, a simple relationship was obtained for estimating the conjugate depth ratio as a function of the relative roughness and the upstream densimetric Froude number. The conjugate depth ratio was found to decrease with increasing relative roughness. The results also indicated that, if the entrainment ratio is specified, the minimum value of the upstream densimetric Froude number increases with increasing relative bed roughness. An equation for calculating the maximum possible value of the relative roughness was also determined. The spatial development of the density current for smooth beds was analysed in both super‐critical and sub‐critical flow regimes. Good similarity collapses of velocity and concentration profiles were obtained for the super‐critical section just upstream of the jump. The concentration distributions located just downstream of the jump, however, exhibited a large scattering of measured data, especially near the bed. It was found that this scattering decreases with the distance from the end of the jump. The results of the experimental runs also indicated that, at a distance about nine times the post‐jump current thickness from the end of the jump, the non‐dimensional vertical profile of mean velocity has a shape similar to that at the pre‐jump section. A new reliable relationship was also proposed for calculating the local velocity inside both the wall and jet regions.     

TRANSPORTATION CHARACTERISTIC OF BED LOAD FOR NON-UNIFORM SEDIMENT WITH EQUIVALENT GRAIN

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｍｏｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｂａｓｉｃｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ .Ｔｈｉｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｈａｄｂｅｅｎｓ     

冰盖前缘冰块稳定性研究进展

冰块在冰盖或冰塞前缘的稳定性是冰塞演变研究的重要基础，是任何预测或预报冰塞演变相关数学模型不可缺少的部分。对国内外经典的冰块下潜研究文献进行了梳理，按照研究方法的不同，冰块下潜临界条件的研究大致可分为以原型观测为主、以理论分析为主和以试验研究为主的三个方面。无论是工程应用还是理论研究，流行的下潜判断是临界弗劳德数形式。经过分析，探讨了现有相关研究的不足之处，得出以下主要结论和今后的研究方向：临界弗劳德数影响因素众多，如水流、气象和冰本身的状况，因此，其值表现出范围变化，具有特定的场所性；迄今为止的冰块下潜研究基本忽略了冰块宽度效应，直接影响了下潜力矩和抗倾覆力矩的正确表达；冰块在下潜时，其底面的压力和分布变化的研究是非常重要的，而现有的研究尚有很多需要改进。     

Study of Flow Over Side Weirs Under Supercritical Conditions

The present study focuses on the application of momentum principle to the analysis of spatially varied flow under supercritical conditions. Experimental studies were conducted on rectangular side weirs of different lengths and sill heights fitted in the test section of a rectangular aluminium channel that was built in a tilting flume. Measurements of discharges in the main channel and through the side weir were done separately. A pitot tube with direction finder was used to determine the velocities and angle of spill flow with the side weir. Depths of flow were measured both in longitudinal and transverse directions at regular intervals and their profiles were studied. Experiments were conducted with different test plates and flow conditions in the main channel. Coefficients of discharge were computed using momentum principle for different Froude numbers (between 1.5 and 3). The variation of discharge coefficient of the side weir as a function of Froude number was found to exhibit a non-linear relationship. Discharges over side weirs were computed using the computed coefficients of discharge for different Froude numbers and it was verified with the observed discharges. Coefficients of discharge were also computed using energy principle for different Froude numbers. Chi-square test was done between observed discharges over side weirs and discharges computed using momentum and energy principles, it was found that momentum principle is fitting better. Variation of the ratios of longitudinal components of velocity vector of spill flow to the mean velocity of the main channel flow at upstream end of the side weir with Froude number was found to exhibit a non-linear relationship. Variation of the discharge ratios of spill flow and main channel discharges with Froude number was also studied.     

南水北调中线干渠冰期拦冰索水力控制条件研究

通过控制水力条件,使拦冰索能够有效拦截浮冰、使得浮冰能够在拦冰索前停滞堆积而形成冰盖,是保证南水北调中线工程冰盖下安全输水的关键。本文基于中线干渠冰期原型观测数据,分析了浮冰下潜的临界水力条件,表明传统的第二临界Fr(0.08~0.09)只适用于判别冰盖前缘的浮冰运动状态,对于判别拦冰索前浮冰运动状态、分析拦冰索的拦冰能力具有局限性,并论证了采用Ashton孔口排冰公式来判断拦冰索前的流冰运动状态的合理性。研究表明,同一水力条件下,拦冰索的水下淹没深度越大,其拦冰性能越好,拦冰索前冰凌下潜的临界Fr越大;并在此基础上确定了中线工程各渠池拦冰索的最小淹没深度。研究成果可为中线工程冰期输水方案制定和拦冰索技术改造提供依据。     

卵砾石河道摩阻流速计算方法探讨

通过水槽试验,采用6种方法:对数流速分布回归法、外延雷诺应力分布法、三维紊动能法、垂向紊动能法、韩其为经验公式法和拖曳力系数法,计算了卵砾石河床的摩阻流速。以韩其为计算摩阻流速的经验公式为标准,分析了各种方法中参数取值对计算结果的影响及其在不同水力和床面条件下各种方法的适用性。提出了2种可行的计算途径:光滑床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速所得结果最大均方差为2.15,其中对数流速分布回归法较准确,三维紊动能法计算值普遍偏小;相对粗糙床面条件下各方法计算摩阻流速的结果均方差最大达到8.84,其中对数流速分布回归法和三维紊动能法较准确。     

冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷研究进展

冬季,寒冷地区的河流会出现冰盖或冰塞现象。冰盖的存在使水流湿周增加,流速剖面与明流条件下完全不同,最大流速出现在河床表面和冰盖底部之间,具体位置取决于河床和冰盖的相对粗糙程度。因此,冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷过程不同于明流条件下的局部冲刷过程。明流条件下的桥墩局部冲刷是国内外学者研究的热点问题之一,但关于冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷的研究工作却非常有限。在简要回顾明流条件下桥墩局部冲刷研究成果的基础上,对冰盖条件下桥墩局部冲刷的研究成果进行了综述和讨论,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

非均匀沙分级起动规律研究

本文对非均匀沙起动机理作了分析，提出适合非均匀沙分级起动的判别标准，运用概率论与力学结合的方法，对起动颗粒的作用力臂进行随机分析，导出考虑非均匀沙隐暴效应的起动概率表达式，藉此建立非均匀沙第ｋ粒级的起动公式，在水槽中对天然水徊颜色沙进行分级起动试验，据以确定隐暴系数，从而获得与均匀沙兼容的起动切应力和起动流速公式。     

Effect of upward seepage on bedload transport rate

The paper presents an investigation of injection effects on the bedload transport rate. According to dimensional analysis, two dimensionless groups, an Einstein＇s parameter group and a modified densimetric Froude number group, were chosen to examine how injection affects the bedload transport rate. Experimental studies were conducted in an open-channel flume with an upward seepage zone. The sediment particles used for the test were 0.9 mm in diameter. The experimental results show that an increase in the injection velocity causes a reduction in the shear velocity excess, which is defined as the difference between the shear and critical shear velocities, leading to a reduction in the bedload transport rate. The equation for predicting the bedload transport rate in the presence of upward seepage was derived empirically. The proposed prediction method is suitable for engineering practice, since it only requires the undisturbed flow condition, properties of sediment particles, and the injection velocity.