简单射流流化床的数值模拟

以双欧拉模型及颗粒动力学理论为基础，应用Fluent软件进行了简单射流流化床的模拟．经过不同湍流模型下的二维、三维计算结果分析，并与实验值比较，初步探讨湍流模型和二维、三维模拟方法对稠密气固流动数值模拟的影响，发现RNG k-ε湍动方程较标准k-ε湍流模型提高了稠密气固两相流数值模拟的准确性，三维模拟计算的流场比二维模拟更准确．     

旋流燃烧器出口湍流流场的数值模拟

对旋流燃烧器出口的湍流流场进行了深入的数值模拟研究，经过对不同旋流强度的旋转射流的计算，比较了对目前应用较多的k-ε模型、重正化群(RNG)的k-ε模型及雷诺应力模型在实际求解中的优劣。在弱旋气相流动时，RNG k-ε模型可以满足工程上的精度需求。在强旋流动中，基于“有效粘性”的各个模型的计算结果和实验相差很远，只有采用雷诺应力模型才能得到较为满意的结果。图4表3参5     

一种离心力修正的湍流模型及其在数值模拟中的应用

通过分析强旋流场中离心力的作用，提出了考虑湍流脉动中离心力作功的湍流模型(k-ε-cf模型)。模型的特征参数根据大涡参数和小涡参数的几何平均得到，其中旋涡的频率与热线测量实验结果一致。运用k-ε-cf模型对一同轴旋转分层流燃烧器空气动力场进行了数值模拟，计算结果与实验数据吻合良好，比标准k-ε模型结果有较大改进。图4参4     

小型垂直轴风机的数值模拟与试验对比研究

利用试验和数值模拟两种方法对一种新型阻力型垂直轴风机的输出功率进行研究。在数值模拟中采用k-ε和SST k-ω两种湍流模型计算了风机在不同风速和转速下的输出功率,并与试验值相比较,验证了数值计算结果的可靠性,分析了不同湍流模型对数值计算结果和风轮流场的影响。     

平表面垂直圆射流冷却换热模拟的k-ε模型研究

针对气体圆射流垂直冲击平板表现换热问题，通过理论分析与实验提出了一种新的不依赖特定壁面函数的k-ε模型修正方案，提高了模拟分析中数值格式的结构性和便利性。通过实例的模拟运算，发现随边界层风格精度的提高，模拟结果渐趋稳定，并与相应的实验数据进行比较，结果吻合较好，说明了修正模型的合理性。     

冲击射流预混火焰的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件,选择标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、低雷诺k-ε模型（Abe-Kondoh-Nagan）对停滞板燃烧器内冷态流场进行数值模拟,然后将模拟结果和实验结果进行比较。结果表明,RNG k-ε模型和AKN（Abe-Kondoh-Nagan）模型得到的结果与实验结果比较接近。用RNG k-ε模型和Abe-Kondoh-Nagan模型对停滞板燃烧器的预混燃烧进行数值模拟,通过与实验结果的比较,评价了两种湍流模型对停滞板预混燃烧的数值预测能力。     

基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法的高压喷雾过程数值模型

为评估不同湍流模型和液滴破碎模型在高压喷雾雾化过程模拟的准确性,基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法,参照Sandia国家实验室ECN研究组的Spray A正十二烷喷雾试验,开展高压喷雾过程的数值模拟研究。不同湍流模型和液滴破碎模型的仿真结果表明：对高压喷雾雾化过程进行数值仿真时,湍流模型中标准k-ε模型和Realizable k-ε模型的数值模拟结果与试验结果更加接近,其中标准k-ε模型能更准确地预测液相贯穿距,Realizable k-ε模型能更准确地预测气相贯穿距;液滴破碎模型中KH-RT模型与Wave模型的模拟结果与试验结果都比较接近,且KH-RT模型的模拟结果准确性更高。     

不同湍流模型对水平轴风力机三维粘性气流特性的影响

对某水平轴风力机叶片附近的三维湍流流场进行了数值模拟,其中在7、15、25m/s 3种不同工况下分别采用S-A、Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和SST k-ω4种湍流模型。计算结果表明:随着来流速度的逐渐增大,叶片吸力面的分离流沿叶根向叶尖方向逐渐发展,且由于三维旋转效应使得展向流动逐渐增强。和相关实验结果比较,选择不同的湍流模型对数值模拟结果有明显影响,其中RNG k-ε和SST k-ω两种模型可以获得较好的压力分布计算精度。综合考虑压力分布、功率系数和推力系数在不同工况下与实验结果的比较,选择SST k-ω湍流模型较适合模拟该水平轴风力机周围复杂的三维湍流流动。     

受浮力作用的湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

应用浮力修正的k-ε模型和EDC湍流燃烧模型对旋流燃烧室内具有较低燃料/空气初始动量的甲烷湍流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟，得到了两组工况下的气体时均速度场、温度场、组分浓度场和湍流脉动速度均方根值分布等．并与实验数据进行了比较，二者基本相符．同时，还将计算结果与标准k-ε模型的模拟结果进行了对比，揭示了浮力对具有较低初始动量的湍流扩散火焰的影响．     

湍流燃烧模型对某燃气轮机燃烧室性能计算的影响

针对某型燃气轮机环形燃烧室,通过数值模拟,对比分析了Standardk—ε、RNGk-ε、Realizable k-ε、Standard k-ω、雷诺应力五种湍流模型以及简单概率密度模型（PDF）、有限速率模型、涡耗散模型（ED）、涡耗散概念模型（EDC）四种燃烧模型对环形燃烧室性能计算的影响。结果表明：Realizable k-ε模型模拟的冷态流场与PIV试验测量结果最符合;EDC模型最能合理的模拟燃烧效果,但在预测NOx排放时不如有限速率模型精确。以上结论为后续该型号燃气轮机环形燃烧室的数值计算和设计提供了参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.