基于单体锂离子的电池安全技术在新能源汽车中的应用研究

锂离子电池在储能、电动能源等领域应用广泛,但锂离子电池在所应用的新能源汽车领域存在某些方面的安全问题,制约着商业化运用。提出通过单电池组生产和严格的质量控制提高汽车锂离子电池安全系数的具体措施,进一步研究了单体锂离子电池的正极材料、负极材料、隔膜、电解液以及电池壳体等方面的安全保护措施。结果表明：通过合理的系统设计以及克服电池本身的技术缺陷,能使新能源汽车的使用更加安全。     

锂离子电池的工作原理与关键材料

锂离子电池具有能量密度高、自放电小和循环寿命长等优点,被广泛用于便携式电子设备和电动汽车等方面,不断推动着社会朝着智能化和清洁化方向发展.简要阐述了锂离子电池的发展历程和工作原理,从材料结构和储锂机制方面对正极材料和负极材料进行分类并综述其性能特点与研究现状,介绍了液态电解液中锂盐、溶剂、添加剂以及固态电解质在锂离子电...     

Review on Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Electrode Materials of Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries

在废电池中含有大量有价金属,如镍、钴、稀土元素等。从废电池材料中回收有价金属不仅能保护环境,还能利用资源并能降低电池生产成本。与其他电池类似,任意丢弃废镍氢电池将导致严重污染,因而从废弃镍氢电池中回收有价金属的意义重大。本文综述了废弃镍氢电池回收问题,并详细介绍了几种回收技术。此外,展望了从镍氢电池废弃电极材料中综合回收有价金属的前景。     

Electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries

Miniaturization in electronics and rapid advances in portable devices demand lightweight, compact, high-energy density batteries. Lithium batteries offer several advantages such as higher cell voltage, higher energy density, and longer shelf life as compared to other rechargeable systems. Although the rocking-chair concept of utilizing insertion compounds as both cathode and anode hosts has made the rechargeable lithium batteries a commercial reality, cost and environmental considerations require the development of inexpensive electrode hosts such as manganese oxides for consumer applications. Innovative synthesis and processing procedures (including low-temperature, solution-based synthesis approaches to obtain amorphous and nanocrystalline oxide electrode hosts) play a key role in developing new as well as better-performing known electrode materials.     

快速充电锂离子电池LiEuTiO4负极材料研究进展

随着电动车产业的快速发展,锂离子电池的安全问题和快速充电问题越来越受到关注。石墨作为商业化已久的锂离电池负极材料,因其析锂平台近乎于零,而存在因负极析锂而短路的巨大安全隐患,因而不适用于快速充电的锂离子电池负极材料。具有层状钙钛矿结构LiEuTiO₄,其脱/嵌锂平台约为0.8V,实际比容量高于200 mAh/g,既可以避免析锂的发生, 又不会导致电池能量密度过低,且倍率性能良好,利用该材料有望发展出一种电动车用安全的快速充电动力电池。本工作总结了钛酸铕锂(LiEuTiO₄)负极材料的研究现状,包括分子结构、储锂机制、制备方法及亟待解决的问题,指出进一步的研究方向。     

Selective recovery of cobalt,nickel and lithium from sulfate leachate of cathode scrap of Li-ion batteries using liquid-liquid extraction

This paper focuses on the extractive separation and selective recovery of cobalt, nickel and lithium from the sulfate leachate of cathode scrap generated during manufacture of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The conditions for extraction, scrubbing and stripping of cobalt from nickel and lithium are optimized with an aqueous feed containing 25.1 g·dm^?3 cobalt, 2.54 g·dm^?3 nickel and 6.2 g·dm^?3 lithium using Na-PC-88A. 99.8% Co is extracted with 60% Na-0.56 mol·dm^?3 PC-88A in two counter-current stages at an O/A phase ratio of 3/1 and an equilibrium pH of 4.5. The “crowding effect” shown for the first time provides effective scrubbing of impurities (Ni and Li) with 2.0 g·dm^?3 CoSO₄ solution. The McCabe-Thiele diagram predicts the scrubbing of 99.9% Ni and 99.9% Li at an equilibrium pH of 4.75 and O/A of 2/1 in two stages. High purity (99.9%) cobalt sulfate along with Ni and Li from the leach liquor of cathode scrap is recovered by solvent extraction. The proposed process ensures complete recycling of the waste of the manufacturing process of LIBs.     

The prospects for Recycling lead-acid batteries in India

In view of dwindling resources of primary metal and growing environmental awareness, the recycle of lead is becoming increasingly necessary in India and other countries. A perusal of supply and demand projections for India reveals a lead supply shortfall of 68,300 tonnes by the year 2000. With a stagnation of primary metal production, the lead resources contained within spent batteries provide an excellent opportunity for the secondary recovery industry. This article cites various processes used in India to recover lead from spent batteries. In addition, a modified electrochemical method which is currently being adopted is described.     

Beyond batteries: Other trends in the demand for lead

Lead has been used for more than 8,000 years and has had important industrial applications for at least 2,000 years. At various times, different uses have dominated demand for the metal. Lead pipes, roofing, type metal, paints, cable sheathing, and batteries have all held significant shares of the market at some point in history and the pattern of demand is constantly changing. Today the dominant use of lead is for batteries, which account for almost 80% of demand. However, the remaining 20% includes some important applications. This paper analyzes trends in demand for these uses in order to provide some insight into what the future may hold.     

Evaluating new directions for the lithium market

Todetermine new directions in the lithium international market, it is instructive to look at a few of the major features of the market 20 years ago and today and identify long-term trends. From this discourse, it seems that a decrease in the price of lithium carbonate is not likely to result in much increase in demand from existing end-uses, except possibly in the field of glass and ceramics. Growth is most likely to come from the development of new end-uses or from the expansion of demand for lithium batteries. Authors’ Note: To convert tonnes to the lithium carbonate equivalent, multiply by 5.23. To convert 1,000 t lithium to the million pounds lithium carbonate equivalent used in the United States, multiply by 11.7. Piers Nicholson is a managing director at Roskill Information Services Ltd. Keith Evans is a consultant.     

废旧LiCoO2材料再生LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2正极材料及性能研究

针对废旧锂离子电池数量不断增加的现状,对废旧LiCoO2电池的回收和再生流程进行探究。以废旧LiCoO2电池为原料,通过预处理,酸浸,共沉淀步骤,实现了LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn.1O2正极材料的再生。ICP-OES分析浸出液中的元素含量,SEM和XRD表征材料形貌和结构,扣式电池的电化学测试定量分析材料的电化学性能。研究表明,利用浸出液可以再生形貌和层状结构良好的正极材料,在0.2C,2.8~4.3V电压范围内进行充放电循环测试,首周放电比容量可达到210.8 mAh/g,经过50周充放电循环后的容量保持率为87%,表现出良好的循环稳定性,为废旧锂离子电池的再生提供支撑和发展方向。     

锂离子动力电池高速自动套管设备结构设计

为满足市场对锂离子动力电池自动套管设备高生产效率的要求,采用多工序并行工作原理,设计出结构合理的自动上料系统、胶管放料输送系统、垫片成形及输送系统、转位机构、校正机构、胶管热收缩系统和自动下料系统,实现将多个电池同时进行上料、输送、套胶管、加工垫片成形、加装垫片、热缩收口胶管、输出锂电池成品等全自动连线生产。可将设备的生产速度由原来的每分钟60个提升到每分钟120个,从而实现锂电池套管的全自动、高速、安全生产。     

Advances in grinding tools and abrasives

Because of their many applications, including automotive, aeronautics, optics, and so forth, demand for grinding tools sees unabated growth. But the energy and resource intensive nature of their manufacture leads to questions of sustainability. This paper details how recent developments in basic tool technology (structure, binder, abrasives) is increasing tool and abrasive resilience while reducing production inputs. The advent of smart grinding tools involving aspects of surface engineering, process hybridization, and process monitoring is also discussed. The paper concludes with an outlook of further energy savings, tool recycling and uses of additive manufacturing with the aim of achieving long-term sustainability.     

多孔LiFePO4正极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池是高效、清洁的储能装置,在便携式电子产品、储能设施和电动汽车等领域具有广泛的应用前景,对于缓解能源危机和环境污染具有重要意义。橄榄石型LiFePO_4是最有前途的锂离子电池正极材料之一。然而,相对低的本征电子电导率与锂离子扩散速率限制了LiFePO_4倍率性能的发挥,阻碍其在动力锂离子电池领域的大规模商业化应用。纳米化是一种能有效改善LiFePO_4倍率性能的方法,但纳米粒子存在表面能高,易团聚结块,性能衰减较快等问题。近些年的研究表明,三维多孔结构的LiFePO_4兼具纳米与微米级活性材料的优点,是LiFePO_4正极材料的研究热点和重要的发展方向。本文从合成方法、形貌结构、电化学性能以及结构—性能关系等方面系统总结多孔LiFePO_4材料的研究进展,并展望其发展前景。     

The development of recycle-friendly automotive aluminum alloys

The continuing growth of aluminum alloy usage in transportation applications, notably passenger automobiles and minivans, and the demonstrated economic benefits of recycling aluminum-rich vehicles increase the need to seriously consider the desirability of designing recycling-friendly alloys. This article focuses on that aspect of the recycling process for passenger vehicles. The goals are to illustrate the opportunities afforded by identifying and taking full advantage of potential metal streams in guiding the development of new alloys that use those streams. In speculating on several possible aluminum recovery practices and systems that might be used in recycling passenger vehicles, likely compositions are identified and preliminary assessments of their usefulness for direct recycling are made. Specific compositions for possible new recycle-friendly alloys are suggested. In addition, recommendations on how the aluminum enterprise, including industry, academia, and government, can work together to achieve the aggressive but important goals described here are discussed.     

Antimony-based intermetallic compounds for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries: synthesis,construction and application

The development of alternative electrode materials with high energy densities and power densities for batteries has been actively pursued to satisfy the power demands for electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. Recently, antimony(Sb)-based intermetallic compounds have attracted considerable research interests as new candidate anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and suitable operating voltage. However, these intermetallic systems undergo large volume change during charge and discharge processes, which prohibits them from practical application. The rational construction of advanced anode with unique structures has been proved to be an effective approach to enhance its electrochemical performance. This review highlights the recent progress in improving and understanding the electrochemical performances of various Sb-based intermetallic compound anodes. The developments of synthesis and construction of Sb-based intermetallic compounds are systematically summarized. The electrochemical performances of various Sb-based intermetallic compound anodes are compared in its typical applications(LIBs or SIBs).     

Facile Preparation of NiO@graphene Nanocomposite with Superior Performances as Anode for Li-ion Batteries

Transition metal oxides gain considerable research attentions as potential anode materials for lithium ion batteries, but their applications are hindered due to their poor electronic conductivity, weak cycle stability and drastic volume change. Here, a NiO@graphene composite with a unique 3D conductive network structure is prepared through a simple strategy. When applied as anode material for Li-ion batteries, at 50 mA g^-1, the NiO@graphene displays a high reversible capacity of 1366 mAh g^-1 and a stable cyclability of 205 mAh g^-1 after 500 cycles. Even at a high rate of 10 A g^-1, it displays a favorable reversible capacity of 711 mAh g^-1. Remarkably, when it recovers back to 0.05 A g^-1, a reversible capacity of 1741 mAh g^-1 is achieved. Thus, the NiO@graphene composite with 3D structure shows good application prospects as an alternative anode for advanced lithium ion batteries.     

Toward Low-Cost,High-Energy Density,and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Reducing cost and increasing energy density are two barriers for widespread application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Although the cost of electric vehicle batteries has been reduced by ~70% from 2008 to 2015, the current battery pack cost ($268/kWh in 2015) is still >2 times what the USABC targets ($125/kWh). Even though many advancements in cell chemistry have been realized since the lithium-ion battery was first commercialized in 1991, few major breakthroughs have occurred in the past decade. Therefore, future cost reduction will rely on cell manufacturing and broader market acceptance. This article discusses three major aspects for cost reduction: (1) quality control to minimize scrap rate in cell manufacturing; (2) novel electrode processing and engineering to reduce processing cost and increase energy density and throughputs; and (3) material development and optimization for lithium-ion batteries with high-energy density. Insights on increasing energy and power densities of lithium-ion batteries are also addressed.     

磷酸铁锂正极墨水配制及其电化学性能研究

众所周知,磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4）作为锂离子电池正极材料因其放电容量大、价格低廉和对环境无污染受到广泛关注。本文旨在制备出适用于微电子打印机的性能优良的磷酸铁锂及相应复合材料正极墨水。通过配置不同浓度的磷酸铁锂墨水并制备成电极,研究最优浓度墨水制备成电极的电化学性能。研究表明,电流密度为0.1 C时,打印浓度为10%的磷酸铁锂电极放电比容量高达142 mAhg-1,库伦循环效率达92%;基于磷酸铁锂具有较差的导电性,选择加入少量还原氧化石墨烯提高其导电性。研究结果表明,还原氧化石墨烯质量分数为0.6%时,磷酸铁锂和还原氧化石墨烯复合材料放电比容量达152.1 mAhg-1,库伦循环效率为99.2%,说明引入还原氧化石墨烯有利于提高材料整体性能。     

The recovery of metals from electronic scrap

Most of the published literature on the recycling of scrapped electronic devices is listed in chronological order in Table I. In the 1970s and early to mid-1980s, the predominant method of recycling was blast furnace smelting in conjunction with secondary copper or lead smelters. Since the mid-1980s, the trend has shifted toward the hydrometallurgical processing of scrap. The emphasis has always been on the recovery of precious metals, namely gold, silver, platinum and palladium, from electronic scrap for their obvious economic values. In recent years, greater importance has been placed on the recovery of all metals, including low-concentration metals such as cadmium, because of increasingly strict environmental controls. The electronic scrap recycling program of the 1990s will ha ve to meet many objectives—efficient recovery of all metals, strict effluent and emission controls, the use of nontoxic reagents, maximum recycling of chemical reagents, and minimum energy requirements—in an economical and environmentally safe manner.     

RECOVERY OF CADMIUM AND NICKEL FROM SCRAP Ni-Cd BATTERIES

1. Introduction Portable electricity has become a part of daily living. Batteries literally empower many kinds of portable electric and electronic devices, such as telephones, computers, radios, compact disks, tape recorders, cordless tools, and even electric cars. But at end-of-life they can come back to haunt us. Now, how to handle the niillion-tons of scrap Ni-Cd batteries is a big problem to all the countries[111]. 2. Ni-Cd Battery Applications and Effects on the Environment Profess…