Fractionally spaced blind equalization with low‐complexity concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision‐directed scheme

The paper proposes a low‐complexity concurrent constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and soft decision‐directed (SDD) scheme for fractionally spaced blind equalization of high‐order quadrature amplitude modulation channels. We compare our proposed blind equalizer with the recently introduced state‐of‐art concurrent CMA and decision‐directed (DD) scheme. The proposed CMA+SDD blind equalizer is shown to have simpler computational complexity per weight update, faster convergence speed, and slightly improved steady‐state equalization performance, compared with the existing CMA+DD blind equalizer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal delay estimation and performance evaluation in blind equalization

This paper deals with the problem of recovering the input signal applied to a linear time-invariant system from the measurements of its output and the a priori knowledge of the input statistics (blind equalization). Under the assumption of an i.i.d. non-Gaussian input sequence a new iterative procedure based on phase-sensitive high-order cumulants for adjusting the coefficients of a transversal equalizer is introduced. The main feature of the proposed technique is the automatic selection of the equalization delay so as to improve the equalization performance. A method for the a posteriori evaluation of the obtained accuracy in PAM systems is also introduced. It consists of the computation of an upper bound on the probability of error depending on certain moments of the equalizer output and the statistics of the channel input and therefore can be used in a blind equalization context. Based on the result of such a computation, it can be decided whether it is necessary to consider a longer equalization filter in the iterative procedure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Semi‐blind fast equalization of QAM channels using concurrent gradient‐Newton CMA and soft decision‐directed scheme

This contribution considers semi‐blind adaptive equalization for communication systems that employ high‐throughput quadrature amplitude modulation signalling. A minimum number of training symbols, approximately equal to the dimension of the equalizer, are first utilized to provide a rough initial least‐squares estimate of the equalizer's weight vector. A novel gradient‐Newton concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision‐directed scheme are then applied to adapt the equalizer. The proposed semi‐blind adaptive algorithm is capable of converging fast and accurately to the optimal minimum mean‐square error equalization solution. Simulation results obtained demonstrate that the convergence speed of this semi‐blind adaptive algorithm is close to that of the training‐based recursive least‐square algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network with decision feedback for quadrature amplitude modulation signaling systems

This paper proposes a novel adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) based on compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network (CSRFNN) for quadrature amplitude modulation systems. Without the prior knowledge of channel characteristics, a novel training scheme containing both compact self‐constructing learning (CSL) and real‐time recurrent learning algorithms is derived for the CSRFNN. The proposed CSL algorithm adopts two evaluation criteria to intelligently decide the number of fuzzy rules that are necessary. The real‐time recurrent learning is performed simultaneously with the CSL at each time instant to adjust DFE parameters. The proposed DFE is compared with several neural network‐based DFEs on a nonlinear complex‐valued channel. The results show that the CSRFNN DFE is superior to classical neural network DFEs in terms of symbol‐error rate, convergence speed, and time cost. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

π／4 DQPSK解调算法的研究与仿真

针对数字通信系统中符号间干扰（ISI）问题,提出了一种适用于π／4 DQPSK解调的自适应盲均衡和载波恢复算法。T／4 CMA盲均衡器利用接收信号的所有采样点进行迭代,解决了采样相位敏感的问题;改进的载波恢复算法简单易于实现,减小了接收机设计的复杂度和难度。仿真结果表明,这种算法复杂度小、性能好,具有一定的实用价值。     

4G系统的分步SDR检测

本文研究了空间频率分集MIMO-OFDM系统的DFE-SDR译码算法.提出了一种能充分利用空间分集、空间复用、频率复用增益,且能对抗时间选择性和频率选择性衰落的4G系统,结合判决反馈均衡(DFE)以及半定松弛检测(SDR)的优点,经过推导得到一种应用在该4G系统的DFE-SDR检测方法,该算法能同时得到较理想的系统性能和算法复杂度.系统仿真证明,该方法与普通DFE检测算法相比,误码率性能得到了较大提高,是一种有实用价值的译码算法,可以在4G移动通信系统中广泛应用.     

Output‐feedback H∞ quadratic tracking control of linear systems using reinforcement learning

This paper presents an online learning algorithm based on integral reinforcement learning (IRL) to design an output‐feedback (OPFB) H_∞ tracking controller for partially unknown linear continuous‐time systems. Although reinforcement learning techniques have been successfully applied to find optimal state‐feedback controllers, in most control applications, it is not practical to measure the full system states. Therefore, it is desired to design OPFB controllers. To this end, a general bounded L₂ ‐gain tracking problem with a discounted performance function is used for the OPFB H_∞ tracking. A tracking game algebraic Riccati equation is then developed that gives a Nash equilibrium solution to the associated min‐max optimization problem. An IRL algorithm is then developed to solve the game algebraic Riccati equation online without requiring complete knowledge of the system dynamics. The proposed IRL‐based algorithm solves an IRL Bellman equation in each iteration online in real time to evaluate an OPFB policy and updates the OPFB gain using the information given by the evaluated policy. An adaptive observer is used to provide the knowledge of the full states for the IRL Bellman equation during learning. However, the observer is not needed after the learning process is finished. A simulation example is provided to verify the convergence of the proposed algorithm to a suboptimal OPFB solution and the performance of the proposed method.     

Blind MIMO equalization with optimum delay using independent component analysis

Blind space–time equalization of multiuser time‐dispersive digital communication channels consists of recovering the users' simultaneously transmitted data free from the interference caused by each other and the propagation effects, without using training sequences. In scenarios composed of mutually independent non‐Gaussian i.i.d. users' signals, independent component analysis (ICA) techniques based on higher‐order statistics can be employed to refine the performance of conventional linear detectors, as recently shown in a code division multiple access environment (Signal Process 2002; 82 :417–431). This paper extends these results to the more general multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) channel model, with the minimum mean square error (MMSE) as conventional equalization criterion. The time diversity introduced by the wideband multipath channel enables a reduction of the computational complexity of the ICA post‐processing stage while further improving performance. In addition, the ICA‐based detector can be tuned to extract each user's signal at the delay which provides the best MMSE. Experiments in a variety of simulation conditions demonstrate the benefits of ICA‐assisted MIMO equalization. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accurate one‐terminal fault location algorithm based on the principle of short‐circuit calculation

An alternative method to find the line fault distance in a transmission network employing only one‐terminal measured data is presented. The proposed method applies Z_bus for short‐circuit calculation to find the fault location on a transmission line without the necessity to know the fault type a priori. The well‐known drawback of the standard simple‐reactance one‐terminal algorithm, which neglects the effect of fault impedance, will be minimized by estimating the voltage drop at the fault location by employing the Z_bus technique. Accuracy the proposed method is demonstrated using the short‐circuit simulation of the modified IEEE‐14 bus test system on MATLAB/Simulink and the Simpower Toolbox. Compared to the accuracy obtained from the standard one‐terminal algorithm, test results confirm substantially improved accuracy of the proposed method in all cases of the four types of fault categories: single line‐to‐ground fault; double line‐to‐ground fault; line‐to‐line fault; and balance three‐phase fault. While the accuracy has been significantly improved, especially for the case with a relatively high fault impedance, also the simplicity in the involved computation is well preserved when compared to other iterative‐based techniques. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mixed norm regularized recursive total least squares for group sparse system identification

A mixed l_p,0‐regularized recursive total least squares (RTLS) algorithm is considered for group sparse system identification. Regularized recursive least squares (RLS) has been successfully applied to group sparse system identification; however, the estimation performance in regularized RLS‐based algorithms deteriorates when both input and output are contaminated by noise (the error‐in‐variables problem). We propose an l_p,0‐RTLS algorithm to handle group sparse system identification with errors‐in‐variables. The proposed algorithm is an RLS‐like solution that utilizes l_p,0‐regularization. The proposed algorithm provides excellent performance as well as reduces the required complexity by effective inversion matrix handling. Simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed l_p,0‐regularized RTLS for a group sparse system identification setting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blind decoder‐assisted interference reduction for coded DS‐CDMA systems

We propose an iterative blind interference reduction strategy for short‐burst coded DS‐CDMA systems. The blind strategy works by creating a set of ‘training sequences’ in the receiver that are used as input to an interference reduction algorithm whose task is to produce a corresponding set of equalizers that attempt to recover the desired signal. To maintain a reasonable complexity level we develop a semi‐blind interference reduction algorithm that is capable of equalizing the received signal with a relatively small training sequence length (thus maintaining a small training sequence set). The objective then becomes to determine which equalizer from the generated set gives the best performance (smallest bit error). It is demonstrated that the success of this scheme depends greatly on the ability to find an appropriate criterion for picking the best equalizer. Of the tested criteria, one based on feedback from the decoder (essentially using trellis information) is shown to achieve nearly optimal performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于堆排序算法的MMC均压优化

针对模块化多电平换流器(Modular Multilevel Converter,MMC)子模块数量多,传统全排序运算量大的问题,提出了基于堆排序算法的MMC均压优化的新策略。通过对堆排序进行理论分析,推算出其时间复杂度数学公式,当子模块数量级数越大,推排序相对传统全排序的比较次数可降低60%以上,优化了排序运算速率;此外,为简化控制系统的复杂度,结合改进载波调制策略,采用共享调制波对子模块电容电压进行调制,改善了电压均衡的效果。通过Matlab/Simulink搭建模块化多电平换流器模型进行仿真分析,验证了基于堆排序算法并结合改进的载波调制的均压优化策略的有效性;在维持电压均衡效果的同时,相比传统全排序算法,堆排序算法有效解决了计算量大的问题。     

A 6‐Gbps/lane receiver for a clock‐forwarded link in 65‐nm CMOS process

For a 6‐Gbps/lane clock‐forwarded link, a wireline receiver has been developed. The phases of the sampling clocks are aligned to the center of the input data eye by a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. In the CDR circuit, the sampling clock phases are rotated by a phase rotating phase locked loop (PLL). A three‐tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) compensates for the loss of cable together with a continuous‐time linear equalizer (CTLE) to ensure sufficient eye opening for the CDR circuit to find the optimum sampling phase. The DFE coefficients are adaptively calculated based on the data and edge samples. Implemented in a 65‐nm CMOS process, the three‐lane 6‐Gbps/lane receiver for a clock‐forwarded link occupies 0.63 mm² including pads and consumes 288 mA from a 1.2‐V supply. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convergence analysis of blind image deconvolution via dispersion minimization

A new non‐linear adaptive filter called blind image deconvolution via dispersion minimization has recently been proposed for restoring noisy blurred images blindly. This is essentially a two‐dimensional version of the constant modulus algorithm that is well known in the field of blind equalization. The two‐dimensional extension has been shown capable of reconstructing noisy blurred images using partial a priori information about the true image and the point spread function in a variety of situations by means of simulations. This paper analyses the behaviour of the algorithm by investigating the static properties of the cost function and the dynamic convergence of the parameter estimates. The theoretical results are supported with computer simulations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FIR fuzzy equalizer design for nonlinear channels LMI-based fuzzy approach

In this paper an LMI based fuzzy methodology for nonlinear channel equalization from an H _∞ perspective is proposed. According to Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling concept, the discrete-time nonlinear channel can be constructed by the piecewise linear subsystems. The FIR fuzzy equalizer design for nonlinear channel is transformed into standard linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem, and the coefficients of the equalizer are obtained by solving LMIs. Besides, the stability of T-S fuzzy system has been investigated based on Lyapunov approach. Finally, simulation result is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

Adaptive state feedback control by orthogonal approximation functions

For a class of feedback linearizable systems a state feedback adaptive control based on orthogonal approximation functions is designed, under the assumption of matching conditions for the uncertainties and of known bounds on a given compact set for the unknown non‐linear function. By virtue of Bessel inequality, the bound on the unknown non‐linear function gives a bound on the norm of the optimal weight vector for any choice of the number of approximating functions, which allows us to design a robust state feedback adaptive scheme with parameter projections. The resulting control algorithm has several advantages over available schemes: it does not require a priori bounds on the approximation error and on the optimal weight vector; it is repeatable, since the set of initial conditions for the state and the parameter estimates from which a class of reference signals is tracked is explicitly given; it characterizes the L_∞ and L₂ performance of the tracking error in terms of both the approximation and the parameter estimation error; it gives full flexibility in the choice of the number of approximating orthogonal functions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved hypothesis-feedback equalization algorithm for multicode direct-sequence spread-spectrum underwater communications

In underwater acoustic communication, because the available bandwidth of the channel is severely limited, the direct-sequence spread-spectrum scheme can only be realized at low bit rates. To improve the transmission speed, a multicode spread-spectrum scheme is considered. However, in this case, due to the rapid time-variability of the underwater channel, and the influence of inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-channel interference (ICI), the conventional rake receiver may fail to function. The hypothesis-feedback equalization algorithm has been proposed for the direct-sequence spread-spectrum system [1]. By updating coefficients at chip rate and feeding back hypothesized chips, it can track time-variability and combat ISI effectively. However, for a multicode system, its performance will be degraded by ICI. An improved algorithm is proposed in this paper, which combines parallel interference cancellation (PIC) with hypothesis-feedback equalization (HFE), with the capabilities of tracking the time-varying channel and suppressing the ISI and ICI at the same time. Simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the performance of a multicode system. Translated from Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2006, 24(6): 726–729 [译自: 西北工业大学学报]     

通用数据链并行Laguerre盲均衡算法

为解决深衰落信道中传统盲均衡算法存在的长抽头系数和高误码率的问题,提出通用数据链并行Laguerre盲均衡算法。在分析通用数据链信号的基础上,引入Laguerre滤波器替代FIR滤波器,以较短的抽头系数逼近长脉冲序列响应;同时借助判决引导算法和分数间隔思想,加快了算法的收敛速度;利用均衡输出的平方期望直接作为自适应步长模块的修正变量,进一步提升了新算法的均衡性能。实验结果表明,新算法减少了均衡器抽头系数,拥有更快的收敛速度和更低的误码率。     

Double‐Switch Series‐Resonant Cell‐Voltage Equalizer Using a Voltage Multiplier for Series‐Connected Energy Storage Cells

Series connections of energy storage cells, such as lithium‐ion cells and electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), require cell‐voltage equalizers to ensure years of operation. Conventional equalizers require multiple switches, magnetic components, and/or secondary windings of a multiwinding transformer in proportion to the number of series connections, which usually makes them complex, expensive, bulky, and less extendable with increasing series connections. A double‐switch series‐resonant equalizer using a voltage multiplier is proposed in this paper. The double‐switch operation without a multiwinding transformer achieves simplified circuitry and good modularity at reduced size and cost, compared to conventional equalizers. Operational analyses were separately performed for the following two functional parts of the proposed equalizer: a series‐resonant inverter and a voltage multiplier. The mathematical analyses derived a dc‐equivalent circuit of the proposed equalizer, with which simulation analyses of even an hour's duration can be completed in an instant. Simulation analyses were separately performed for both the original and equivalent circuits. The simulation results of the derived circuit correlated well with those of the original circuit, thus verifying the derived dc‐equivalent circuit. A 5‐W prototype of the proposed equalizer was built for eight cells connected in series and an experimental equalization was performed for series‐connected EDLCs from an initially voltage‐imbalanced condition. The voltage imbalance was gradually eliminated over time, and the standard deviation in the cell voltages decreased to approximately 5 mV at the end of the experiment, thus demonstrating the equalization performance of the proposed equalizer.     

Fractionally spaced spatial adaptive equalization of S‐UMTS mobile terminals

In this paper we present fractionally spaced adaptive equalization techniques and space diversity combined receiver and evaluate their performance for the downlink of S‐UMTS system. The conventional ‘training’ (or non‐blind) and the ‘unsupervised’ (or blind) adaptive equalization algorithms are both investigated. Simulation results show that the equalizers are robust to Doppler shift and non‐linearity effects due to TWT amplifiers aboard the satellite. It is also shown that even with a moderate array size of two antenna elements, a significant improvement in terminal performance is achieved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.