冷却过程的动态特性与钢的实际淬火冷却

采用带中心电偶的钢探头在淬冷过程中产生的电势信号和信号处理技术获得了冷却过程的瞬时动态曲线。研究了不同尺寸探头和在不同淬火介质中的动态曲线,并与TTT和CCT曲线作了比较。结果表明,钢在具有物态变化的介质中淬火时,冷却速度剧烈波动主要出现在钢被浸入淬火剂的初始阶段,探头尺寸越小,冷却介质的冷却能力越强,冷却过程越不稳定;此外,冷却三阶段在动态曲线上没有明确的分界。在实际淬火操作中,宜选用特性点较高的淬火剂,以利于工件在动态特性变化大的范围内进行自适应调整。而在过冷奥氏体转变的快冷阶段,宜保持匀速冷却,以减少动态波动的干扰。动态波动程度低而又无物态变化的单一阶段冷却最有利于过程控制和减小工件畸变。     

水,油等淬火介质淬硬能力的数值评价方法

本文论述了以淬火硬度评定水、油及冷却特性介于水油之间的淬火介质淬硬能力的方法。其基本思路是,钢的连续冷却转变图中的每条曲线代表着钢的某一硬度,反之也可以认为淬火硬度也对应着该图的某一条曲线,代表介质的淬硬能力,从而就可以借助于淬火硬度值来评定水、油等淬火介质的淬硬能力。     

淬火介质冷却能力的测定及评价

首先,要区别冷却能力(cooling power)和淬硬能力(hardening Dower)两个概念。冷却能力的各种试验方法,与现有的及推荐的淬火介质试验标准是同时存在的。针对被淬火材料(钢),提出了许多淬硬能力的试验方法。其中的一些方法已经提到过。在过去的年代,人们用许多方法描述淬火介质与淬火钢之间的相互关系。目前根据标准试验所记录的淬火介质冷却曲线,提出了一些新的确定淬硬能力的方法。根据对现有淬火介质淬硬能力的了解,针对每一种用途,选择最适宜的一种,是最简便的。文中给出了适合碳钢和低合金钢淬硬能力的几种商品淬火介质的明细表。     

贝氏体／马氏体球铁磨球准等温淬火工艺的研究

通过实测磨球淬火过程的冷却曲线，提出了磨球在淬火介质中淬到马氏体相变温度Ｍｓ以上，然后空冷的准等温淬火工艺。采用该工艺，磨球水淬组织与水玻璃淬火组织相近，有较多的贝氏体。经适当回火，磨球硬度ＨＲＣ５５左右，冲击韧性大于６Ｊ／ｃｍ２。     

利用常用钢探头评价淬火介质冷却特性

目前对淬火介质冷却性能检测主要以冷却曲线法为主,该方法使用的探头材质为Ni-Cr合金。由于Ni-Cr合金在冷却过程中不发生相变以及导热系数与常用钢材料存在差异,不能完全反映真实工件内部冷却过程。因此选用D6AC、45、40Cr等材料来研究热处理常用淬火介质的冷却特性。研究结果表明:常用钢探头在淬火介质中获得的冷却曲线与标准探头测定的冷却曲线最大冷温及冷速存在着一定的差别,选用合适的淬火介质不应只追求最大冷速,最大冷温同样很重要。     

评价淬火介质换热特性的Grossmann法与集中热容法的比较

研究了用于估算纳米流体、盐水溶液和某洗涤剂基试验介质淬火烈度的Grossmann法和集中热容（ LHC）法的适用性,评价了探头截面厚度对不同淬火介质换热系数的影响。借助于计算机分析了304不锈钢探头在淬火过程中的冷却曲线,并分别采用Grossmann法和LHC法对所测得的冷却曲线进行了换热系数的估算。研究表明,采用矱10 mm不锈钢探头的LHC法适用于淬火烈度小于20 m-1介质的表征。虽然Grossmann法是基于平均换热系数这一假设的,但仍能应用于具有不同淬火烈度介质之间的评定。 Grossmann法能更敏感地反映探头截面厚度对换热的影响。     

高碳钢钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却行为

利用钢丝探头分别测量了含碳0.70%的钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却过程。用冷却曲线分析法阐释了钢丝的冷却过程和相变规律。钢丝的“体积效应”和在其冷却介质中的热扩散能力共同决定了铅浴淬火过程及钢丝的相变过程。高碳钢钢丝在0.25%CMC水溶液中可完全转变为珠光体组织,但其转变温度由于其连续冷却转变特性而高于在铅浴中的转变温度。根据铅浴淬火的冷却本质和CMC水溶液的冷却特性,用于替代铅浴的淬火介质应设法加快初始阶段冷却速率。     

高碳钢钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却行为

利用钢丝探头分别测量了含碳0.70%的钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却过程.用冷却曲线分析法阐释了钢丝的冷却过程和相变规律.钢丝的＂体积效应＂和在其冷却介质中的热扩散能力共同决定了铅浴淬火过程及钢丝的相变过程.高碳钢钢丝在0.25%CMC水溶液中可完全转变为珠光体组织,但其转变温度由于其连续冷却转变特性而高于在铅浴中的转变温度.根据铅浴淬火的冷却本质和CMC水溶液的冷却特性,用于替代铅浴的淬火介质应设法加快初始阶段冷却速率.     

高碳钢钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却行为

利用钢丝探头分别测量了含碳0.70%的钢丝在铅浴和CMC水溶液中的冷却过程.用冷却曲线分析法阐释了钢丝的冷却过程和相变规律.钢丝的"体积效应"和在冷却介质中的热扩散能力共同决定了铅浴淬火过程及钢丝的相变过程.高碳钢钢丝在0.25%CMC水溶液中可完全转变为珠光体组织,但其转变温度由于连续冷却转变特性而高于在铅浴中的转变温度.根据铅浴淬火的冷却本质和CMC水溶液的冷却特性,用于替代铅浴的淬火介质应设法加快初始阶段冷却速率.     

无缝钢管的组织变化对其淬透性的影响研究

采用Gleeble 3500热模拟机测定高强韧性钢种HG05调质态无缝钢管的静态CCT曲线，制定钢的临界淬火冷却速度，并取样分析HG05热成形无缝钢管的外中内层均为贝氏体和铁素体组织，铁素体组织变化较大，中间层铁素体尺寸最大，平均约为10μm；内层铁素体体积分数最多，约为12.4%。以调质态钢临界淬火冷却速度对热成形钢管外中内层进行热模拟淬火，得到未完全淬透组织。调质组织均匀，加热奥氏体形核核心少，热模拟加热后奥氏体晶粒大，临界淬火冷却速度为20℃/s，而热成形组织的临界淬火冷却速度要大。     

Quenchant Characterization System Based on Application of Thermal Probes of Typical Steels

A system was developed to identify characteristics of quenchants. It consists of computerized hardware,temperature acquisition software as well as changeable probes of steels. The feature of the ability to use probes made of any metallic material enables evaluation of hardening power of quenchants. Three thermal couples located on the same cross-section plane in the middle of probe‘s length give cooling curves that present cooling behavior at different depths from the surface of probe. Microstructure and hardness of the quenched probes on the same plane in the middle of probe‘s length from surface to center was investigated to estimate hardening effect. A number of quenchants were tested by this characterization system with several thermal probes of typical steels. Experimental data were stored in QuenDB quenchant database, which was designed for quenchants identification and hardness distribution storage.     

Influence of Steel Grade on Surface Cooling Rates and Heat Flux during Quenching

Immersion quenching is one of the most widely used processes for achieving martensitic and bainitic steels. The efficiency and quality of quenching are generally tested using standard quench probes for obtaining the cooling curves. A host of parameters like quenchant type, steel grade, bath agitation, section thickness, etc., affect the cooling curves. Cooling curve analyses covered under ASTM standards cannot be used to assess the performance of a quenchant for different grades of steel, as they use a common material for the probe. This article reports the development of equipment, which, in conjunction with mathematical models, can be used for obtaining cooling curves for a specific steel/quenchant combination. The mathematical models couple nonlinear transient inverse heat transfer with phase transformation, resulting in cooling curves specific to the steel grade-quenchant combination. The austenite decomposition models were based on an approach consistent with both the TTT diagram of the steel and Fe-C equilibrium phase diagrams. The TTT diagrams for the specific chemistry of the specimens and the thermophysical properties of the individual phases as functions of temperature were obtained using JMatPro software. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory for computing surface temperature and heat flux at the mid-section of a 25-mm diameter by 100-mm-long cylindrical specimen of two types of steels in two different quenchants. A low alloy steel (EN19) and a plain carbon steel (C45) were used for bringing out the influence of austenite transformation on surface cooling rates and heat flux. Two types of industrial quenchants (i) a mineral oil, and (ii) an aqueous solution of polymer were used. The results showed that the cooling curves, cooling rate curves, and the surface heat flux depended on the steel grade with the quenchant remaining the same.     

Development of New Sliver Probe for Cooling Power Test of Polymer Quenchants

Working group on cooling power test of quenchants of Japanese Heat Treatment Society hits studied on the new method for testing cooling power of aqueous quenchants. This method employed the cooling curve test of a new sliver rod probe, which has a metal-sheathed thermocouple at its geometrical center. The experimental study has clarified that the new silver probe has more excellent durability than the JIS silver probe employed for cooling power test of heat treating oils (JIS K 2242) and an aluminum alloy probe. Good repeatability, and reproducibility of the cooling curves during polymer quenching have been confirmed. This new method is useful especially for cooling power test of aqueous quenchants used for solution heat treatment of aluminum alloys. This new silver rod probe is expected to be adopted for the revised version of JIS K 2242 as the cooling power test method for aqueous quenchants.     

对自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点的研究

从自来水淬火时工件容易淬裂、硬度不均且畸变大等现象，列出了自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点：一是低温冷却速度太快，二是冷却特性对水温变化太敏感。分析了自来水第二大缺点引起淬火硬度不均和畸变的原因。通过与气态介质的对比，指出了液态淬火介质共同的两类缺点：一是任何确定的液态介质，其冷却速度的可调节范围都很有限，以致同一个车间必须配备普通淬火油、中速淬火油和高速淬火油，才能满足不同工件的需要；二是工件从蒸汽膜阶段到沸腾阶段期间，冷却速度突然增大，可能引起较大的淬火畸变。提供了克服液态淬火介质第二类缺点的七类技术方法。     

液态淬火介质的两个共性的缺点及对策

适用范围有限和工件淬火变形大是液态淬火剂的两个带有共性的缺点,提出了克服第一个缺点即扩大液态淬火剂的应用范围的8种技术措施,指出,工件的淬火变形量除淬火介质的冷却速度外,还与其特性温度有关,应选用特性温度稳定的介质淬火。     

淬火介质换热系数的计算机测算

提出了用计算机进行测量和计算淬火过程中淬火介质换热系数的反传热模型。该模型利用采样系统测得的探头上某些位置的冷却曲线来计算淬火介质的换热系数,获得其随表面温度变化的曲线。对水和油的测算结果表明,计算值和实际情况吻合较好．     

Numerical Methods for Safeguarding the Performance of the Quenching Process

A new numerical technique for testing and evaluation of quenching media and quenching systems is outlined. The measured time-temperature samples as a result of cooling curve test are analyzed by the new software developed, in order to characterize quantitatively the quenchants. The method applied is based on Fourier analysis. Examples for evaluation and comparison of cooling performance of quenchants are presented the applicability of the computational technique.     

Thermal flow simulation and visualisation of PAG quenchants in cooling evaluation equipment with twin stir

Abstract

In this research, the formation and movement of bubbles in boiling film during quenching process was investigated with high speed video camera and particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology as the visualisation method. Cooling curves of surface temperature during quenching of a silver cylinder were measured and the heat transfer coefficients between quenchant and quenching parts were identified. The cooling ability of the coolant used for the quenching technology was evaluated relative to the quality the machine part. As for this paper, the cooling capacity of the PAG quenchants (polyalkylene glycol solutions) was evaluated. In addition, the heat transfer behaviour in the quenching process is clarified with regard to the generation and the destruction of the thermal flow and collapse of the steam film by using the PIV method of visualisation. The effect of mechanical stirring of the quenchant on the steam film and heat transfer is also studied.     

矿物淬火油及其应用

目前,矿物淬火油仍在广泛应用.矿物淬火油通过加氢精炼去除S、N、O及某些金属元素是提高其淬火冷却性能和使用寿命的主要手段.矿物淬火油的冷却特性与冷却过程中膜沸腾阶段、核沸腾阶段和对流阶段的温度范围及添加剂等因素有关.指出了矿物淬火油的选用依据,如合乎要求的闪点,较低的油污形成倾向,不锈蚀工件,合适的传热性能等.简述了矿...