In-Process Tool Fracture monitoring in Face Milling Using Spindle Motor Current and Tool Fracture Index

A new algorithm for tool fracture detection using spindle motor current is suggested for face milling. A tool fracture index (TFI) is suggested to represent the magnitude of tool fracture. Dynamic cutting force variation in the face milling process is measured indirectly using spindle motor current. Even though the dynamic sensitivity of the spindle motor current is low, the cutting force can be correctly represented by the spindle r.m.s current in rough face milling. In rough milling, tool fracture is distinguished well from cutter run-out and transient cutting. The magnitude of tool fracture can be predicted by the proposed tool fracture index using the spindle motor current.     

基于主轴电流的铣削力间接监测方法

实时准确地监测铣削状态对于提高加工质量与加工效率具有重要意义,切削力作为重要的加工状态监测对象,因其监测设备昂贵且安装不便而受到限制,为此提出一种考虑刀具磨损的基于主轴电流的铣削力监测方法.首先基于切削微元理论建立了考虑后刀面磨损的铣削力模型,并通过铣削实验进行铣削力模型系数标定;然后对主轴电流与铣削力的关系进行理论建...     

考虑结合面和轴向力的主轴系统动力学特性

汽车覆盖件淬硬钢模具由于硬度高,在铣削过程中动态铣削力大,易发生颤振,而主轴系统动力学特性直接影响铣削稳定性。为了准确建立主轴系统动力学模型,考虑主轴系统铣削状态下产生的轴向铣削力和离心力对主轴结合面接触刚度的影响。通过分析得到,轴向铣削力对主轴结合面接触刚度有强化作用,使主轴系统固有频率有微小的增加;而离心力对结合面接触刚度有软化作用,随着主轴转速升高,系统的固有频率减小,尤其高转速时主轴系统的动力学特性偏差较大,对比而言离心力的软化作用多于轴向铣削力的强化作用,故主轴系统在铣削过程中动力学特性相比静止无载状态下仍是软化现象;分析结合面预紧力、刀具参数等因素对主轴系统动力学特性的影响规律,为准确分析主轴系统动力学特性和预测铣削稳定性提供理论参考。     

基于切削层形状的动态铣削力试验研究及建模

选取轴向切深、每齿进给量、径向切深和主轴转速为试验因素,采用YDX-Ⅲ9702型压电式铣削测力仪,进行了动态铣削力正交实验。针对立铣刀侧铣加工,研究了单刃铣削的临界条件,为设计试验方案提供了理论依据。结合铣削过程,采用角度积分方法求解铣削力模型,避免了轴向积分的繁琐计算。精确地建立了简捷且适应性强的基于切削层形状的动态铣削力预测模型,模型的仿真结果和试验数据相吻合。     

Improved dynamic cutting force model in ball-end milling. Part I: theoretical modelling and experimental calibration

An accurate cutting force model of ball-end milling is essential for precision prediction and compensation of tool deflection that dominantly determines the dimensional accuracy of the machined surface. This paper presents an improved theoretical dynamic cutting force model for ball-end milling. The three-dimensional instantaneous cutting forces acting on a single flute of a helical ball-end mill are integrated from the differential cutting force components on sliced elements of the flute along the cutter-axis direction. The size effect of undeformed chip thickness and the influence of the effective rake angle are considered in the formulation of the differential cutting forces based on the theory of oblique cutting. A set of half immersion slot milling tests is performed with a one-tooth solid carbide helical ball-end mill for the calibration of the cutting force coefficients. The recorded dynamic cutting forces are averaged to fit the theoretical model and yield the cutting force coefficients. The measured and simulated dynamic cutting forces are compared using the experimental calibrated cutting force coefficients, and there is a reasonable agreement. A further experimental verification of the dynamic cutting force model will be presented in a follow-up paper.     

Modelling, simulation and experimental investigation of cutting forces during helical milling operations

The kinematics of helical milling on a three-axis machine tool is first analysed. An analytical model dealing with time domain cutting forces is proposed in this paper. The cutting force model is established in order to accurately predict the cutting forces and torque during helical milling operations as a function of helical feed, spindle velocity, axial and radial cutting depth and milling tool geometry. The forces both on the side cutting edges and on the end cutting edges along the helical feed path are described by considering the tangential and the axial motion of the tool. The dual periodicity which is caused by the spindle rotation, as well as the period of the helical feed of the cutting tool, has been included. Both simulation and experiments have been performed in order to compare the results obtained from modelling with experiments.     

Spindle vibration suppression for advanced milling process by using self-tuning feedback control

The goal of this work is to concurrently counterbalance the dynamic cutting force and regulate the spindle position deviation under various milling conditions by integrating active magnetic bearing (AMB) technique, fuzzy logic algorithm, and an adaptive self-tuning feedback loop. The experimental data, either for idle or cutting, are utilized to establish the database of milling dynamics so that the system parameters can be on-line estimated by employing the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm as the cutting mission is engaged. Based on the estimated milling system model and preset operation conditions, i.e., spindle speed, cut depth, and feed rate, the current cutting force can be numerically estimated. Once the current cutting force can be real time estimated, the corresponding compensation force can be exerted by the equipped AMB to counterbalance the cutting force, in addition to the spindle position regulation by feedback of spindle position. At the end, the experimental simulations on realistic milling are presented to verify the efficacy of the fuzzy controller for spindle position regulation and the capability of the dynamic cutting force counterbalance.     

Counterbalance of cutting force for advanced milling operations

The goal of this work is to concurrently counterbalance the dynamic cutting force and regulate the spindle position deviation under various milling conditions by integrating active magnetic bearing (AMB) technique, fuzzy logic algorithm and an adaptive self-tuning feedback loop. Since the dynamics of milling system is highly determined by a few operation conditions, such as speed of spindle, cut depth and feedrate, therefore the dynamic model for cutting process is more appropriate to be constructed by experiments, instead of using theoretical approach. The experimental data, either for idle or cutting, are utilized to establish the database of milling dynamics so that the system parameters can be on-line estimated by employing the proposed fuzzy logic algorithm as the cutting mission is engaged. Based on the estimated milling system model and preset operation conditions, i.e., spindle speed, cut depth and feedrate, the current cutting force can be numerically estimated. Once the current cutting force can be real-time estimated, the corresponding compensation force can be exerted by the equipped AMB to counterbalance the cutting force, in addition to the spindle position regulation by feedback of spindle position. On the other hand, for the magnetic force is nonlinear with respect to the applied electric current and air gap, the characteristics of the employed AMB is investigated also by experiments and a nonlinear mathematic model, in terms of air gap between spindle and electromagnetic pole and coil current, is developed. At the end, the experimental simulations on realistic milling are presented to verify the efficacy of the fuzzy controller for spindle position regulation and the capability of the dynamic cutting force counterbalance.     

Dynamic cutting force on-line estimation using a 4-electrode cylindrical capacitive displacement sensor mounted on a high speed milling spindle

In this paper, a 4-electrode cylindrical capacitance displacement sensor (CCDS) is presented as an indirect force sensor for a high speed milling spindle. A rotor-bar system for the magnetic exciter is designed to investigate the tool deflection with respect to the applied cutting force. To extract the deflection signal from the CCDS, the dynamic orbital motion at each rotating speed of spindle is predetermined and then subtracted from the CCDS signal. The CCDS signal is also used as a reference sync signal. The rotor-bar system is designed so that the rotor affects the tool-spindle dynamics only as an added mass but does not contribute to the bending property. The additional effect of the rotor mass in the exciter setup is compensated for by an experimental modeling. The cutting force can be estimated by using modified CCDS signals and FRF. Cutting experiments are conducted to show reliable performances of the proposed approach by high speed machining applications.     

基于动力学不确定性的重型切削工艺参数优化

针对数控重型切削加工过程的切削稳定性具有不确定性的特点,提出了在切削稳定性和机床工作能力的约束下,获得最大材料去除率的工艺参数优化方法。根据重型切削加工的工艺特点建立三维动力学模型,以机床的固有频率、阻尼比、刚度和切削力系数作为不确定因素,结合排零定理和边理论对其进行不确定性分析,获得稳健的切削稳定性叶瓣图,结合切削深度、刀具直径和刀具齿数的关系,为加工过程选择能获得最大切削深度的刀具。在此基础上,建立工艺参数优化模型,选择最佳的轴向切削深度、径向切削深度和主轴转速的组合,最后以一台加工中心上某型号发动机缸体表面的粗加工过程为例进行了验证。     

T/ R 组件封装用铝硅合金高速铣削试验研究

为解决T/ R 组件封装用铝硅合金材料普通铣削加工过程中效率较低、加工成本较高的问题,文中采用三刃硬质合金端面铣刀对某T/ R 组件封装用铝硅合金CE11 进行了高速铣削试验,探索了其在高速铣削过程中,切削量、主轴转速、背吃刀量等对切削力、切削温度的影响,分析了常用切削参数下切削力及切削温度的变化趋势及原因。通过试验得到了CE11 较为合理的高速铣削参数,对提高切削效率及加工质量有一定的指导意义。     

Dynamic analysis of the 2-DOF planar parallel manipulator of a heavy duty hybrid machine tool

This paper focuses on the dynamic characteristics of the two degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator of a heavy duty hybrid machine tool. The Newton-Euler approach is employed to derive the inverse dynamic equation of the parallel manipulator. According to the motion planning of the cutting tool, dynamic simulation without cutting force is performed, and the ratio of the masses of counterweights to that of moving parts (not including the counterweight) is optimized. It demonstrates that the manipulator which is designed with over constraint can improve the dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the cutting force model for face milling is introduced and the dynamic simulation with the dynamic cutting force is carried out. Simulation shows that the oscillation of cutting force is one cause of the vibration of the machine tool in the milling process. In the detailed design, some modification in the structure of the machine tool is made to suppress the vibration.     

DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURE OF MILLING-HEAD MACHINE TOOL

The milling-head machine tool is a sophisticated and high-quality machine tool of which the spindle system is made up of special multi-element structure. Two special mechanical configurations make the cutting performance of the machine tool decline. One is the milling head spindle supported on two sets of complex bearings. The mechanical dynamic rigidity of milling head structure is researched on designed digital prototype with finite element analysis（FEA） and modal synthesis analysis （ MSA ） for identifying the weak structures. The other is the ram structure hanging on milling head. The structure is researched to get dynamic performance on cutting at different ram extending positions. The analysis results on spindle and ram are used to improve the mechanical configurations and structure in design. The machine tool is built up with modified structure and gets better dynamic rigidity than it was before.     

Cutting dynamics and process-structure interactions applied to milling

Cutting dynamics should not be restricted only to self-excited chatter vibrations. Transient disturbances are superimposed on stable working conditions and these dynamic components provide useful information on the real behaviour of the whole machining process. Cutting dynamics therefore include the analysis of such signals in the entire frequency range. An introduction to the basic dynamics of milling processes is presented.Milling is a cutting operation during which the periodic sequence of cutting edges generates periodic time signals with discrete force and vibration spectra. A single cutting pulse from the series of successive cuts leads to an aperiodic time function and thus to a continuous spectrum. Since the dynamic behaviour is known at all frequencies a study of the influence of various cutting conditions and the interactions between the cutting process and the machine tool structure is possible. The discrete spectrum of a real cut involving many teeth can be deduced from the corresponding single cutting pulse.A simple cutting force model was assumed in the theoretical analysis in order to give an initial rough idea of the fundamental properties of the milling pulses (frequency content of the spectra, spatial excitation locus and excitation ratio) as a function of the most important parameters (total cutting angle, up and down milling, symmetrical and asymmetrical cut and number of teeth). The computed results were compared with experimentally obtained data.     

Analyzing the drivers of end-of-life tire management using interpretive structural modeling (ISM)

A sensor module that incorporates a thin film polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric strain sensor rosette as well as data logging and wireless transmitting electronics has been designed and implemented for monitoring dynamic cutting torque in the end milling process—a material removal process widely used in the aerospace industry. The dynamic shear strain produced in the rotating tool during the cutting process is picked up by the PVDF sensor rosette attached to the tool shank and can be either logged into the onboard micro secure digital card or wirelessly transmitted to a nearby base station. The PVDF sensor rosette is largely insensitive to the pyroelectric effect of the PVDF sensor and the other strain components such as bending strain and thermal strain. A physics-based model is used to relate the measured PVDF sensor signal to the dynamic milling torque. The proposed method is experimentally validated using reference milling torque signals computed from cutting force signals measured using a platform-type piezoelectric force dynamometer.     

Improved dynamic cutting force model in peripheral milling. Part II: experimental verification and prediction

Cutting trials reveal that a measure of cutter run-out is always unavoidable in peripheral milling. This paper improves and extends the dynamic cutting force model of peripheral milling based on the theoretical analytical model presented in Part I [1], by taking into account the influence of the cutter run-out on the undeformed chip thickness. A set of slot milling tests with a single-fluted helical end-mill was carried out at different feed rates, while the 3D cutting force coefficients were calibrated using the averaged cutting forces. The measured and predicted cutting forces were compared using the experimentally identified force coefficients. The results indicate that the model provides a good prediction when the feed rate is limited to a specified interval, and the recorded cutting force curves give a different trend compared to other published results [8]. Subsequently, a series of peripheral milling tests with different helical end-mill were performed at different cutting parameters to validate the proposed dynamic cutting force model, and the cutting conditions were simulated and compared with the experimental results. The result demonstrates that only when the vibration between the cutter and workpiece is faint, the predicted and measured cutting forces are in good agreement.     

螺旋铣孔工艺的切削稳定性及工艺参数规划

以螺旋铣孔工艺时域解析切削力建模、时域与频域切削过程动力学建模、切削颤振及切削稳定性建模为基础,研究了螺旋铣孔的切削参数工艺规划模型和方法。切削力模型同时考虑了刀具周向进给和轴向进给,沿刀具螺旋进给方向综合了侧刃和底刃的瞬时受力特性;动力学模型中同时包含了主轴自转和螺旋进给两种周期对系统动力学特性的影响,并分别建立了轴向切削稳定域和径向切削稳定域的预测模型,求解了相关工艺条件下的切削稳定域叶瓣图。在切削力和动力学模型基础之上,研究了包括轴向切削深度、径向切削深度、主轴转速、周向进给率、轴向进给率等切削工艺参数的多目标工艺参数规划方法。最后通过试验对所规划的工艺参数进行了验证,试验过程中未出现颤振现象,表面粗糙度、圆度、圆柱度可以达到镗孔工艺的加工精度。     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.