工业机器人的形位检测及精度标定研究

针对传统六自由度机器人进行形位分析与标定研究,采用运动学DH参数法建立机器人运动学位姿模型,利用激光跟踪仪进行机器人空间形位的辨识与减速比数据的采集,结合阻尼最小二乘法进行机器人零位与执行器的标定,通过修改控制器中机器人的末端执行器配置参数,完成传统工业机器人的末端位姿误差补偿,提高了机器人的绝对定位精度。     

一种机器人手眼关系自标定方法

设计了一种基于场景中单个景物点的机器人手眼关系标定方法．精确控制机械手末端执行器做 5 次以上平移运动和2 次以上旋转运动,摄像机对场景中的单个景物点进行成像．通过景物点的视差及深度 值反映摄像机的运动,建立机械手末端执行器与摄像机两坐标系之间相对位置的约束方程组,线性求得摄像 机内参数及手眼关系．标定过程中只需提取场景中的一个景物点,无需匹配,无需正交运动,对机械手的运 动控制操作方便、算法实现简洁．模拟数据实验与真实图像数据实验结果表明该方法可行、有效．     

并联机器人视觉盲区末端位姿检测方法

为解决并联机器人末端执行器受机构支路遮挡造成的双目视觉盲区末端位姿错误检测问题,提出一种运动学正解结合混合优化RBF神经网络(RBFNN)误差补偿的视觉盲区末端位姿检测方法。首先在非视觉盲区采集RBFNN训练样本,其中运动学正解为输入样本,运动学正解和视觉检测位姿的差值为输出样本;然后进行训练,并采用GWO(Grey Wolf Optimization)算法和LM(Levenberg-Marquardt)算法混合优化权值;最后将训练好的网络用于视觉盲区,通过对运动学正解进行误差补偿以提高末端位姿检测精度。实验结果表明,与未补偿的检测方法相比,混合优化RBFNN补偿后的末端位姿检测方法,其末端位姿分量x,y,z,γ的误差平均绝对值分别降低了54.4%、67.7%、54.7%和52.9%,误差标准差分别降低了52.9%、62.8%、51.9%和58.8%,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

3自由度旋翼飞行机械臂系统动力学建模与预测控制方法

旋翼飞行机械臂(rotorcraft aerial manipulator,RAM)系统是安装在飞行机器人上的可操作型机械臂,悬停模式下执行准确的空中操作时旋翼无人机与所加机械臂之间存在相对扰动,通过分离机械臂与飞行机器人进行动力学建模并不能有效消除这种扰动.本文基于对相互扰动力学作用的分析建立整体动力学模型,并在悬停飞行模式下将其简化为线性控制参考模型.进而对旋翼系统控制延时所引起的动力学扰动进行补偿,同时设计预测控制器来消除末端执行器的位置和姿态误差.最后,在存在内部和外部扰动的情况下,设定销钉插入操作任务进行控制方法的对比仿真.末端执行器位姿偏差的仿真结果表明了模型结构与控制方法的有效性.     

三手指空间机器人末端执行器的柔顺抓握策略

空间机器人在抓握物体时,末端执行器与目标物体之间因接触碰撞而产生的扰动力可能会造成机械臂抖动和位姿改变,甚至将日标物体弹出捕获区,造成捕获失败,针对这一问题,首先介绍了哈尔滨工业大学(HIT)自行研制的三于指窄间机器人末端执行器,对末端执行器抓握日标物体过程中的碰撞扰动力进行了分析,提出了一种柔顺抓握策略以削弱抓握目标...     

机器人动态位姿误差在工作空间的补偿算法

本文从机器人末端位姿的理论模型出发,结合实际得到的机器人末端位姿,应用最小二乘法理论,建立了在工作空间对机器人动态位姿误差进行补偿的有效方法.     

基于双层聚类模型的逆向运动方法

对人体末端位姿和其所对应的关节旋转角度信息建立双层聚类模型,第一层采用k-means聚类法则进行位置约束关系聚类,第二层对相关联的关节角度信息采用最大最小距离聚类法则进行聚类.建立样本外末端位姿与样本内聚类空间中关节角度之间的映射关系,通过约束方程搜索出满足约束条件的关节角度信息,实现逆向求解,从而还原整个人体的运动位姿.实验结果表明,该方法求解精度较高,求解速度快.     

具有双重被动柔顺特征的撑套式装配机械手构形设计与特性研究

利用机械手抓取与装配薄壁易碎件时,受作业对象的形貌误差等影响,易碎件容易破裂。针对此类问题,提出了一种可实现双重被动柔顺构形的撑套式装配机械手。首先,介绍了机械手抓取用于合成金刚石的易碎原料环的作业过程,分析了在装配过程中可能出现的误差情况,提出了设计双重被动柔顺机械手结构的准则,并对机械手的关键部件——柔顺环——的设计过程进行了介绍。其次,为了研究该机械手在工作中的响应情况,构建了机械手的3维模型,并导入ADAMS软件中进行仿真分析,获得了装配过程中工件的应力及柔顺环的受力及形变。仿真结果表明,当薄壁易碎件与待装配凸模之间存在位姿偏差时,所设计的机械手结构可以通过自适应形变调整其抓取工件时的位姿,并顺利完成装配。最后,设计制作了相应的机械手实验样机进行实际装配实验,证明了研究结果的正确性。     

基于模糊滑模的六足蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿控制

针对六足蛇形臂机器人的超关节极限和位形偏移量大、末端位姿的控制稳定性不好的问题,提出一种基于模糊滑模的六足蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿控制算法。在超冗余运动学逆解空间中建立蛇形臂机器人的运动学模型,采用修正的DH参数法进行六足蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿参数调节和融合处理,建立蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿力学控制模型,在末端跟随运动中采用外环滑模导纳控制方法进行末端位姿的自适应参数调节,采用滑模误差反馈调节方法确定六足蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿,实现六足蛇形臂机器人准确的姿态定位和参量解算,提高控制稳定性。仿真结果表明:采用该算法进行六足蛇形臂机器人的末端位姿控制的姿态校正性能较好,蛇形臂关节的空间位姿自适应调整能力较强,跟随运动准确,具有很好的位姿控制稳定性。     

基于被动柔顺的机器人抛磨力/位混合控制方法

为了实现抛磨系统机器人末端的位置控制和接触力控制,提出一种基于被动柔顺装置的机器人抛磨系统力/位混合控制策略.在机器人末端安装一个柔顺装置实现对工具末端力控制和位置控制的解耦.柔顺装置一端安装于机器人末端,另一端连接抛磨工具.机器人控制器控制机器人末端位姿,间接对工具末端位姿进行控制和补偿,柔顺装置控制器直接控制工具与工件的接触力.经过建模分析,采用非线性PD(比例-微分)控制提高了柔顺装置的动态调节性能.仿真结果证明该方法可以对目标轨迹进行跟踪与补偿,并实现期望力的快速调节.非线性PD控制将柔顺装置受干扰后恢复稳定的调节时间由220 ms提高到60 ms.实验进一步验证了仿真结果,并通过对航空叶片进行打磨与抛光获得了良好的表面质量.结果表明提出的控制方法是切实可行的.     

Adaptive end-effector pose control for tomato harvesting robots

This paper investigates the development of a tomato-harvesting robot operating on a plant factory and primarily studies the reachable pose of tomatoes in the nondexterous workspace of manipulator. The end-effector can only reach the tomatoes with reachable poses when the tomatoes are within the nondexterous workspace. If the grasping pose is not reachable, it will lead to grasping failure. An adaptive end-effector pose control method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find a reachable pose. The inverse kinematic solution based on analysis method of the manipulator is analyzed and the objective function of whether the manipulator has a solution or not is obtained. The grasping pose is set as an individual owing to the position of the tomatoes is fixed and the grasping pose is variable. The GA is used to solve until a pose that can make the inverse kinematics have a solution is generated. This pose is the reachable grasping pose of the tomato at this position. The quintic interpolation polynomial is used to plan the trajectory to avoid damage to tomatoes owing to fast approaching speed and a distance based background filtering method is proposed. Experiments were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The radius of the workspace of the UR3e manipulator with the end-effector increased from 550 to 800 mm and the grasping range expanded by 208%. The harvesting success rate using the adaptive end-effector pose control method and trajectory planning method was 88%. The cycle of harvesting a tomato was 20 s. The experimental results indicated that the proposed tomato-recognition and end-effector pose control method are feasible and effective.     

基于人机交互的机械臂位姿自动监视系统设计

为了提高机械臂位姿自动监视和控制能力,提出一种基于人机交互的机械臂位姿自动监视系统设计方法,系统设计包括机械臂的位姿自动控制算法设计和系统硬件设计两部分,采用粒子滤波位姿跟踪方法进行机械臂的动态定位位姿参数信息采集和融合处理,在动态和静态环境下,结合加速全局定位方法进行机械臂位姿自动监视的人机交互设计,构建机械臂人机交互的动态定位控制模型,采用自适应位姿跟踪方法实现对机械臂的位姿自动监视,通过捕捉未知目标的质量特性参数,实现机械臂的位姿自动监视和人机交互设计。通过DSP和嵌入式ARM实现对机械臂位姿自动监视系统的硬件设计。测试结果表明,采用该方法进行机械臂位姿自动监视的自动化水平较高,智能性较好,提高了机械臂的位姿自动监视和控制能力。     

Autonomous robot calibration using vision technology

Unlike the traditional robot calibration methods, which need external expensive calibration apparatus and elaborate setups to measure the 3D feature points in the reference frame, a vision-based self-calibration method for a serial robot manipulator, which only requires a ground-truth scale in the reference frame, is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm assumes that the camera is rigidly attached to the robot end-effector, which makes it possible to obtain the pose of the manipulator with the pose of the camera. By designing a manipulator movement trajectory, the camera poses can be estimated up to a scale factor at each configuration with the factorization method, where a nonlinear least-square algorithm is applied to improve its robustness. An efficient approach is proposed to estimate this scale factor. The great advantage of this self-calibration method is that only image sequences of a calibration object and a ground-truth length are needed, which makes the robot calibration procedure more autonomous in a dynamic manufacturing environment. Simulations and experimental studies on a PUMA 560 robot reveal the convenience and effectiveness of the proposed robot self-calibration approach.     

Path following by the end-effector of a redundant manipulator operating in a dynamic environment

This paper addresses the problem of generating at the control-loop level a collision-free trajectory for a redundant manipulator operating in dynamic environments which include moving obstacles. The task of the robot is to follow, by the end-effector, a prescribed geometric path given in the work space. The control constraints resulting from the physical abilities of robot actuators are also taken into account during the robot movement. Provided that a solution to the aforementioned robot task exists, the Lyapunov stability theory is used to derive the control scheme. The numerical simulation results for a planar manipulator whose end-effector follows a prescribed geometric path, given in both an obstacle-free work space and a work space including the moving obstacles, illustrate the trajectory performance of the proposed control scheme.     

Study on Non-holonomic Cartesian Path Planning of a Free-Floating Space Robotic System

The non-holonomic characteristic of a free-floating space robotic system is used to plan the path of the manipulator joints, by whose motion the base attitude and the inertial pose (the position and orientation with respect to the inertial frame) of the end-effector attain the desired values. First, the kinematic equations of a free-floating space robot are simplified and the system state variables are transformed to another form composed of base attitude and joint angles. Then, the joint trajectories are parameterized using sinusoidal functions, whose arguments are seven-order polynomials. Third, the planning problem is transformed to an optimization problem; the cost function, defined according to the accuracy requirements of system variables, is the function of the parameters to be determined. Finally, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to search the solutions of the parameters that determine the joint trajectories. The presented method meets three typical applications: (i) point-to-point maneuver of the end-effector without changing the base attitude, (ii) attitude maneuver of the base without changing the end-effector's pose and (iii) point-to-point maneuver of the end-effector with adjusting the base attitude synchronously. The simulation results of a spacecraft with a 6-d.o.f. manipulator verify the performance and the validity of the proposed method.     

Geometric and elastostatic calibration of robotic manipulator using partial pose measurements

The paper deals with the geometric and elastostatic calibration of robotic manipulator using partial pose measurements, which do not provide the end-effector orientation. The main attention is paid to the efficiency improvement of identification procedure. In contrast to previous works, the developed calibration technique is based on the direct measurements only. To improve the identification accuracy, it is proposed to use several reference points for each manipulator configuration. This allows avoiding the problem of non-homogeneity of the least-square objective, which arises in the classical identification technique with the full pose information (position and orientation). Its efficiency is confirmed by the comparison analysis, which deals with the accuracy evaluation of different identification strategies. The obtained theoretical results have been successfully applied to the geometric and elastostatic calibration of a serial industrial robot employed in a machining work cell for aerospace industry.     

Torque Optimizing Control with Singularity-Robustness for Kinematically Redundant Robots

A new control method for kinematically redundant manipulators having the properties of torque-optimality and singularity-robustness is developed. A dynamic control equation, an equation of joint torques that should be satisfied to get the desired dynamic behavior of the end-effector, is formulated using the feedback linearization theory. The optimal control law is determined by locally optimizing an appropriate norm of joint torques using the weighted generalized inverses of the manipulator Jacobian-inertia product. In addition, the optimal control law is augmented with fictitious joint damping forces to stabilize the uncontrolled dynamics acting in the null-space of the Jacobian-inertia product. This paper also presents a new method for the robust handling of robot kinematic singularities in the context of joint torque optimization. Control of the end-effector motions in the neighborhood of a singular configuration is based on the use of the damped least-squares inverse of the Jacobian-inertia product. A damping factor as a function of the generalized dynamic manipulability measure is introduced to reduce the end-effector acceleration error caused by the damping. The proposed control method is applied to the numerical model of SNU-ERC 3-DOF planar direct-drive manipulator.     

Singularity robust path planning for real time base attitude adjustment of free-floating space robot

This paper presents a singularity robust path planning for space manipulator to achieve base (satellite) attitude adjustment and end-effector task. The base attitude adjustment by the movement of manipulator will save propellant compared with conventional attitude control system. A task-priority reaction null-space control method is applied to achieve the primary task of adjusting attitude and secondary task of accomplishing end-effector task. Furthermore, the algorithm singularity is eliminated in the proposed algorithm compared with conventional reaction null-space algorithm. And the singular value filtering decomposition is introduced to dispose the dynamic singularity, the unit quaternion is also introduced to overcome representation singularity. Hence, a singularity robust path planning algorithm of space robot for base attitude adjustment is derived. A real time simulation system of the space robot under Linux/RTAI (realtime application interface) is developed to verify and test the feasibility and reliability of the method. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of online base attitude adjustment of space robot by the proposed algorithm.     

Pose Planning for a Mobile Manipulator Based on Joint Motions for Posture Adjustment to End-Effector Error

This paper proposes a motion planning method for a mobile manipulator. In general, humans can grasp an object by various ways which depend on object posture, position and so on. The objective of this paper is to present how to detect the pose of a mobile manipulator under the condition that several ways of grasping are given to the robot. Motion errors and object position errors are considered to detect robot pose in our method because these affect the grasp motion of the robot hand. Coping with these errors, we will propose an effective pose searching method for a mobile manipulator from numerous pose candidates. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated by simulation and experiment.     

Pose optimization in robotic machining using static and dynamic stiffness models

Industrial robots are typically not used for milling of hard materials due to their low stiffness compared to traditional machine tools. Due to milling being a five degree of freedom (dof) operation, a typical six dof serial manipulator introduces a redundant degree of freedom in the robot pose. This redundancy can be exploited to optimize the pose of the robot during milling to minimize force-induced deflections at the end-effector. Stiffness modeling and optimization techniques for industrial robots utilizing both static (no mass and damping terms) and dynamic (mass and damping terms included) models exist. This paper presents a comparative study of robot pose optimization using static and dynamic stiffness models for different cutting scenarios. Milling experiments show that while a dynamic model-based robot pose optimization yields significant improvement over a static model-based optimization for cutting conditions where the time varying cutting forces approach the robot's natural frequencies, a static model-based optimization is sufficient when the frequency content of the cutting forces are not close to the robot's natural frequencies.