无线传感器网络中组播路由协议分析

无线传感器网络由小型无线通信传感设备密集部署形成。组播是一种将数据包从源节点有效传递到一组目的节点的基本路由服务技术。组播协议中,源节点到目的节点的一些路径可由多个目的节点共享,所共享的路径越大,总带宽消耗越低。在分析无线传感器网络基本特征的基础上,对无线传感器网络中现有的组播路由协议进行了分类分析和比较,最后对无线传感器网络组播路由协议的未来发展趋势提出展望。     

基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络组播路由协议

在无线传感器网络实际应用中,组播技术能够较好地满足网络对资源的要求,但由于能量等多方面的因素限制,使得为无线传感器网络设计一个有效的组播路由变得非常困难.针对无线传感器网络中节点的能量限制,提出一种基于能量均衡树的无线传感器网络组播路由(EBTMR)协议,该协议充分考虑到网络中节点的能耗因素和节点的剩余能量,通过对这2个因素的综合考虑,使得具有较多能量的节点担任组播节点来承担更多的传输任务,为数据流优化路由选择,平衡无线传感器网络中节点的能量消耗,以延长网络的生存时间,仿真结果证明了EBTMR是有效的.     

无线Mesh网中编码感知组播路由协议CAMR

网络编码是一种能够提高网络吞吐量的新技术,将网络编码应用于无线Mesh网组播对Mesh网络进一步实用化有重要意义.编码感知路由是一种能够充分识别和利用网络中的编码机会的路由.虽然已有若干个基于网络编码的单播路由协议,但无线网络中编码机会并没有被充分利用,到目前为止还没有无线Mesh网络中的编码感知组播路由协议.提出一个编码感知组播路由协议CAMR(coding-aware multicast routing).CAMR协议利用了一个新奇的编码感知路由度量CAM(coding-awarerouting metric),可以度量无线Mesh网络中节点的实际编码机会和编码能力的大小.基于CAM设计的CAMR协议可以充分利用无线Mesh网络中节点的编码机会,提高了无线Mesh网络组播的吞吐量.模拟实验验证了CAMR协议的优势及其有效性.     

面向特定区域的WSN组播路由协议

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中节点分布不均和能量消耗较大的问题,提出一种面向特定区域的WSN组播路由协议.采用组头轮换机制,使能量储备较多和位置最优的节点担任组播节点承担转发任务,能量储备较少的节点负责数据采集任务.利用多转发组的模式建立稳定路由,提高网络健壮性,降低数据延迟.仿真结果表明,该协议可使整个区域内节点能量...     

基于分簇的无线传感器网络安全组播路由协议

针对无线传感器网络节点能量、计算和带宽有限的特点．提出一种适用于无线传感器网络的基于分簇的安全组播路由协议（CSMR）。该协议采用了HiM-TORA的树形组播寻路机制，并引入了TESLA密钥链与时间同步等安全机制，能够自动且安全地构建覆盖所有组播组成员的组播树，且在路由建立的阶段就能对成员的身份和相关的信息进行认证，有效的防止了对组播路由的各种攻击。同时分析了该协议的安全性与有效性。     

无线自组织网络组播路由协议的研究

组播通信在无线自组织网络应用中越来越重要。该文首先针对不同的组播路由方式,选出具有代表性的四种组播路由协议PUMA、ODMRP、MAODV和FLOOD,然后从理论和仿真实验两个层面上对四种协议进行了比较。仿真结果表明,PUMA在场景规模适中,节点移动速度较慢的情况下报文投递率和端到端延迟要优于其他三种协议,这为未来自组织网络可靠组播的研究奠定基础。     

Ad-hoc网络组播路由协议的研究与设计

从无线自组网实际环境应用出发,提出了一种极大节省通信带宽并且实现简单的无线自组网组播路由协议.该协议充分利用了无线信道的广播特性,采用广播方式完成对网络内各节点的组播数据的分发,网络内各节点则根据组播数据的目的地址来判断是否应向自己直连的组播成员转发组播数据,并根据序列号决定是否将该组播数据再次广播出去以及防止收到重复的组播数据,因该协议不使用组播树,省却了建立与重建组播树的复杂过程,从而保证了对通信带宽的节省与实现的简便.现已在PowerPC平台上得到实际验证,运行效果良好.     

基于OPNET的按需组播路由协议仿真

按需组播路由协议(ODMRP)是一种针对移动自组织网络的组播路由协议,该协议在源节点和接收节点之间建立网格进行数据传输,具有冗余路径、不依赖单播路由、健壮性高等特点.目前尚缺乏对于ODMRP的建模和仿真研究.针对此问题,基于OPNET仿真环境完成了对ODMRP的建模,建立了该协议的有限状态机(FSM)、节点模型、网络模型以及包格式,基于C语言编程实现了路由的建立、更新、维护和数据传输过程.通过设置不同的参数和统计量,仿真检验了协议性能,包括网络的端到端延时和数据包递交率与节点移动速度和组播组尺寸之间的定量关系,证明了所建立的协议模型的功能正确性.仿真结果表明,ODMRP协议适用于诸如战场通信、灾难救助、体育比赛、大型会展等需要临时组网进行组播通信的应用场合.     

基于虚拟Steiner树的无线传感器网络组播随机路由协议研究

针对基于树的组播路由协议中组播树鲁棒性不好,扩展能力差的特点,又结合无线传感器网络自身能量、计算、存储能力有限的特点,提出了基于虚拟Steiner树的组播随机路由协议VMRRP(Virtual-steiner-tree based Multicast Random Routing Protocol)。该协议的随机路由思想,使得组播树中源节点到各个组成员节点的路径是动态变化的,与GMP(Geographic Multicast Routing)协议相比,增加了组播树的鲁棒性,也均衡了网络能量,增加了网络生命周期,并通过NS-2仿真试验得到了验证。     

基于PIM-SM的域内组播设计

PIM-SM是一个不依赖于某一特定单播路由协议的组播路由协议,为组播数据转发提供路由信息。介绍了IP组播原理,分析了组播通信的优点,概述了组播路由协议。研究了基于PIM-SM的组播网络设计与实现方法,并给出了相关的网络配置方案。     

基于Steiner树的层次型无线传感器网络安全组播协议

在基于查询的无线传感器网络中,组播技术的应用可大幅减少传感器节点的能量消耗,延长节点寿命.针对大型无线传感器网络组播协议性能不高,且易遭受攻击等问题,提出了基于Steiner树的层次型无线传感器网络安全组播协议.该协议主要运用Steiner树与分簇网络的思想,将Steiner树的高效性与簇的高扩展性相结合,提高了无线传...     

移动Ad Hoc网络中一种多播路由协议算法实现

MANET是一个多跳,节点无中心、自组织、互相通信而不依赖于预先架设的固定基础设施无线移动网络。本文提出了采用按需路由发现策略的移动Ad Hoc多播路由算法。此算法不需要维护全局的路由信息,通过按需路由发现过程,动态更新路由信息和建立多播转发组。多播数据包在转发组成员间进行有限泛洪,能够降低带宽的占用及减少路由更新信息的传播。仿真实验显示多播算法在带宽较低、多播组成员数量变化较大的移动分组无线网环境中,具有较好的可靠性和工作效率。     

Using artificial intelligence in routing schemes for wireless networks

For the latest 10 years, many authors have focused their investigations in wireless sensor networks. Different researching issues have been extensively developed: power consumption, MAC protocols, self-organizing network algorithms, data-aggregation schemes, routing protocols, QoS management, etc. Due to the constraints on data processing and power consumption, the use of artificial intelligence has been historically discarded. However, in some special scenarios the features of neural networks are appropriate to develop complex tasks such as path discovery. In this paper, we explore the performance of two very well-known routing paradigms, directed diffusion and Energy-Aware Routing, and our routing algorithm, named SIR, which has the novelty of being based on the introduction of neural networks in every sensor node. Extensive simulations over our wireless sensor network simulator, OLIMPO, have been carried out to study the efficiency of the introduction of neural networks. A comparison of the results obtained with every routing protocol is analyzed. This paper attempts to encourage the use of artificial intelligence techniques in wireless sensor nodes.     

6LoWPAN网络组播通信方案的研究与设计

随着无线传感器网络(WSN)对新应用的需求不断增加,基于IEEE 802.15.4实现IPv6通信的低速无线个人局域网标准6LoWPAN是将WSN接入Internet实现全IP通信的理想解决方案.在此提出了一种基于6LoWPAN网络的组播通信方案,通过自组建M AC地址的方式,对现有的6LoWPAN网络增加了对组播通信的支持,设计完成了6LoWPAN网络组播通信方案,降低了组播通信下组内节点接收网关数据的时延,以及组外节点对无关数据的处理消耗.结果分析表明,该组播通信方案下的节点通信时延是单播通信下节点通信时延的15.13％,组外节点数据处理效率比广播通信下的组外节点提高了39.02％.该通信方案能够获得预期功能和性能,6LoWPAN节点能够动态加入和退出组播组,接收组播组内信息.     

QMRPRNS: Design of QoS multicast routing protocol using reliable node selection scheme for MANETs

A mobile Ad-Hoc networks (MANETs) is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of wireless mobile devices. In which multicast is one of the efficient way of communication. Currently, several research have been conducted to design multicast routing protocols for wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Multicasting is a technique that allow to send the same message to a group of destinations simultaneously. However, it faces several challenges against its implementation in ad-hoc network due to its dynamic nature, lack of bandwidth, short battery lifetime of the mobile devices. The multicast routing protocol MAODV have several constraints as mentioned above. Hence to address these constraints a reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme has been integrated over MAODV. This paper attempt a Quality of Service (QoS) based multicast routing protocol using reliable neighbour nodes selection scheme (QMRPRNS) for same. The simulation has been conducted to compare the performance of the proposed scheme against some existing multicast routing protocols which shows significant improvement over EMAODV and MAODV.     

Incentive mechanism for selfish nodes in wireless sensor networks based on evolutionary game

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of a mass of nodes with the character of self-organizing, multi-hop and limited resources. The normal operation of the network calls for cooperation among the nodes. However, there are some nodes that may choose selfish behavior when considering their limited resources such as energy, storage space and so on. The whole network will be paralyzed and unable to provide the normal service if most of the nodes do not forward data packages and take selfish actions in the network. In this paper, we adopt a dynamic incentive mechanism which suits wireless sensor networks based on the evolutionary game. The mechanism emphasizes the nodes adjust strategies forwardly and passively to maximize the fitness, making the population in the wireless sensor network converge to a cooperative state ultimately and promoting the selfish nodes cooperating with each other such that the network could offer normal service. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed model has better feasibility and effectiveness.     

基于MR防干扰下的高效能多播路由协议

在无线传感器网络中,现有的路由协议是基于静态位置数据路径的多播协议,路由路径的节点可能由于能源耗尽而死亡,因而缩短网络的生命周期.首先提出了一种动态位置的多播协议,以通过改变路由路径来平衡网络能耗,从而延长无线传感器网络的生命周期.此改进的协议平衡了能源,但信号的干扰是主要问题,因此有必要研究干扰的影响并给出对策.于是首次在此基础上引进了MR防干扰方法,增强了路由性能.仿真证明了基于MR防干扰下的高效能多播路由协议在能源消耗和抗干扰两个方面的性能改进.这特别适合于受干扰范围大的情况下又要求平衡能源消耗的情形,符合当前的研究趋势.     

PEACH: Power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol for wireless sensor networks

The main goal of this research is concerning clustering protocols to minimize the energy consumption of each node, and maximize the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks. However, most existing clustering protocols consume large amounts of energy, incurred by cluster formation overhead and fixed-level clustering, particularly when sensor nodes are densely deployed in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose PEACH protocol, which is a power-efficient and adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol for wireless sensor networks. By using overhearing characteristics of wireless communication, PEACH forms clusters without additional overhead and supports adaptive multi-level clustering. In addition, PEACH can be used for both location-unaware and location-aware wireless sensor networks. The simulation results demonstrate that PEACH significantly minimizes energy consumption of each node and extends the network lifetime, compared with existing clustering protocols. The performance of PEACH is less affected by the distribution of sensor nodes than other clustering protocols.     

Observations on non-silent self-stabilizing algorithms in sensor networks with probabilistically intermittent link failures

A wireless sensor network is a set of nodes, each is equipped with a sensing device and a wireless communication device. Because centralized control is hard to achieve in a large scale sensor network, self-∗ is a key concept in the design of a wireless sensor network. Self-stabilization is one of the self-∗ properties, and it is one of the most promising theoretical backgrounds for self-organizing wireless sensor network protocols. Herman [T. Herman, Models of self-stabilization and sensor networks, in: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop of Distributed Computing, IWDC, 2003, pp. 205-214] proposed Cached Sensornet Transform (CST for short) for design and implementation of self-stabilizing algorithms for sensor networks. It transforms a self-stabilizing algorithm in a high-level computational model to a program for sensor networks. Our contribution in this paper is threefold. We show that there exists a non-silent algorithm that behaves correctly in a high-level computational model but its transformed version by CST does not behave correctly if packets are lost. We show a sufficient condition for original algorithms and networks such that the algorithm transformed by CST behaves correctly. As a case study, we present a token circulation algorithm that behaves correctly by CST and derive the upper bound of its expected convergence time.     

无线传感器网络中ERARP拓扑控制算法*

为了延长无线传感器网络的生命周期,进行了无线传感器网络中节能路由协议的探索性研究,提出了一种新的节能路由协议并将其具体实现.首先分析了传感器网络应用的特点以及设计和应用中的限制,综述了现有传感器网络中节能路由设计的方法,设计并实现了一种基于能量的半径自适应路由协议ERARP;然后在OPNET仿真平台上对该协议进行了仿真模拟;最后与无线传感器网络传统的两种节能路由协议基于信息协商的传感器网络协议和直接扩散协议在同等条件下针对节点能量使用、延迟、丢包率和吞吐量等四个性能评价指标进行了对比.结果表明,ERARP使得节点能够根据自身剩余能量的状况对节点的运行模式进行控制,同时对无线模块的收发半径进行动态调整,达到节能目的.