天然瓜尔胶改性研究

研究了阳离子瓜尔胶的制备方法、影响因素。通过对反应时间,反应温度,反应中氢氧化钠用量及溶剂等各因素的研究,得出最佳工艺条件:当瓜尔胶的用量为10.0 g时,CTA用量为1.50 g,氢氧化钠与CTA摩尔比为2.3左右,反应温度控制在80℃,反应时间为9.0 h,所得产物的取代度为0.062,反应效率为41.5%。     

一种氨基酸型无硅油洗发香波的研制

考察pH、两性离子表面活性剂椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱、非离子表面活性剂丁二醇月桂酸酯对氨基酸型无硅油洗发香波黏度的影响,制备了一款以氨基酸表面活性剂为主的无硅油洗发香波。结果表明,在p H=5.5,含椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱10%(质量分数),丁二醇月桂酸酯1.5%(质量分数)时,制备得到的氨基酸型无硅油洗发香波黏度达到5 910 mPa·s,解决了以氨基酸表面活性剂为主表活的增稠难题。     

一种合成季铵盐阳离子瓜尔胶的新方法

以瓜尔胶胚乳片为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,在水媒介中合成阳离子瓜尔胶。利用FTIR光谱对阳离子瓜尔胶进行结构表征。通过正交试验研究碱的用量、阳离子醚化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对产物的取代度的影响。结果表明,在胚乳片为100 g,NaOH为12 g,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为50 g,45~50℃反应60 min条件下,可以得到取代度0.08的季铵盐瓜尔胶,其中碱量和阳离子醚化剂用量对产物取代度影响较大。     

阳离子瓜尔胶粘度对头发梳理性的影响

以瓜尔胶为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为醚化剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂,乙醇为溶剂,制备了阳离子瓜尔胶。利用头发梳理仪测定了洗发水中添加阳离子瓜尔胶前后,头发之间的摩擦力变化,考察了阳离子瓜尔胶对头发干、湿梳理性的影响,得出阳离子瓜尔胶能明显改善头发的梳理性:3300mPa.S以上粘度的阳离子瓜尔胶显示效果较佳。     

相转移催化法制备阳离子瓜尔胶

采用相转移催化法制备了阳离子改性瓜尔胶,研究了反应过程中氢氧化钠、醚化剂、相转移催化剂用量以及反应温度、反应时间和搅拌速度对产品取代度的影响。结果表明取反应条件:n(氢氧化钠)/n(瓜尔胶)为0.22、n(醚化剂)/n(瓜尔胶)为0.166、n(相转移催化剂)/n(瓜尔胶)为0.15,反应温度40～60℃,反应时间控制在2～4h之间,适中的搅拌速率,制得的阳离子改性瓜尔胶水溶性好,黏度高。     

C-GG型改性瓜胶的制备

天然瓜尔胶粉与醚化剂在乙醇溶液中反应,制备C-GG改性瓜尔胶,考察了反应物料比、反应时间、反应温度等对产品性能的影响。结果表明,合成C-GG改性瓜尔胶的最佳制备条件为:瓜尔胶粉:氢氧化钠:3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为1:0.2:0.06,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为3 h。在最佳反应条件下,得到产品的性能符合标准,粘度达到3 650 mPa.s,取代度为0.224。     

微波辅助一步法制备氧化阳离子淀粉的研究

以木薯淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,自制碱性复合催化剂为醚化催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,CuSO4为氧化催化剂,采用微波辅助一步法制备氧化阳离子淀粉。通过单因素实验研究醚化剂用量、碱性催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、CuSO4用量、反应温度和反应时间对粘度、取代度和反应效率的影响,并对工艺参数进行优化验证。结果表明,较佳的工艺条件为：淀粉用量200 g,醚化剂用量15 g,碱性催化剂与醚化剂摩尔比1.5,双氧水用量8 g,CuSO4用量0.09 g,反应温度90℃,反应时间18 min。在此条件下所得产品阳离子取代度（DS）为0.0414,醚化反应效率为92.87%,粘度为32.6 mPa·s（固含量12%,55℃）。本工艺制备的淀粉产品具有糊化温度低,糊液粘度低、稳定性高的特点。     

黄原胶的化学改性及溶液黏度特征

黄原胶-OH与马来酸酐发生酯化反应,合成了具有更好黏度特征的改性黄原胶MX。合成反应的最佳条件:XG与MA摩尔比1∶11,温度70℃,反应时间24h,产率57.7%。MX比XG有更好的的溶解分散性;当聚合物浓度由7g·L-1增至8g·L-1时,XG的黏度增加了240mPa·s,而MX70的黏度增加了582mPa·s;1.2%NaCl溶液中,2g·L-1MX70黏度为234mPa·s-1,而XG黏度为95mPa·s;3g·L-1的聚合物溶液,pH值为4时MX70、XG表观黏度分别为284、178mPa·s,pH值为11时MX70、XG表观黏度分别为262、152mPa·s;3g·L-1的聚合物溶液,温度从20℃增至80℃,表观黏度依次下降,但MX70黏度下降率比XG减少18.7%。与XG相比,改性后的黄原胶MX增溶性良好、溶液黏度明显提高、耐温耐盐性增强,对油田钻井液增黏剂的研究及应用具有重要的指导意义。     

一种压裂液的制备与性能研究

为满足压裂液的高温环境应用要求,以丙烯酰胺聚合物为增稠剂,有机硼锆化合物为交联剂,复合多羟基醇为催化剂,制备改性阳离子聚合物压裂液。通过研究丙烯酰胺聚合物用量、有机硼锆交联剂用量、复合多羟基醇用量、反应温度及溶液pH值对压裂液的耐温与抗剪切性能影响,确定改性阳离子聚合物压裂液的最佳组成为:丙烯酰胺聚合物用量0.7%、有机硼锆交联剂用量2.0%、复合多羟基醇用量1.0%、反应温度50℃、溶液pH值为5.0。该阳离子聚合物压裂液经连续剪切,粘度仍维持在80mPa·s以上,可满足150℃高温环境的应用要求。     

羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔胶合成新工艺及性能

为解决羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔胶(CMHPG)合成过程中副产物多,容易糊化的问题.以丙酮为反应介质,甲醇钠为催化剂代替乙醇、异丙醇为介质,氢氧化钠为催化剂.探讨了工艺条件对产品的影响,找出了较佳工艺条件.结果表明,合成较佳工艺条件为:环氧丙烷与瓜尔胶质量比为0.2∶1、氯乙酸与瓜尔胶质量比为0.4∶1,反应时间为160 min;前者催化剂与瓜尔胶质量比为0.2∶1、反应温度为45～50℃,后者催化剂与瓜尔胶质量比为0.3∶1,反应温度为65～ 70℃.乙醇、异丙醇为介质,氢氧化钠为催化剂合成产品的羧甲基取代度为0.43,羟丙基取代度为0.36,粘度为1 120mPa·s;以丙酮为反应介质,甲醇钠为催化剂合成产品羧甲基取代度为0.48,羟丙基取代度为0.37,粘度为1 030 mPa·s.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.