芬顿工艺减少酸碱用量的实验研究

传统的芬顿反应必须反复调节废水pH,对其进行了优化,利用吸附材料作为酸的载体,在其表面发生芬顿反应来减少酸碱的用量。并利用该优化方法对模拟的亚甲基蓝染料废水进行脱色研究,实验表明:酸性沸石的投加量10 g/L,FeSO_4·7H_2O投加量150 mg/L,30%H_2O_2投加量3mL/L,反应时间30 min,最佳脱色率为99.4%。     

UV/负载型TiO_2光催化剂降解染料废水的试验研究

对UV/负载型TiO_2光催化剂氧化染料废水的能力进行研究,确定负载型TiO_2/AC光催化剂催化氧化处理偶氮废水水样的最佳实验条件。采用紫外光催化氧化装置,以自配模拟染料废水水样为处理对象,通过试验分析催化剂投加量、pH值、曝气量和外加氧化剂投加量对催化氧化活性艳红X-3B染料水样的处理效果。在催化剂浓度为10g/L,pH=3,保持曝气量为0.6m~3/L时,另外滴加1ml/L(30%)的H_2O_2,处理质量浓度为50mg/L的染料废水,其脱色率达86.9%。TiO_2/AC光催化降解活性艳红X-3B染料水样的效果较好,催化剂投加量、pH值、曝气量和外加氧化剂对处理效果影响较大。     

厌氧—好氧MBR组合工艺处理蒽醌活性染料废水

采用厌氧-好氧膜生物反应器组合工艺处理蒽醌活性染料废水,考察了处理效果。结果表明,组合工艺对蒽醌染料废水中COD的平均去除率为90％,脱色率平均为48％;当进水染料浓度为100mg／L时系统的脱色率最高（为62％）;投加MnSO4可提高系统的脱色率。     

模拟太阳光下CdS/TiO_2/ACFs法处理染料废水的试验研究

以模拟太阳光的氙灯为光源进行光催化氧化试验,分析在氙灯下CdS/TiO_2/ACFs复合半导体对活性艳红X-3B染料废水的处理效果。采用自制活性艳红X-3B溶液模拟染料废水,分别考察了反应时间、CdS/TiO_2配比、催化剂投加量等各单因素对染料废水处理效果的影响。氙灯照射下,CdS/TiO_2/ACFs复合半导体对色度为255倍、COD为478 mg/L的活性艳红X-3B染料废水,脱色率可达98%,COD去除率可达86%。     

混凝沉淀法预处理蒸氨残液试验研究

采用混凝沉淀法对焦化废水蒸氨残液进行预处理,通过单因素优化试验,考察了PAFC投加量、FeCl_3投加量、PAM投加量和反应初始pH等影响因素对废水COD、色度的去除效果和沉淀后絮体形成量及特性,确定各影响因素的最佳运行条件。研究结果表明,当PAFC投加量为2 500mg/L、FeCl_3投加量为350mg/L、PAM投加量为3mg/L、反应pH值为9时,反应达到最佳反应条件,对焦化废水蒸氨残液的COD、色度去除率分别为19.51%、70%左右。混凝沉淀处理降低了废水的有机物浓度,提高了废水的可生化性。     

新型脱色絮凝剂在印染废水处理中的应用研究

以二乙烯三胺、环氧氯丙烷、硫酸铝为原料,制得一种新型脱色絮凝剂。以活性艳蓝X-BR、活性艳红X-3B、酸性大红GR模拟染料废水以及实际印染废水为处理对象,考察了自制絮凝剂对废水色度和COD的去除效果,并与聚合氯化铝、硫酸亚铁等常规混凝剂进行了应用性能比较。结果表明,自制絮凝剂对三种模拟废水的脱色率均高于聚合氯化铝;以中试规模处理综合印染废水调节池原水时,使用自制絮凝剂时脱色率最高,而使用硫酸亚铁时对COD的去除率最大;处理综合印染废水的好氧出水时,自制絮凝剂对COD和色度的去除性能均优于聚合氯化铝,投加量为70mg/L时,出水COD值可降至71.7 mg/L、色度降至8倍。     

纳米TiO2光催化剂多面球填料对印染废水的脱色效果

采用偶联剂将纳米TiO2光催化剂固定于聚丙烯多面小球上,制成纳米TiO2光催化剂填料球,用其处理印染废水,考察了填料球的投加量、紫外灯功率及H2O2投加量对废水脱色效果的影响。结果表明：处理120 L废水,当填料球的投加量为1 000个、紫外灯功率为4×30 W、30%浓度的H2O2投量为100 mL、反应120 min时,对废水的脱色效果最佳,脱色率为97.8%。     

优化恒压死端过滤方法筛选抗膜污染药剂

为研究采用恒压死端过滤方法初选MBR中抗膜污染药剂的可靠性,考察了在搅拌或不同曝气时间条件下,投加不同剂量高分子絮凝剂的活性污泥的静态过滤性能,确定了曝气10min为最佳扰动时间;同时表明,投加高分子絮凝剂可使污泥絮体尺寸增加、Zeta电位升高、上清液中的SMP浓度降低。另外,恒压死端过滤得出的絮凝剂最佳投加量为400 mg/L,这对减缓MBR的膜污染有积极的指导作用。在试验条件下,向MBR中投加400 mg/L的高分子絮凝剂,可使膜污染速率降为对照MBR的74.88%。     

铁催化内电解法预处理染料中间体废水的研究

研究了铁催化内电解法对染料中间体废水的预处理效果,考察了初始pH、曝气时间、铁投加量、催化反应时间等因素的影响。结果表明,在初始pH值为4、曝气时间为3 h、铁投加量为100 g/L、催化反应时间为30~60 m in的条件下,预处理效果最佳,对COD和色度的去除率可分别达到58.51%和89.07%,废水的COD浓度和色度可分别从5 047 mg/L和6 832倍降至2 094mg/L和747倍。     

纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化降解苯酚废水实验

开展实验室模拟苯酚废水的二氧化钛光催化氧化实验。结果表明：在苯酚废水曝气量为0～3L/min的条件下,随着曝气量的增大,COD去除率先增大后减小;初始浓度不变,光照时间为1h的条件下, 调节pH值在3～11,苯酚废水COD去除率随着pH值的增大而减小,当pH值为11时, COD去除率又开始增 大,酸性条件比碱性条件下COD去除率高;随着二氧化钛投加量的增加,COD去除率增大,当二氧化钛投加量 为10g/L时,COD去除率反而降低,二氧化钛最佳投加量为3g/L;随着苯酚废水初始浓度由75mg/L增加至300mg/L,COD去除率由78.2％降低到58.1％;反应温度的改变对COD和TOC的去除率没有影响。     

投加颗粒活性炭对膜生物反应器过滤特性的影响

膜污染是制约膜技术应用的重要因素。向膜生物反应器(MBR)中投加颗粒活性炭(GAC),通过分析MBR系统中膜通量、过滤阻力等的变化,考察投加GAC对MBR系统过滤特性的影响。结果表明,运行30d后,未投加和投加GAC的MBR系统的膜通量分别降至初始的31.3%和91.7%;未投加GAC系统的总过滤阻力和极化阻力分别为投加GAC系统的5.8和19.4倍,其污泥的多糖和蛋白质含量为投加GAC系统的近2倍,而其胶体物质和溶解性物质浓度分别为投加GAC系统的3.2和2.2倍。由此表明,投加GAC可大大减缓膜污染,延长膜的过滤周期。     

改性沸石预涂层改善超滤膜通量研究

采用改性粉末沸石对超滤膜表面进行预涂层,研究了预涂层工艺对改善膜通量的作用与机理,结果表明:沸石经酸法改性后,比表面积增加,表面负电性降低,是合适的涂层物质。改性粉末沸石与超滤膜联用对有机物的去除具有协同作用,在改性沸石涂层量为300mg/L的条件下,对CODMn的去除率为29.6%,对UV254的去除率为21.8%,比原水经膜直接过滤有较大程度提高。沸石预涂层能够使膜表面和膜孔内的有机物浓度降低,因而维持较高膜通量,有效防止了膜污染。改性沸石预涂层主要增加了对分子质量<3000u有机物的去除率,这对提高膜通量的贡献较大。表面呈弱负电性的改性沸石能够形成结构松散、孔隙较大的滤饼层,反冲洗时容易被冲洗掉,膜通量能够得到很好恢复。     

投加粉末活性炭对膜阻力的影响研究

小试和中试研究结果表明：粉末活性炭在膜生物反应器系统中具有改善泥水泥合液的性质和膜表面泥饼层结构的作用,从而减小了膜的过滤阻力,减缓了膜通量的下降。向膜生物反应器内投加粉末活性炭是提高和维持膜通量的有效途径,并且可以降低运行费用。     

Membrane performance enhancer evaluations on pilot- and full-scale membrane bioreactors

Recently developed polymeric membrane performance enhancer product, MPE50, was tested in various pilot‐ and full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The Initial MPE50 dosage was determined by visual jar tests and by using various bench‐top filtration tests. Different amounts of MPE50 were dosed, and the particle size and supernatant clarity of the mixed liquor were monitored visually. Bench‐top filtration tests were also conducted. A 50% higher MPE50 dosage is recommended to be added to the pilot/full‐scale bioreactors because, based on experience, some of the soluble microbial products in the mixed liquor do not completely react with polymer during the relatively short bench‐test mixing time interval. With the addition of 400 mg/L MPE50 to a pilot MBR, the design flow was increased twofold without any significant transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase for 1 day. The control TMP surged within a few hours without MPE50. Long‐term field trials in a full‐scale plant also showed a substantial flux increase. In addition to flux enhancement, MPE50 helped to remove foam from the bioreactors and improved plant aesthetics, safety and general operating performance.     

纳米TiO_2改性膜生物反应器处理污水的研究

采用啧涂纳米TiO2的方法对聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）微滤膜进行改性,用改性膜生物反应器（MBR）和非改性MBR处理污水,对比了两者的出水水质、膜通量和膜过滤阻力。结果表明,两套MBR的出水水质均可达到《生活杂用水水质标准》（CJ25．1—89）的要求;纳米TiO2改善了膜表面的亲水性和粗糙度,从而使改性MBR的清水膜过滤阻力和不同抽吸压力下的膜过滤阻力均低于非改性MBR的,而其在不同抽吸压力下的稳定膜通量则高于非改性MBR的。     

Biological black water treatment combined with membrane separation

Separate treatment of black (toilet) water offers the possibility to recover energy and nutrients. In this study three combinations of biological treatment and membrane filtration were compared for their biological and membrane performance and nutrient conservation: a UASB followed by effluent membrane filtration, an anaerobic MBR and an aerobic MBR. Methane production in the anaerobic systems was lower than expected. Sludge production was highest in the aerobic MBR, followed by the anaerobic MBR and the UASB-membrane system. The level of nutrient conservation in the effluent was high in all three treatment systems, which is beneficial for their recovery from the effluent. Membrane treatment guaranteed an effluent which is free of suspended and colloidal matter. However, the concentration of soluble COD in the effluent still was relatively high and this may seriously hamper subsequent nutrient recovery by physical-chemical processes. The membrane filtration behaviour of the three systems was very different, and seemed to be dominated by the concentration of colloidals in the membrane feed. In general, membrane fouling was the lowest in the aerobic MBR, followed by the membranes used for UASB effluent filtration and the anaerobic MBR.     

Novel magnetically induced membrane vibration (MMV) for fouling control in membrane bioreactors

Conventional submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) rely on the coarse bubbles aeration to generate shear at the liquid-membrane interface to limit membrane fouling. Unfortunately, it is a very energy consuming method, still often resulting in a rapid decrease of membrane permeability and consequently in higher expenses. In this paper, the feasibility of a novel magnetically induced membrane vibration (MMV) system was studied in a lab-scale MBR treating synthetic wastewater. The effects on membrane fouling of applied electrical power of different operation strategies, of membrane flux and of the presence of multiple membranes on one vibrating engine on membrane fouling were investigated. The filtration performance was evaluated by determining the filtration resistance profiles and critical flux. The results showed clear advantages of the vibrating system over conventional MBR processes by ensuring higher fluxes at lower fouling rates. Intermittent vibration was found a promising strategy for both efficient fouling control and significant energy saving. The optimised MMV system is presumed to lead to significant energy and cost reduction in up-scaled MBR operations.     

Enhancement of filterability in MBR achieved by improvement of supernatant and floc characteristics via filter aids addition

Reduction of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBR) by addition of three typical filter aids (aluminum sulfate (Al(2)(SO(4))(3)), polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and Chitosan) was investigated. The effects of filter aids on membrane pore blocking, gel layer and cake layer resistance were analyzed respectively. Significant improvement of the sustainable filtration was demonstrated in the filter aids added MBRs. The membrane fouling rate of the MBRs operated under 20L/m(2)h flux was in the order of Control MBR (no filter aid added)>Al(2)(SO(4))(3) added MBR>Chitosan added MBR>PFS added MBR. Membrane inner fouling due to pore blocking was analyzed by means of Fourier-transform infrared microscope (FTIR). Compared to the control MBR, significantly low protein and carbohydrate concentrations were measured in the membranes of the filter aids added MBRs, indicating that filter aids could effectively alleviate membrane pore blocking. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis suggested that both the concentration and molecular weight distribution of the macromolecules in supernatant play an important role in gel layer formation and loss of membrane porosity. The reduction of fouling rate in the filter aids added MBRs could be attributed to lower concentration and reduction in molecular weight of macromolecules in supernatant. The specific cake resistance (alpha(c)), mean floc size (d(p)) and fractal dimension of the flocs (df) in the filter aids added MBRs were also investigated. It was demonstrated that alpha(c) decreased with the increase of d(p) and with the decrease of df, which is in consistent with the model prediction.     

Membrane bioreactor for the drinking water treatment of polluted surface water supplies

A laboratory membrane bioreactor (MBR) using a submerged polyethylene hollow-fibre membrane module with a pore size of 0.4 microm and a total surface area of 0.2 m2 was used for treating a raw water supply slightly polluted by domestic sewage. The feeding influent had a total organic carbon (TOC) level of 3-5 mg/L and an ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) concentration of 3-4 mg/L. The MBR ran continuously for more than 500 days, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) as short as 1h or less. Sufficient organic degradation and complete nitrification were achieved in the MBR effluent, which normally had a TOC of less than 2 mg/L and a NH(3)-N of lower than 0.2 mg/L. The process was also highly effective for eliminating conventional water impurities, as demonstrated by decreases in turbidity from 4.50+/-1.11 to 0.08+/-0.03 NTU, in total coliforms from 10(5)/mL to less than 5/mL and in UV(254) absorbance from 0.098+/-0.019 to 0.036+/-0.007 cm(-1). With the MBR treatment, the 3-day trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) was significantly reduced from 239.5+/-43.8 to 60.4+/-23.1 microg/L. The initial chlorine demand for disinfection decreased from 22.3+/-5.1 to 0.5+/-0. 1mg/L. The biostability of the effluent improved considerably as the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) decreased from 134.5+/-52.7 to 25.3+/-19.9 microg/L. All of these water quality parameters show the superior quality of the MBR-treated water, which was comparable to or even better than the local tap water. Molecular size distribution analysis and the hydrophobic characterisation of the MBR effluent, in comparison to the filtered liquor from the bioreactor, suggest that the MBR had an enhanced filtration mechanism. A sludge layer on the membrane surface could have functioned as an additional barrier to the passage of typical THM precursors, such as large organic molecules and hydrophobic compounds. These results indicate that the MBR with a short HRT could be developed as an effective biological water treatment process to address the urgent need of many developing countries that are plagued by the serious contamination of surface water resources.     

膜法水处理技术的最新进展

详细介绍了2007年5月在英国Harrogate召开的“第4届IWA国际膜会议：膜法水与废水处理”的情况。对会议发表的宣读论文。从膜生物反应器、微污染水的低压膜过滤和NF／RO等方面进行了讨论，介绍了最近两年来国际上相关领域的最新研究进展。从此次膜会议来看，膜生物反应器尤其是好氧膜生物反应器仍是目前研究的热点，其中针对膜污染的机理、应对措施以及MBR节能降耗的研究最多，并取得了很多新的认识和切实有效的措施。