7075铝合金半固态浆料制备及流变压铸工艺研究

目的研究搅拌速度和搅拌时间对ACSR工艺制备的7075铝合金半固态浆料组织的影响,研究和比较传统压铸与流变压铸7075铝合金的组织与性能。方法通过改变搅拌速度和搅拌时间制备7075铝合金半固态浆料,取料水淬获得半固态坯料,将剩余浆料进行流变压铸,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机等研究了试样的微观组织、拉伸性能与断口形貌,探究搅拌速度和搅拌时间对7075合金半固态浆料组织的影响,同时研究与比较传统压铸与流变压铸7075铝合金的组织性能。结果在一定范围内提高搅拌速度和搅拌时间有利于α1-Al的细化与球化,与传统压铸7075铝合金相比,流变压铸合金具有更优异的力学性能,T6热处理后,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为547 MPa、494 MPa和3.2%。结论 ACSR工艺可制备出组织细小圆整的7075铝合金半固态浆料,且流变压铸可改善7075铝合金力学性能。     

AZ91D镁合金强制对流流变压铸组织与性能

研究了流变压铸成形和传统压铸工艺下AZ91D镁合金连接压铸件的组织特征,分析了流变压铸过程中半固态浆料的形成和凝固行为,测试了FCR工艺下流变压铸拉伸件的力学性能。结果表明:FCR工艺下的流变压铸成形工艺不仅可以获得晶粒细小、形貌圆整的半固态组织,而且能够明显改善传统压铸成型件中的气孔缺陷,提高组织致密度。与传统压铸件相比,流变压铸拉伸件的抗拉强度和伸长率都有了明显的提高;T6热处理能进一步强化流变压铸拉伸件的性能,其抗拉强度和伸长率分别为286MPa和6.1%。     

A357铝合金半固态流变压铸成形组织工艺研究

介绍了一种实验室自行研制的半固态浆料制备及流变成形设备,该设备主要由熔炼炉、剪切制浆装置、温度控制系统、气体保护装置、连接装置及压铸系统组成.研究了在不同工艺条件下通过该流变成形设备制备A357铝合成形件的组织特点.探讨了半固态流变压铸过程中的凝固行为.实验结果表明:通过该实验设备能有效的消除普通铸造中出现的粗大树枝晶,制备出细小、圆整且均匀分布的半固态组织,而且能消除铸件中的气孔和显微疏松.剪切速率的增大有利于半固态A357铝合金初生α1-Al晶粒的形成及球化.在半固态浆料制备过程中,以初生α1-Al晶粒的形成为主;在随后的压铸过程中,则以较为细小的二次凝固α2-Al晶粒的形成为主.     

半固态AlSi7Mg铝合金的新型流变成形

采用新型流变成形技术,研究了压射比压与压射速度对半固态AlSi7Mg铝合金流变压铸过程的影响．结果表明：将低过热度浇注与短时弱电磁搅拌相结合,能制备出均匀的半固态AlSi7Mg铝合金浆料,适合流变压铸,流变成型参数范围较宽,有利于提高压铸件的质量．试片的壁厚、压射比压和压射速度都对半固态AlSi7Mg合金浆料的充填性有较大的影响．对于10mm的试片,压射比压应〉15MPa,压射速度应≥0．384m／s;而对于5mm的试片,压射比压应≥20MPa,压射速度应≥1．152m／s．     

蛇形通道制备半固态浆料均热后的流变压铸

为了研究蛇形通道制备半固态浆料并经过均热后的流变压铸性能,以A356铝合金为材料进行实验研究.结果表明:当浇注温度为680℃、均热功率为1.6～2.5 kW时,半固态浆料的微观组织可以达到均一,而且初生α(Al)的形貌更加圆整;该浆料经过流变压铸成形后,在铸态下拉伸试样的抗拉强度可达245～260 MPa,伸长率可达8.5%～13%;经过T6热处理后,拉伸试样的抗拉强度可达295～320 MPa,伸长率可达7%～11%.均热可以对浆料的整个温度进行调整来满足不同铸件的流变压铸.     

搅拌摩擦加工对过共晶Al-Si-Fe合金组织及性能的影响

对过共晶Al-Si-Fe合金进行了搅拌摩擦加工(FSP),研究了不同FSP转速和道次对过共晶铝硅合金强度和组织的影响。其中,选择搅拌转速分别为750r/min、1050r/min和1500r/min,搅拌道次分别为1道、2道、3道。结果表明,合金经过FSP加工后,硅、含铁相等硬质第二相颗粒强烈细化,但随着搅拌转速的提高,硬质相颗粒细化效果变差,第二相颗粒平均粒径由11.7μm变为15.5μm。随着搅拌道次的增加,细化效果越发显著,第二相颗粒的平均粒径由11.7μm变为8.9μm。FSP加工后材料抗拉强度和延伸率较铸态大幅度提高。当搅拌转速为750r/min、道次为3时,材料的拉伸强度和延伸率分别由铸态的48MPa、0.43%提高到150MPa、2.97%。因此,经FSP后过共晶铝硅合金组织和力学性能得到极大改善。     

细晶Mg-Ce中间合金的制备及其对AZ91D组织和性能的影响

为了探索细晶Mg-Ce中间合金对AZ91D的变质效果,通过铜模喷铸法制备了细晶Mg-Ce中间合金,在此基础上研究了其对AZ91D组织和性能的影响。结果表明:经过铜模喷铸获得的细晶Mg-Ce中间合金中Mg_(12)Ce相的平均尺寸由50μm下降至10μm,相比于粗晶Mg-Ce中间合金,组织显著细化;细晶Mg-Ce中间合金的变质效果好于粗晶Mg-Ce中间合金,采用细晶MgCe中间合金变质的AZ91D相较于粗晶Mg-Ce中间合金变质的AZ91D,抗拉强度提高了5.23%,延伸率提高了15.14%,维氏硬度提高了6.92%,腐蚀速率降低了44.62%。因此,铜模喷铸是提高Mg-Ce中间合金变质效果的有效手段。     

稀土Er对A356铝合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

针对传统的A356铝合金,添加稀土元素是改善其微观组织并提高力学性能的有效途径。本工作通过示差扫描量热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析手段来研究稀土Er对铸态A356铝合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,稀土元素Er是一种能够显著改善A356合金铸态组织的优良变质剂。Er的加入细化了初生α-Al相,二次枝晶间距降低,枝晶臂直径减小,同时对铸态组织中的共晶Si起到了变质作用。当Er含量达到0.4%(质量分数,下同)时,细化效果最为显著,二次枝晶间距由53.6μm减小到17.5μm,共晶硅形貌也由粗大的板条状转变为短棒或圆粒状。与A356合金相比,添加0.4%Er的合金样品的抗拉强度和伸长率分别提高了15.1%,29.8%。     

连续流变挤压技术在制备高性能铝材中的应用

目的探索铝材短流程制备工艺,制备出高性能铝合金材料。方法采用连续流变挤压成形技术制备Al-Ti-B晶粒细化剂与Al-Sc-Zr耐热铝合金导线;利用提出的连续流变挤压与累积连续挤压法,制备超细晶金属材料。结果采用连续流变挤压成形技术制备Al-Ti-B晶粒细化剂,其细化效果优于国外同类产品,且制备流程短、成本低;制备出的高性能的Al-Sc-Zr耐热铝合金导线,其抗拉强度、伸长率和导电率分别达到223 MPa、7.1%和60.5%IACS,并且可在230℃的温度下长期运行,相比于日本耐热铝合金导线,其抗拉强度、伸长率与导电率分别提高了39.4%,255%,0.83%;采用连续挤压技术制备的Al-Sc-Zr合金杆,经过累积连续挤压后,合金晶粒尺寸从100μm细化至800 nm,得到了超细晶Al-Sc-Zr合金。结论连续流变挤压技术制备铝材工艺流程短、产品性能优良,能连续高效制备铝合金超细晶材。     

等径道角挤压制备高力学性能细晶Mg-6Al合金

为了制备高力学性能细晶Mg-6Al合金坯料,采用金相显微镜、材料拉伸实验机等手段对Mg-6Al合金铸坯进行等径道角挤压实验研究.并利用热处理工艺对挤压后材料进行处理,研究热处理工艺参数对材料力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,Mg-6Al合金的铸坯的抗拉强度为196.4MPa,延伸率为12.6%.经过等径道角挤压的Mg-6Al合金坯料的晶粒被大大细化,其晶粒尺寸由铸坯的140μm左右细化到8μm左右.其力学性能有很大提高,抗拉强度由196.4MPa提高到308.2MPa;延伸率由12.6%提高到30.6%.等径道角挤压工艺是一种非常好的制备高力学性能、细晶Mg-6Al合金的工艺方法.固溶和人工时效热处理工艺对等径道角挤压的Mg-6Al合金坯料的强度有较大影响,对延伸率影响较小.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.