Application of Continuously Frequency-Tunable 0.4 THz Gyrotron to Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for 600 MHz Solid-State NMR

In this paper we present results that demonstrate the utility of a continuously frequency-tunable 0.4 THz-gyrotron in a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy at one of the highest magnetic fields, B ₀ = 14.1 T (600 MHz for ¹H Larmor frequency). Our gyrotron called FU CW VI generates sub-mm wave at a frequency near 0.4 THz with an output power of 4–25 W and a tunability over a range of more than 1 GHz by sweeping the magnetic field at the gyrotron cavity. We observed overall down shifting of the central frequency by up to ~1 GHz at high radiation duty factors and beam current, presumably due to the cavity thermal expansion by a heating, but the tunable range was not significantly changed. The frequency tunability facilitated the optimization of the DNP resonance condition without time-consuming field-sweep of the high-resolution NMR magnet, and enabled us to observe substantial enhancement of the SSNMR signal (ε _DNP = 12 at 90 K).     

0.42THz频率连续可调同轴回旋管

作为目前工作在太赫兹频段输出功率最大的辐射源之一回旋管的功率可达到数十千瓦. 传统太赫兹回旋管一般为点频工作,难以满足动态核极化核磁共振等多方面技术需要。采用机械调节的方式,实现了带宽为2GHz中心频率为0.42THz二次谐波频率连续可调同轴回旋管,通过非线性理论分析发现,在不改变工作磁场条件下,在调节带宽范围内,可实现大于8kW的功率输出.     

Simultaneous Stabilization of Gyrotron Frequency and Power by PID Double Feedback Control on the Acceleration and Anode Voltages

In this paper, we present the results of simultaneous stabilization of both the frequency and the output power by a double PID feedback control on the acceleration and anode voltages in the 460-GHz gyrotron FU CW GVI, also known as “Gyrotron FU CW GO-1” (according to the nomenclature adopted at Osaka University). The approach used in the experiments is based on the modulation of the cyclotron frequency and the pitch factor (velocity ratio) of the electron beam by varying the acceleration and the anode voltages, respectively. In a long-term experiment, the frequency and power stabilities were made to be better than ±10^?6 and ±1%, respectively.     

Linear and Non-Linear Inserts for Genuinely Wideband Continuous Frequency Tunable Coaxial Gyrotron Cavities

We consider two continuous frequency tunable CW coaxial gyrotron oscillators, one 330 GHz with 3 GHz bandwidth and output power 50 – 400 W for scientific applications and one 30 GHz with 0.4 GHz bandwidth and output power 40 – 140 kW for industrial applications. The continuous tuning of both gyrotrons is achieved by moving the linearly tapered inner conductor in the axial direction in combination with the proper adjustment of the operating magnetic field. We consider also a non-linear tapering, which makes it possible to reduce the length of the insert and to improve efficiency of the device.     

Detailed Consideration of Experimental Results of Gyrotron FU CW II Developed as a Radiation Source for DNP-NMR Spectroscopy

A CW gyrotron for the sensitivity enhancement of NMR spectroscopy through dynamic nuclear polarization has been designed. The gyrotron operates at the second harmonic and frequency of 394.6 GHz with the main operating mode TE_0,6. Operating conditions of other neighboring cavity modes such as TE_2,6 at frequency of 392.6 GHz and TE_2,3 at frequency of 200.7 GHz were also considered. The experimental conditions of the gyrotron at low and high voltages are simulated. The output power of 56 watts corresponds to the efficiency of 2 percent at low voltage operation and frequency of 394.6 GHz is expected.     

一种超低电压宽带调谐太赫兹回旋管互作用结构

低电压频率可调太赫兹回旋管在生物医学和波谱学等领域具有重要应用。文章分析了超低电压(<1 kV)下采用传统开放腔互作用电路的330 GHz 回旋管输出功率和频率调谐特性,探讨了超低电压下由于电子相对论效应减弱而导致的回旋管中电子注-波互作用耦合强度降低的问题。在此基础上,针对330 GHz 超低电压回旋管提出了一种改进的互作用电路结构,其下倾式尾端结构有助于增大反向波幅度,提高弱相对论电子注与电磁波之间的耦合强度,从而提高回旋管的输出效率及频率调谐带宽。非线性模拟结果表明,在低至0.3 kV 的超低电压下,采用此种互作用电路结构仍可获得大于1 W 的连续波输出功率及22 GHz 的连续调谐带宽,峰值输出效率大于7%。     

Development of second harmonic gyrotrons,Gyrotron FU CW GII and Gyrotron FU CW GIII,equipped with internal mode converters

Second harmonic gyrotrons, Gyrotron FU CW GII and Gyrotron FU CW GIII, were developed at the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, Japan to achieve two goals. Each gyrotron was equipped with an internal quasi-optical mode converter. Using Gyrotron FU CW GII allowed the design of the cavity and mode converter to be validated, which was the first goal. After that, Gyrotron FU CW GIII, which is an improved version of Gyrotron FU CW GII, allowed us to achieve a high power output of up to 420 W, which was the second goal, with a cathode voltage setting of ?21 kV and a beam current of 0.57 A. This was achieved using a newly developed electron gun and with the careful sitting of the gyrotron on the magnet.     

Terahertz Gyrotrons at IAP RAS: Status and New Designs

Powerful gyrotrons with radiation frequencies in the range 0.33–0.65 THz were demonstrated at the IAP as early as in the 1970–1980s. This trend has recently been renewed in connection with a significant increase in interest in terahertz frequency range. In the course of new experiments, the radiation frequency of pulsed gyrotrons was increased up to 1.3 THz and 1 THz at the fundamental and third cyclotron harmonics, respectively. In addition, gyrotrons operated in CW regime with a frequency of 0.3 THz for technological applications (in collaboration with the University of Fukui, Japan) and 0.26 THz for the dynamic nuclear polarization at a high-field NMR were implemented. Designs of a pulsed fundamental-harmonic gyrotron with MW-level power at 0.3 THz and a CW kW-level third-harmonic gyrotron with a frequency of 0.4 THz are currently developed. Estimates show that modern techniques for the creation of strong magnetic fields now make it possible to realize gyrotrons with an operating frequency at least up to 1–1.5 THz. Such generators utilize a relatively low particle energy and can provide higher average power than the existing FELs.     

Continuously Frequency Tunable High Power Sub-THz Radiation Source—Gyrotron FU CW VI for 600 MHz DNP-NMR Spectroscopy

A high frequency gyrotron with a 15 T superconducting magnet named Gyrotron FU CW VI has achieved continuous frequency tuning through the relatively wide range of 1.5 GHz near 400 GHz. The operation is at the fundamental cyclotron resonance of the TE₀₆ cavity mode with many higher order axial modes. The output power measured at the end of the circular waveguide system ranges from 10 to 50 watts at the low acceleration voltage of 12 kV for beam electrons. The beam current is also low. It is around 250 mA. This gyrotron is designed as a demountable radiation source for the 600 MHz DNP-NMR spectroscopy. The design and operation results of the gyrotron FU CW VI are presented.     

Development of multimegawatt gyrotrons for fusion plasma heating and current drive

High-frequency gyrotrons with high output power are mainly used for microwave heating and current drive in plasmas for thermonuclear fusion. The development of high-power gyrotrons in continuous wave (CW) operation has been in progress for several years in a joint collaboration between different European research centers and an industrial partner. The status of the development of the 140-GHz continuously operating gyrotrons with an output power of 1 MW for the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X will be described. An output power of 890 kW has been achieved with a pulse length of 3 min. limited by the available high-voltage power supply at an electron beam current of 40 A. At a reduced beam current of 27 A , an output power of 540 kW was measured with a pulse length of 939 s. For the next fusion plasma device international thermonuclear experimental reactor, gyrotrons with a higher output power of about 2 MW are desirable. In short-pulse experiments, the feasibility of fabrication of coaxial cavity gyrotrons with an output power up to 2 MW, CW, has been demonstrated, and the information necessary for a technical design has been obtained. An output power of 2.2 MW has been reached in stable operation (without mode competition). At the nominal output power of 1.5 MW an efficiency of 48% could be obtained with single-stage depressed collector. The development of frequency tunable gyrotrons operating in the range from 105 to 140 GHz for stabilization of current driven plasma instabilities in fusion plasma devices (neoclassical tearing modes) is another task in the development of gyrotrons at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.     

X波段GaN HEMT内匹配器件

自主研制的GaN HEMT,栅源泄漏电流从1E-4A量级减小到了1E-6A量级,有效提高了栅漏击穿电压,改善了器件工作特性. 采用MIS结构制作了2.5mm栅宽GaN HEMT,测试频率为8GHz,漏源电压为33V时,器件连续波输出功率为18.2W,功率增益为7.6dB,峰值功率附加效率为43.0%. 2.5mm×4 GaN HEMT内匹配器件,测试频率8GHz,连续波输出功率64.5W,功率增益7.2dB,功率附加效率39%.     

Conceptual Design Study of a Novel Gyrotron for NMR/DNP Spectroscopy

In this paper we present some initial results from a conceptual design study focused on the development of a novel frequency tunable gyrotron for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with signal enhancement based on the utilization of high field radiation and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique. The first variants of both the electron optical system and the resonant cavity which have been designed aiming continuous frequency tunability in a broad frequency band are presented and discussed. The selected method for frequency tunability is based on the excitation of higher order axial modes and smooth transition between them. It was selected after a critical examination of the known theoretical and practical results related to the frequency control in gyrotrons. It is believed that the current conceptual design is an appropriate basis for development of the next (optimized) design which will include also a detailed design of other components (mode converter, output window etc.) and magnetic circuit (superconducting magnet and supplementary solenoids) as well as for the overall mechanical design and fabrication of the prospective gyrotron.     

SiGe Bipolar VCO With Ultra-Wide Tuning Range at 80 GHz Center Frequency

A SiGe millimeter-wave VCO with a center frequency around 80 GHz and an extremely wide (continuous) tuning range of 24.5 GHz ( ap 30%) is presented. The phase noise at 1 MHz offset is -97 dBc/Hz at the center frequency (and less than -94 dBc/Hz in a frequency range of 21 GHz). The maximum total output power is about 12 dBm. A cascode buffer improves decoupling from the output load at reasonable VCO power consumption (240 mW at 5 V supply voltage). A low-power frequency divider (operating up to 100 GHz) provides, in addition, a divided-by-four signal. As a further intention of this paper, the basic reasons for the limitation of the tuning range in millimeter-wave VCOs are shown and the improvement by using two (instead of one) varactor pairs is demonstrated.     

Second harmonic operation at 460 GHz and broadband continuous frequency tuning of a gyrotron oscillator

We report the short-pulse operation of a 460 GHz gyrotron oscillator both at the fundamental (near 230 GHz) and second harmonic (near 460 GHz) of electron cyclotron resonance. During operation in a microsecond pulse length regime with 13-kV beam voltage and 110-mA beam current, the instrument generates several watts of power in two second harmonic modes, the TE/sub 2,6,1/ at 456.15 GHz and the TE/sub 0,6,1/ at 458.56 GHz. Operation in the fundamental modes, including the TE/sub 0,3,1/ mode at 237.91 GHz and the TE/sub 2,3,1/ at 233.15 GHz, is observed at output powers up to 70 W. Further, we demonstrate broadband continuous frequency tuning of the fundamental modes of the oscillator over a range of more than 2 GHz through variation of the magnetic field alone. We interpret these results in terms of smooth transitions between higher order axial modes of the resonator. The 460 GHz gyrotron is currently being processed for continuous duty operation, where it will serve as a microwave source for sensitivity-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (dynamic nuclear polarization) studies at 16 T (700 MHz /sup 1/H), a field strength which is two-fold higher than has been accessible with previous technology.     

1.35 GHz线性调频Nd:YVO4激光器

报道了808 nm连续半导体泵浦全固态Nd:YVO4线性调频激光器实验研究。利用优化谐振腔长度、腔内插入倾斜标准具，采用温度控制、机械减震和隔绝外部环境等稳频操作，实现了稳定的1 064 nm单频激光输出，最大输出功率140 mW。利用法柏干涉仪观察单频输出，并利用刀口法测量得到的基模高斯光束质量M2为1.05。在谐振腔内插入RTP电光晶体并连接外部高压电源，通过线性电光效应改变谐振腔长度以及改变标准具倾斜角度避免腔长调节过程中的模式跳频，实现了1.35 GHz的稳定线性调频激光输出。编程控制高压电源给RTP晶体施加幅值为2 200 V的锯齿波形电压，实现了频率20 Hz，平均输出功率为85 mW周期性的调频信号输出。     

Tunable twin-guide distributed feedback laser diodes with over 9 nm continuous electro-optic tuning range

Tunable twin-guide laser diodes at 1.55 /spl mu/m with a record electro-optic tuning range are presented. Employing an optimised device design, continuous tuning ranges of 9.3 and 11.0 nm are achieved in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed operation, respectively. In CW operation, the output power of 300 /spl mu/m-long devices remains above 1 mW throughout the whole tuning range.     

Widely tunable continuous-wave InGaAsP/InP sampled grating lasers

The 1.55 μm widely tunable sampled grating lasers described here show significant improvements over those previously reported. The authors have obtained, for the first time, continuous wave (CW) operation with 62 nm CW tuning range, 30-50 dB MSR, 10 mW output power, and monotonic tuning     

Increase of Gyrotron Output Power at High-Order Axial Mode Through an After-Cavity Excitation of the Next Transverse Mode

In the experimental study on the frequency tuning of a double-beam gyrotron, an unexpected abrupt increase of the output power was observed for some magnetic field values corresponding to the excitation of high-order axial modes (HOAM). This effect can be explained through an after-cavity interaction of the spent but bunched electron beam with the neighboring transverse mode which has the same azimuthal but the next (i.e., greater by one) radial index with respect to the operating mode. The calculations show that under certain conditions the cyclotron synchronism between the electron beam and the next radial mode occurs in the extended region of an output cone, while the bunching of the spent electron beam is responsible for the excitation of this mode. The influence of some additional factors such as reflections of both modes from the output window, electron velocity spread, and magnetic field profile was studied numerically. It was shown that reflections, mode transformation, and velocity spread can enhance the effect of an abrupt power increase and reduce the starting current of the operating mode. The discovered after-cavity interaction can be either useful for a power increase at the HOAM operation of the frequency-tunable gyrotron or harmful for high cyclotron harmonic operation due to an expansion of the zone of fundamental cyclotron resonance mode excitation.

     

Performance Test of CW 300 GHz Gyrotron FU CW I

A 300 GHz CW gyrotron FU CW I has been developed and installed in the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui as a power source of a high frequency material processing system. Its performance was tested and the maximum power of 1.75 kW / CW has been attained at the beam voltage of 15 kV and the beam current of 1A. The maximum window power efficiency of 15.5% has been obtained at the cathode voltage slightly lower than 15 kV. This gyrotron is designed to deliver a Gaussian beam after mode conversion from the oscillation mode TE_22,8 in the cavity with a complex of an internal radiator and beam shaping mirrors. The detailed measurement with an infrared camera has confirmed that a Gaussian beam is radiated when the magnetic field strength B _c at the cavity is adjusted at a proper value. However, within a range of B _c , the output power is emerged into multiple directions, which suggests simultaneous oscillation of competing cavity modes.     

Design of a CW 1 THz Gyrotron (Gyrotron Fu Cw III) Using a 20 T Superconducting Magnet

Design of a CW 1 THz gyrotron at second harmonic operation using a 20 T superconducting magnet has been described. The mode competition analysis is employed to investigate operation conditions of second harmonic mode, which is being excited at the frequency ranging from 920 GHz to 1014 GHz. The output power up to 250 watt corresponding to the efficiency of 4.16 percent could be achieved by using an electron beam with accelerating voltage 30 kV and current 200 mA. The important advantage of this gyrotron is that the single mode excitation at second harmonic, and extremely high frequency of the radiation, could be maintained even at high currents. It opens possibility to realize a high power radiation source at 1 THz. Such gyrotron is under construction at FIR Center, University of Fukui.