气象因子在海河流域蒸发悖论中的作用机理

蒸发是水文循环的重要环节。利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法检测了海河流域1961-2006年蒸发皿蒸发量的演变趋势。结果表明:海河流域蒸发皿蒸发量呈现出显著的下降趋势。利用相关分析、偏相关分析和主成分分析方法,研究了蒸发皿蒸发量与平均气温、相对湿度、平均风速和日照时数4种气象因子之间的关系。基于这4种气象因子,建立了模拟蒸发皿蒸发量的经验公式(E-THWS公式),并利用这一公式的微分形式揭示了这4种气象因子在海河流域"蒸发悖论"中的作用。结果表明:平均气温和相对湿度对海河流域蒸发皿蒸发量的增加作用要小于平均风速和日照时数的减少作用;平均风速的下降是蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因。     

南宁站蒸发皿蒸发变化特性及成因分析

基于南宁气象站1954-2012年气象数据,采用距平法、Mann-Kendall检验法、突变分析法及相关分析法等方法分析了蒸发皿蒸发的变化趋势以及蒸发皿蒸发与其他气象要素（降水、气温、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等）的相关性,识别影响蒸发皿蒸发变化的主导因素。结果表明：1954-2001年期间,蒸发皿蒸发主要呈现下降趋势;日照时数与蒸发皿蒸发的相关性最高,其次为风速和相对湿度,说明影响南宁站蒸发皿蒸发变化的主要因素是日照时数、风速及相对湿度。     

海河流域蒸发皿蒸发量变化及其影响

利用海河流域17个气象站1960-2012年气象资料,采用面板数据模型,分析海河流域蒸发皿蒸发量与相对湿度、风速、日照时数、平均气温、气温日较差的变化趋势及其回归关系,重点在于对海河流域"蒸发悖论"的影响因素进行分析,同时探究面板数据模型对水热平衡、气候变化的研究可行性,为水资源规划和管理提供科学参考。结果表明:(1)在1960-2012年间,海河流域的蒸发皿蒸发量以22.89mm/(10a)的速率呈现显著减少而气温以0.27℃/(10a)的速率呈上升趋势,该流域存在蒸发悖论现象。(2)利用面板数据模型对各数据进行单位根检验、Hausman检验和F检验,检验结果表明变系数固定效应模型更适用于海河流域蒸发皿蒸发量与其他气象因素的建模分析。(3)从单因子回归角度来看,日照时数对蒸发皿蒸发量变化的贡献值最大,然后依次是相对湿度、气温日较差、风速、平均气温;从全因子回归分析来看,蒸发皿蒸发量与相对湿度呈负相关关系,与日照时数、平均气温、气温日较差、风速呈正相关关系;从平均气温和气温日较差分别拟合的效果来看,平均气温更适合于该模型拟合;对比平均气温和日照时数的回归结果,全球变暗对蒸发皿蒸发量变化的贡献值大于全球变暖。     

新疆渭干河灌区气象要素对水面蒸发量影响程度的灰色关联分析

根据新和县气象站1990年至2003年小型蒸发皿蒸发量及相关常规气象观测资料,利用灰色关联度分析法分析了各气象要素对水面蒸发的影响程度,结果表明各气象要素对小型蒸发皿蒸发量的影响程度从大到小的排列顺序依次为气温＞日照时数＞风速＞相对湿度.望从气象因素角度出发,为灌区水资源优化调度提供参考.     

河南省近50年气候变化分析

选取河南省气象站1961-2010年共50年的平均气温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、无霜期、降水量、蒸发量等9种观测资料,对河南省和8个分区的气候变化的情况进行了分析。由分析可以看出,河南省年平均气温总体呈明显上升趋势,极端最高气温总体呈下降趋势,极端最低气温总体呈上升趋势,无霜期总体呈延长趋势,年降水量总体略呈上升趋势,年蒸发量总体呈明显下降趋势。8个分区和河南省变换趋势接近,但也略有不同。     

北江流域蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势分析

掌握北江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的变化规律,有助于更好地理解北江流域蒸发量对全球气候变化的区域响应过程。该文利用广东省北江流域1957—2005年的15个气象站逐月蒸发皿蒸发量、气温和日照时数等实测资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验方法,研究了北江流域蒸发皿蒸发量的变化趋势及原因。结果表明：在过去的近50年间,北江流域蒸发皿蒸发量总体上呈下降趋势,而气温则显著上升,日照时数下降造成的太阳总辐射的下降有可能是引起蒸发皿蒸发量下降的重要因素。     

额尔齐斯河流域蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势探讨

以乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所及额尔齐斯河流域富蕴、阿勒泰、哈巴河三个典型气象观测站1961~2011年逐日气象观测数据为支撑,采用线性倾向估计法、5年滑动平均法及累积距平法对额尔齐斯河流域近50年来上中下游蒸发皿蒸发量变动趋势进行分析,通过计算各气象因素与蒸发皿蒸发量之间的相关系数与显著性,探讨了导致该流域蒸发量不断下降的主要原因,结果表明,该流域蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因可能是地温上升、降水量减少、云量增加及水汽压降低。     

皖北地区“蒸发悖论”探讨

利用皖北地区及其周边16个气象站1961—2013年的气象数据,分析了53 a间蒸发皿蒸发量与气温的变化趋势及相互关系,并探讨了蒸发皿蒸发量变化的主要影响因子,并就皖北地区是否存在"蒸发悖论"现象进行了验证。结果表明:11961—2013年皖北地区的蒸发皿年蒸发量呈明显下降趋势,并在1972年左右发生突变,1972年之前下降速率为240 mm/10 a,1972年之后下降速率为39.5 mm/10 a,年均气温整体上呈先降后升的趋势,1993年后上升趋势变缓;2皖北地区的"蒸发悖论"现象在年和季节尺度上都是存在的;31973—2013年,风速和日照时数的减小是造成蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要影响因子,也是出现"蒸发悖论"现象的主要原因,而1972年之前日照时数减小和气温降低是造成蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要影响因子。     

河北省夏玉米生育期气象要素变化特征及相关性

为深入探究气象要素与夏玉米产量的关系, 根据逐日气象数据、逐年作物数据, 采用气候倾向率、M2K 突变检验及相关性检验等方法对河北省夏玉米气象产量及相关气象要素变化特征进行分析, 在此基础上探讨两者相关性 及作用程度。结果显示: 河北省平均、最高、最低气温呈显著上升趋势, 日照时数、降水量、相对湿度、风速则呈显著下降趋势; 1960- 2017 年河北省夏玉米气象产量以每 10 年- 568 kg/ hm2 速度显著减少; 气象产量与平均气温、最 高气温、最低气温负相关, 与日照时数、降水量、相对湿度、风速正相关; 降水量、最低气温、风速是影响河北省夏玉米气象产量的关键气象要素, 最高气温和日照时数对夏玉米气象产量影响较小。研究成果可为优化农业资源结构, 促进地区农业可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

近59 a黄河流域蒸发量变化规律及影响因素

为分析气候变化背景下黄河流域蒸发量变化特征及其影响因素,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall突变检验分析和经验正交分解等方法对1961—2019年黄河流域95个气象观测站蒸发皿蒸发量变化进行分析。结果表明:近59 a黄河流域蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,全流域平均气候倾向率为-60.4 mm/10 a;2004年以后,蒸发量下降趋势加剧(气候倾向率为-219.4 mm/10 a);夏季下降趋势相对明显,春、夏、秋、冬气候倾向率分别为-12.7、-24.5、-10.4、-1.9 mm/10 a;不同河段蒸发量下降趋势不同,上、中、下游的气候倾向率分别为-59.3、-49.2、-74.9 mm/10 a。流域内蒸发量气候变化趋势存在两种空间分布模态:一致性分布模态和中部与东部、西部反位相的分布模态。通过偏相关、灰色关联度和多元回归分析发现,影响流域年蒸发皿蒸发量的主要因素有年均气温日较差、年日照时数、年降水量和相对湿度。     

Changes of pan evaporation in the upper reach of the Yangtze River

The upper reach of the Yangtze River,4511 km long from west to east, contains a great amount of water resources of the Yangtze River Basin.This article studies the characteristics of the pan evaporation, the related meteorological variables, and their effects on the pan evaporation, based on the data of the daily pan evaporation (1980-2008) and other meteorological variables (1961-2008).The results show that the linear trend of the pan evaporation has remarkable regional features, i.e., the decrease trend in the southwest and the increase trend in the northeast of the investigated region, and the Yangtze River is approximately the boundary of these trends.The meteorological variables have different effects on the pan evaporation depending on the fact that they are in the category the thermal variables or the dynamic variables.The thermal meteorological variables (i.e., air temperature, diurnal temperature range,and sunshine duration) have positive partial correlations with the pan evaporation,while the dynamic ones (air pressure,rainfall,and relateive humidity) have negative correlations with the pan evaporation.The correlation of the wind speed remains to be investigated.     

Estimation of Daily Pan Evaporation Using Two Different Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Computing Techniques

This paper investigates the ability of two different adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) including grid partitioning (GP) and subtractive clustering (SC), in modeling daily pan evaporation (E_pan). The daily climatic variables, air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation and relative humidity of two automated weather stations, San Francisco and San Diego, in California State are used for pan evaporation estimation. The results of ANFIS-GP and ANFIS-SC models are compared with multivariate non-linear regression (MNLR), artificial neural network (ANN), Stephens-Stewart (SS) and Penman models. Determination coefficient (R²), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute relative error (MARE) are used to evaluate the performance of the applied models. Comparison of results indicates that both ANFIS-GP and ANFIS-SC are superior to the MNLR, ANN, SS and Penman in modeling E_pan. The results also show that the difference between the performances of ANFIS-GP and ANFIS-SC is not significant in evaporation estimation. It is found that two different ANFIS models could be employed successfully in modeling evaporation from available climatic data.     

Pan Evaporation Modeling Using Neural Computing Approach for Different Climatic Zones

The purpose of this study was to develop and apply the neural networks models to estimate daily pan evaporation (PE) for different climatic zones such as temperate and arid climatic zones, Republic of Korea and Iran. Three kinds of the neural networks models, namely multilayer perceptron-neural networks model (MLP-NNM), generalized regression neural networks model (GRNNM), and support vector machine-neural networks model (SVM-NNM), were used to estimate daily PE. The available climatic variables, consisted of mean air temperature (T_mean), mean wind speed (U_mean), sunshine duration (SD), mean relative humidity (RH_mean), and extraterrestrial radiation (R_a) were used to estimate daily PE using the various input combinations of climate variables. The measurements for the period of January 1985?CDecember 1990 (Republic of Korea) and January 2002?CDecember 2008 (Iran) were used for training and testing the employed neural networks models. The results obtained by SVM-NNM indicated that it performs better than MLP-NNM and GRNNM for estimating daily PE. A comparison was also made among the employed models, which demonstrated the superiority of MLP-NNM, GRNNM, and SVM-NNM over Linacre model and multiple linear regression model (MLRM).     

干旱区平原水库模拟蒸发量试验研究

干旱区平原水库水面蒸发是平原水库水量损失的重要组成部分,由于水库面积大,采用常规蒸发皿测定的蒸发量与水库实际蒸发量特征不相符。为了准确模拟干旱区平原水库蒸发量,开展了模拟水库的小面积水域蒸发试验,通过水位测针测量蒸发池的蒸发量,并与蒸发皿蒸发量进行比较。试验结果表明,在实际蒸发量中,蒸发池的蒸发量波动较大,蒸发皿蒸发速率比水面蒸发速率高9.1%。蒸发皿蒸发量与水面蒸发量的比值呈现先下降后上升的趋势;蒸发池水面蒸发量主要受到温度、净辐射、风速、饱和水汽压差影响;蒸发皿水体容量小,与蒸发池相比水体热容量较小,因此与大气交换更加快速,受净辐射和气温日较差影响较大。     

Climate change trend and its effects on reference evapotranspiration at Linhe Station,Hetao Irrigation District

Linhe National Meteorological Station, a representative weather station in the Hetao Irrigation District of China, was selected as the research site for the present study. Changes in climatic variables and reference evapotranspiration （ET0 ） （estimated by the Penman-Monteith method） were detected using Mann-Kendall tests and Sen＇s slope estimator, respectively. The authors analyzed the relationship between the ET0 change and each climatic variable＇s change. From 1954 to 2012, the air temperature showed a significant increasing trend, whereas relative humidity and wind speed decreased dramatically. These changes resulted in a slight increase in ETo. The radiative component of total ET0 increased from 50% to 57%, indicating that this component made a greater contribution to the increase in total ETo than the aerodynamic component, especially during the crop growing season （from April to October）. The sensitivity analysis showed that ETo in Hetao is most sensitive to mean daily air temperature （11.8%）, followed by wind speed （-7.3%） and relative humidity （4.8%）. Changes in sunshine duration had only a minor effect on ET0 over the past 59 years.     

基于GPR、CatBoost、XGBoost三种模型预测江西地区水面蒸发量

水面蒸发量是水资源规划与管理、农业灌溉设计和水文模拟等方面的基础数据,它是水量平衡计算中的关键要素。为了提高水面蒸发量的预测精度,选用了3种经验模型和3种学习机模型预测江西地区水面蒸发量,3种学习机模型包括GPR模型、XGBoost模型和CatBoost模型。依据江西地区2001-2015年16个气象站的逐日气象资料,如最高(低)气温、全球太阳辐射、地外太阳辐射、相对湿度和风速,构建10种不同的输入参数,通过对4种统计指标（R²、RMSE、MBE、MAE）的大小进行评估来评价模型的模拟精度。结果表明：当气象资料充足时,推荐CatBoost 10模型为江西地区水面蒸发量的预测模型,该模型在验证期的R²、RMSE、MBE、MAE值分别为0.744、0.842、0.006、0.633 mm/d;在输入组合相同的条件下,3种学习机模型的模拟精度均优于相应的经验模型。通过研究对比提高了江西地区水面蒸发量模型预测的精度。     

京津冀地区近 55 年气候演变特征分析

基于京津冀地区22个气象站1961-2015年的逐月气候资料,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变检测、Morlet小波分析、反距离权重插值(IDW)等方法,研究了近55a来京津冀地区气象要素的时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区整体呈现出降水减少、气温上升、日照减少、相对湿度降低、风速下降的趋势。(2)各气候要素都在1979-1989年间发生了突变,年降水在1996年发生了第二次突变。(3)各气候要素均表现出多时间尺度耦合的复杂特性,其第一主周期尺度介于8~25a之间。(4)年均温由南向北递减,中、西部为升温速率的高值区;降水及其变率均自东向西递减;日照时数由南向北递增,而其变率则与之相反;相对湿度由东南向西北递减,其变率则由西南向东北递减;平均风速及其变率的高值中心均为张北和塘沽。     

Temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to meteorological factors in Heihe River Basin,China

On the basis of daily meteorological data from 15 meteorological stations in the Heihe River Basin(HRB) during the period from 1959 to 2012, long-term trends of reference evapotranspiration(ET0) and key meteorological factors that affect ET0 were analyzed using the MannKendall test. The evaporation paradox was also investigated at 15 meteorological stations. In order to explore the contribution of key meteorological factors to the temporal variation of ET0, a sensitivity coefficient method was employed in this study. The results show that:(1) mean annual air temperature significantly increased at all 15 meteorological stations, while the mean annual ET0 decreased at most of sites;(2) the evaporation paradox did exist in the HRB, while the evaporation paradox was not continuous in space and time; and(3) relative humidity was the most sensitive meteorological factor with regard to the temporal variation of ET0 in the HRB, followed by wind speed, air temperature, and solar radiation. Air temperature and solar radiation contributed most to the temporal variation of ET0 in the upper reaches; solar radiation and wind speed were the determining factors for the temporal variation of ET0 in the middle-lower reaches.