第三系粉质粘土地层隧道大变形控制技术研究

结合某第三系粉质粘土地层隧道实体工程,对第三系粉质粘土地层隧道大变形控制技术进行研究;针对此类围岩大变形现象,进行的室内物相和微观结构试验表明第三系粉质粘土含有大量能产生大变形的片状粘土矿物,室外现场直剪流变试验,验证了第三系粉质粘土具有流变特性;采用数值分析方法研究了流变对隧道结构安全的影响,通过增强支护强度以及提高初支和二衬之间预留变形量的方式来改善隧道设计和施工工艺,让流变引起的主体变形在二衬施作前完成,最后通过现场监测结果验证优化后的隧道支护设计和施工方法。     

高地应力大变形隧道支护系统的试验研究

乌鞘岭隧道穿越由多条断层组成的挤压构造带,存在较高的地应力,而且,岭脊段穿越的板岩夹千枚岩地层,围岩破碎,强度极低,施工初期出现了罕见的初期支护大变形,喷射混凝土严重开裂、破损,型钢钢架扭曲变形,部分出现折断,严重影响了施工安全与工程进度。为解决高地应力、大变形隧道工程的稳定控制技术难题,在工程现场设置了4种不同的支护参数工程试验段,实施了隧道表面位移与结构内力监测,以围岩与支护结构变形为主要评价指标进行了对比分析,研究结果表明:1)隧道拱脚与拱腰处局部大变形和偏压作用是隧道初期支护结构的扭曲与破坏的主要原因;2)柔性预应力锚索可取代临时横向支撑,初期支护H175钢拱架优于常用的I20钢拱架;3)以H175钢拱架+柔性预应力锚索+钢纤维喷射混凝土为结构组成的初期支护系统,能够较好地控制乌鞘岭隧道高地应力软弱围岩大变形。     

钢拱架应力反分析隧道初期支护力学性能的研究

适时分析软弱破碎围岩段衬砌结构的内力状态是隧道动态施工中的关键性问题之一,对判断隧道施工安全状态和评价支护结构稳定性具有重要意义。考虑钢拱架已作为软弱围岩段公路隧道初期支护的重要形式,现通过分析隧道施工现场钢拱架支护的自身特点和受力特性,建立含有钢拱架和喷射混凝土的隧道复合初期支护的地基曲梁力学模型。然后运用地基曲梁相关理论,通过现场监测的钢拱架应力推求出隧道复合初期支护内力解析式,从而迅速得到隧道支护结构的应力集中部位。最后,经由台阶法施工的隧道工程实例运用表明,基于实测钢拱架应力求解隧道初期支护内力的解析研究是分析软弱破碎围岩段隧道支护力学性能的一种新方式,并能及时有效地为隧道现场施工安全提供直观、可靠的力学依据和技术支持。     

富水大断面软岩隧道支护结构受力性能试验

富水大断面软岩隧道施工具有很大的风险,其支护结构荷载与安全一直是学术界、工程界关注的关键科学问题。以石太客运专线石板山隧道为依托,采用现场试验和三维有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究富水环境下Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级围岩隧道初期支护围岩压力、钢拱架受力、二次衬砌背后水压和接触压力分布特征。研究表明:富水大断面软岩地层隧道围岩压力分布不均匀,传统的普氏理论、泰沙基理论、谢家烋公式、比尔鲍曼公式、铁路隧道设计规范计算公式均不适用于富水环境隧道。现场实测支护承受的水压、接触压力均明显不对称,拱脚和墙脚成为关键安全控制部位,建议加强该部位参数和非对称支护设计。富水软岩环境下隧道钢拱架架设后能够立即承载,是控制富水软岩隧道稳定性的有效手段。     

穿越页岩段大变形隧道初期支护系统试验研究

为解决马嘴隧道穿越破碎薄层状页岩段时发生的大变形问题,进行了隧道初期支护系统试验研究。现场分别设置Ⅰ14,Ⅰ16钢拱架试验段,通过现场试验、数值分析、室内岩石力学试验综合分析,得出以下结论:马嘴隧道掌子面上半部页岩岩层薄、岩体破碎,裂隙水大,页岩浸水强度减小是拱顶部位发生大变形的内因;格栅架不能满足掌子面开挖后混凝土达到预期强度前的支护要求,Ⅰ14钢拱架支护效果稍优于格栅架,但不能控制围岩的持续变形,Ⅰ16钢拱架立架能提供较大的支护阻力,控制混凝土喷层达到设计强度前的围岩变形,保护混凝土喷层不受破坏,保证支护系统的完整性。现场实证,Ⅰ16钢拱架+系统锚杆+喷射混凝土+钢筋网+超前注浆导管+锁脚锚杆的支护系统能很好地解决马嘴隧道的大变形问题。     

大断面软弱地层隧道施工围岩变形试验及预测

针对大断面碳化泥质板岩隧道在施工过程中极易发生塌方、拱架扭曲变形以及频繁换拱的特点,在小盘岭隧道进出口段选择多个监测断面作为试验段进行现场试验研究。分别对净空收敛变形、拱顶下沉、围岩压力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土应变、钢拱架支撑应力、二次衬砌混凝土应变、二次衬砌背部围岩压力进行测试。研究结果表明,隧道持续变形一般到48 d才能稳定,并且累计变形量很大,拱顶沉降最大能达到334 mm,累计收敛值最大能到318 mm。在控制围岩变形方面,对支护参数的监测发现:采取0.5 m的开挖步距,采取I20钢支撑,以及采取隧道衬砌背后的径向注浆,能有效的降低围岩变形及衬砌结构的受力。同时利用BP神经网络方法,能够比较准确的预测隧道围岩在施工过程中的拱顶沉降及围岩收敛,对隧道的开挖具有较大的指导作用。     

挤压性软岩隧道大变形灾害及控制措施研究

软岩大变形隧道修建时,由于围岩自稳能力弱,隧道时常发生较大收敛问题。根据云南省云临高速公路大亮山隧道地质勘察报告,对ZK20+160～ZK20+320段初期支护大范围开裂、仰拱隆起严重等问题采用有限差分数值方法进行模拟研究。通过对数值模拟结果的分析得出软岩大变形隧道变化规律,并由此提出相应的设计施工优化措施。研究表明：隧道拱顶沉降与仰拱隆起大,隧道围岩塑性区半径大,符合高地应力下软岩大变形隧道开挖的物理力学变化特征;将数值模拟二次衬砌拱顶沉降曲线与现场实测拱顶沉降曲线对比分析,结果表明两者变化规律一致;针对现场初期支护开裂、仰拱隆起与钢拱架扭曲变形等工程问题并结合数值模拟结果,建议采用双层支护、增设锁脚锚杆和仰拱尽早封闭等优化措施控制隧道变形开裂问题。     

乌鞘岭隧道F4断层区段监控量测综合分析

乌鞘岭隧道是兰新线重点控制工程，是国内最长的单线铁路隧道。该隧道穿越4条区域性大断层，地质及地应力条件十分复杂，围岩软弱破碎，变形大。针对复杂应力条件下的软岩大变形隧道特点，在F4断层区段施工过程中，严格进行系统、全面、长期的监控量测指导设计施工，以实测的拱顶下沉、水平收敛、锚杆轴力、初期支护围岩压力、初期支护钢架应力、初期支护混凝土应力、二次衬砌接触压力、二次衬砌混凝土应力数据为依托，进行实测数据与施工工序的关系、围岩压力与位移的关系、量测项目稳定值的预测、多量测项目发展趋势相互关系规律、位移的纵向分布规律、荷载侧压力系数、二次衬砌分担围岩压力比例、二次衬砌施作时机等多项综合分析，及时将处理信息反馈给施工，对开挖后的结构稳定性作出分析判断及采取相应措施。实践证明效果可靠，围岩稳定，结构完好，为保证该区段顺利贯通提供可靠的技术保证。     

高地应力千枚岩隧道支护体系试验研究

成兰铁路茂县隧道穿越龙门山活动断裂带,地层以千枚岩为主,围岩破碎、软弱、强度低,且存在高地应力。在茂县隧道1号斜井施工过程中,遇到了围岩大变形、喷射混凝土开裂、钢拱架扭曲等现象。为了解决这一技术难题,在施工现场将斜井按正洞施作,设置4种不同的支护体系试验段,并对围岩变形、围岩与初支接触压力、钢拱架应力进行监测分析,得出以下结论:I20工字钢刚度低,不能有效地抵抗围岩前期变形,使围岩的变形进入塑性流动阶段;H175型钢刚度大,与3 m长短锚杆相结合能主动控制围岩的变形,能有效地控制围岩前期变形,8 m长的锚杆能被动控制围岩变形,能有效地抑制围岩塑性区的扩大;以H175钢拱架+3 m锚杆+8 m锚杆+喷射混凝土+超前注浆小导管为主的初期支护体系对茂县隧道高地应力千枚岩大变形的控制有较好的效果,可为后期茂县隧道正洞的施作提供指导。     

挤压陡倾千枚岩地层小净距隧道大变形研究

为了探明小净距隧道穿越挤压性软岩地层的大变形机制,提出相应的大变形控制技术,本文采用理论分析、数值计算、现场试验等手段对这种隧道大变形的影响因素、围岩变形规律、支护受力特征等进行研究,得出主要结论如下:(1)高构造应力、陡倾围岩产状、低围岩强度、近接施工扰动等多因素的耦合作用,导致了该隧道大变形的发生;(2)后行隧道对先行隧道的卸荷扰动,一方面使先行隧道承受偏压荷载,另一方面使先行隧道中岩柱侧围岩向洞外产生弯曲破坏,主要表现在先行隧道中岩柱侧边墙位移的减小、初期支护拱部受力状态的转变、二次衬砌拱部和仰拱拉应力的增大;(3)根据围岩变形和支护受力情况,按近接施工影响程度对小净距隧道进行分区,并以此作为控制措施动态调整和工程类比的依据;(4)严格控制施工工序,避免先行隧道二次衬砌端头处于后行隧道开挖作业面之内,并根据应力分布特征调整隧道断面形状,根据岩体产状特征调整锚杆角度,根据近接扰动情况对中岩柱进行保护与加固。     

Liner stresses in deep tunnels below the water table

The primary support of a tunnel must be designed to sustain the loads that are transferred from the surrounding ground during excavation. The loads are originated from the ground itself and from the groundwater, if any. For deep circular tunnels, assuming that both ground and support remain within their elastic regime, the load on the primary support does not change with drainage conditions; it is the same whether there is flow towards the tunnel (drained tunnel) or the pore pressure behind the support is hydrostatic (no-drainage tunnel). Stresses and deformations in the ground, however, are quite different, with larger stresses and deformations occurring for the drainage case. In tunnels where there is an impermeable layer between the primary and secondary supports, as the secondary support is placed there is a load transfer from the primary to the secondary support. The primary support unloads and moves outwards, while the secondary support takes load and moves inwards. In tunnels where there is a drainage layer between the primary and secondary supports, the pressure behind the support depends on the discharge capacity of the drainage system relative to the water inflow from the ground. Within the range of cases investigated, the relative permeability factor, r₀K_g/t_fK_f, can be used to evaluate the magnitude of the pore pressure buildup behind the secondary support. Numerical experiments combined with analytical solutions provide a rational approach for a preliminary design of the primary and secondary supports in deep tunnels below the water table, and contribute to identify the load-transfer mechanisms between ground, water, and support.     

喷射混凝土力学时空特性在中东抽蓄中的应用

通过对喷射混凝土的实际受力机制以及隧洞施工过程响应特征的研究,发现喷混凝土的施工和受力过程具有非常复杂的时间和空间效应。研究表明:喷混凝土支护结构的受力会随着隧洞掌子面的推进而越来越大;喷混凝土从初喷到复喷,直至达到设计强度,其变形和强度的力学特性是随着时间而逐渐变化的,即混凝土的起强过程;喷混凝土与围岩间接触面的力学性质也随时间发生变化;支护结构设计分析中,若不考虑喷混凝土施工和力学特性的时间和空间效应,将会高估喷混凝土的实际受力状态。通过以色列Kokhav Hayarden抽蓄电站施工支洞喷混凝土设计的实际应用,证明了隧洞喷混凝土支护设计计算中考虑其时间和空间效应是必要的,否则将会高估其实际受力。     

Time-dependent behavior of tunnel lining in weak rock mass based on displacement back analysis method

Weak rock mass behavior is an important and challenging consideration during construction and utilization of a tunnel. Tunnel surrounding ground deformation in weak rocks causes to gradual development of loading on the support system and threats the opening stability. In this research, time-dependent behavior of Shibli twin tunnels was investigated using laboratory testing, monitoring data, and finite difference numerical simulation approaches. The host rock of Shibli tunnels are mainly composed of gray to black Shale, Marl and calcareous Shale. Geological maps and reports demonstrate a heavily jointed condition in the host rock through two orogenic phases. The experiment was organized in following order to understand the behavior of the rock mass around the tunnels. At first, triaxial creep test were conducted on intact rock specimens. Then, the time-dependent behavior of the tunnel host rock was numerically simulated considering Burger-creep visco-plastic model (CVISC). Finally, displacement based direct back analysis using univariate optimization algorithm was applied. Also, the properties of the CVISC model and initial stress ratio were estimated. Numerical modeling was verified by its comparison with tunnel displacement monitoring results. The creep behavior of the rock mass was predicted during tunnel service life based on back analysis results. Results show that thrust force, bending moment, and the resulting axial stresses will gradually increase at the spring line of the final lining. After 55 years of tunnel utilization the compressive strengths of lining concrete will not be stable against the induced-stresses by thrust force and bending moment, thus the tunnel inspection and rehabilitation are recommended.     

软岩允许变形合理值现场估算

现场实测了巷道围岩两帮及顶底相对变形随时间的变化,分析了围岩变形不同阶段巷道围岩表面变形随时间的变化规律,结合支架受荷测量确定了一种软岩允许变形合理取值的简单可行现场确定方法,为充分发挥软岩自撑能力和合理确定U型棚支架支护参数提供了依据。     

膨胀流变性围岩隧洞预制钢筋混凝土衬砌稳定性分析

 针对一实际流变、膨胀性围岩的室内实验结果及初步设计与施工方案, 应用引进的岩土工程仿真分析软件F INAL 对隧洞施工期、运行期的围岩变形与薄拱片钢筋混凝土衬砌结构的内力、强度特性进行了较系统的数值仿真分析。分析结果说明: 膨胀、流变性围岩一次开挖后按距掌子面2～ 3 倍洞径时施作薄拱片钢筋混凝土衬砌的开挖与支护方案是可行的; 在个别岩性岩层复杂的洞段, 由于衬砌内力受力不均匀可能导致弯矩较大而使衬砌在个别部位出现拉裂缝; 在所讨论的情况下, 衬砌内力受围岩膨胀性影响最大, 外水压力荷载次之, 流变影响最小。     

Triaxial creep tests and back analysis of time-dependent behavior of Siah Bisheh cavern by 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Method

Time dependent effects or creep behavior of rocks has great importance in further development of knowledge in the field of rock mechanics. An increase of pressure on support system due to creep behavior of rock is one of the most important issues in underground structure with weak surrounding rock mass. In this contribution a time-dependent behavior analysis of Siah Bisheh pumped storage powerhouse cavern with complex geometry being under construction on the Chalus River at the north of Iran were investigated. The cavern surrounded rocks containing Shale, Limestone, Sandstone and igneous rock in major parts is located in Alborz Structural Zone. The cavern is being built in a region that is highly prone to sheared and faulted zones. Therefore, it is essential to analyze and design underground structures to prevent any serious long-term damages in this region. The rock mass may exhibit continuous or discontinuous deformations due to excavation of large underground openings; therefore, deformation include shearing of joints and creep deformation of rock material. Because of the fractured and jointed rock mass, the Discrete Element method used to back analysis the time-dependent behavior of the Siah Bisheh cavern. In addition, triaxial creep tests were performed on rock specimens in order to estimate the time-dependent behavior of rock around the cavern. The creep tests and in situ measurements were employed to estimate parameters of power constitutive creep model being able to model the primary and secondary creep regions of rock masses implemented in the 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Code. Simulation results show good agreement with monitoring data. By excavating the lower stages of the cavern, some instantaneous deformation occurs in displacement-time curve of the crown.     

膨胀性黄土隧道钢拱架–格栅联合支护力学特性研究

为了研究膨胀性黄土隧道围岩与支护结构作用机制,解决膨胀力作用下的隧道支护难题,利用弹性薄壳理论建立了联合支护的力学分析模型,引入等效截面法和膨胀力参数得到了改进的围岩–支护特征曲线。基于上述模型和方法,对该黄土隧道初期支护的力学特性进行分析,提出适用于膨胀性黄土隧道的"格栅拱架+钢拱架+喷射混凝土"联合支护方式。结果表明:所建立的模型和方法对膨胀围岩条件下初期支护的力学特性分析具有较好的适用性,从理论角度解释该隧道原始初期支护发生破坏的原因;与"钢拱架+喷射混凝土"和"格栅+喷射混凝土"支护方式相比,提出的联合支护方式在膨胀性黄土隧道中更具优势,充分发挥了不同材料的承载特性,保证了隧道的稳定性。     

富溪双连拱隧道围岩强度及稳定性评价

围岩强度指标是各种隧道工程设计中不可缺少的重要参数,准确预测围岩强度对隧道支护设计和稳定计算十分重要。针对富溪隧道地质条件复杂、围岩稳定性差等问题以现场岩石点荷载试验推测岩石强度,以隧道围岩的Q指标统计为基础,利用基于Q指标的经验公式推测围岩抗压强度,给出了富溪隧道各个断面围岩的抗压强度,据此评价各段围岩的稳定性。研究表明,采用的3个经验公式中,无论平均值,还是分散度,Yudhbir公式预测结果都最接近规范标准值,说明本文所用方法用于隧道工程是可行的。该方法简单、实用,预测结果能够反映围岩工程特性,符合实际,可以作为隧道工程中定量评价围岩强度的有效方法,为隧道设计、施工提供可靠依据。     

系统锚杆对大断面隧道施工安全性的影响

结合软弱围岩隧道工程地质和支护设计特点,应用三维数值方法模拟研究了软弱围岩隧道系统锚杆在一次支护中的作用效果。研究结果表明,系统锚杆不仅可以大大降低一次支护和二次支护结构的内力,提高结构的安全度,而且可以有效抑止隧道周边围岩的应力松弛．改善周边围岩的受力特性,提高施工的安全性。     

Numerical simulation of rock deformation for support design in tunnel intersection area

Passenger and vehicle adits and ventilation shafts are commonly used for emergency access and ventilation in long tunnels. Increasing support load and additional tunnel deformation may endanger tunnel stability during construction in the intersection of the access and main tunnels. To understand the mechanical behavior of rock masses in the intersection area, 75 cases of 3D numerical analysis were conducted. These analyses were conducted under various tunneling conditions including rock strength, rock mass rating, overburden depth, and intersection angle. Following analysis results, a criterion for assessing the effect of intersection angles on tunnel behavior has been established, and three categories of support design suggestions for different geological conditions have also been proposed.