IN SITU TRUING/DRESSING OF DIAMOND WHEEL FOR PRECISION GRINDING

An application for achieving on-machine truing/dressing and monitoring of diamond wheel is dealt with in dry grinding. A dry electrical discharge （ED） assisted truing and dressing method is adopted in preparation of diamond grinding wheels. Effective and precise truing/dressing of a diamond wheel is carried out on a CNC curve grinding machine by utilizing an ED assisted diamond dresser. The dressed wheel is monitored online by a CCD vision system. It detects the topography changes of a wheel surface. The wear condition is evaluated by analyzing the edge deviation of a wheel image. The benefits of the proposed methods are confirmed by the grinding experiments. The designed truing/dressing device has high material removal rate, low dresser wear, and hence guarantees a desired wheel surface. Real-time monitoring of the wheel profile facilitates determining the optimum dressing amount, dressing interval, and the compensation error.     

Investigation of internal ultrasonically assisted grinding of small holes: effect of ultrasonic vibration in truing and dressing of small CBN grinding wheel

In internal grinding of small holes, it is hard to realize high accuracy truing and dressing for the grinding wheel when a conventional truing/dressing method using single diamond dresser or rotary cup wheel is employed. Because of the cantilever support condition of the spindle shaft the stiffness of shaft is reduced. Thus the truing force leads the shaft to a significant deformation during truing/dressing. In this study, for improving the truing and dressing accuracy, a new truing/dressing method was proposed, in which the grinding wheel is ultrasonically vibrated along its axis during truing/dressing with a GC rotary cup wheel. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the wheel ultrasonication on the truing force reduction, the truing accuracy improvement and the wheel surface condition. In addition, the grinding force and work surface roughness experimentally obtained by using the wheels trued with or without ultrasonication were compared. The experimental results indicated that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreases the normal and tangential grinding forces by more than 20% and 24%, respectively, and the surface roughness by as much as 18%.     

声光调Q YAG脉冲激光修锐和整形青铜金刚石砂轮

采用声光调Q钇铝石榴石(Yttriumaluminumgarnet,YAG)脉冲激光径向辐照,修锐和整形青铜金刚石砂轮。通过建立传热学数学模型和数值计算以及激光单脉冲烧蚀试验,分析了修锐和整形机理,找到了合理的修锐和整形的激光参数与工艺参数。设计和研发了一套在线检测闭环控制激光烧蚀系统,利用该系统控制激光烧蚀过程,进行了青铜金刚石砂轮修整,得到了较高的整形精度和良好的地形地貌,并且实现了一道工序同时整形与修锐。通过磨削对比试验分析了修整效果。     

砂轮表面形貌定量评价及修整效果研究

基于砂轮表面磨粒出刃面积,提出砂轮表面磨粒出刃面积率Sr的概念,在此基础上提出磨粒出刃度βd和磨粒出刃面积分散度δs两个指标来评价砂轮表面形貌特征。用滚轮修整器对树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮进行修整实验,分析了不同修整方式、修整深度和修整速比对βd和δs的影响。采用修整后的砂轮进行磨削实验,分析了不同特征参数的砂轮对磨削力和工件表面粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,采用较小的修整深度、较小的修整速比,多次进给修整砂轮时,磨粒出刃度高、磨粒出刃面积分散度小,修整效果好。当βd为69.35%、δs为1 000 μm2时,磨削力、表面粗糙度最小,表明砂轮磨削性能最好,证明修整质量最高。因此所提出的βd、δs两个指标能对修整后的砂轮表面形貌进行有效评价,且磨粒出刃面积的检测方法简单,检测效率较高。     

ROTARY TRUING OF VITREOUS BOND DIAMOND GRINDING WHEELS USING METAL BOND DIAMOND DISKS

Experiments on rotary truing of vitreous bond diamond grinding wheels were conducted to investigate the effects of truing speed ratio, type of diamond in the metal bond truing disks (synthetic versus natural), and diamond grit size in the grinding wheel on the wear of truing disk and on the cylindrical grinding of zirconia. Similar to G-ratio, a new parameter called D-ratio is defined to quantify the wear rate of the diamond truing disks. Experimental results show that, under the same truing condition, the truing disk with blocky, low friability synthetic diamond has a higher D-ratio than the truing disk with natural diamond. Diamond wheels trued by the disk with synthetic diamond also generate lower grinding force and rougher surface finish. High truing disk surface speed, 1.8 times higher than the surface speed of the grinding wheel, was tested and did not show any improvement in D-ratio. This study indicates that μm-scale precision form truing of the vitreous bond diamond wheel is difficult due to excess wear of the metal bond diamond truing disk.     

树脂基圆弧金刚石砂轮的在位精密成形修整技术

针对球面、非球面及自由曲面超精密磨削加工用树脂基圆弧形金刚石砂轮难以精密修整的问题,提出基于旋转绿碳化硅(GC)磨棒的在位精密成形修整技术。在分析GC磨棒和圆弧砂轮几何关系的基础上,确定修整过程中圆弧插补轨迹的补偿方法及GC磨棒运动轨迹的设计方案。采用KEYENCE激光测微仪采集砂轮圆弧特征点,表征圆弧砂轮的修整状况。研究不同粒度的GC磨棒、进给深度和圆弧插补速度对圆弧金刚石砂轮修整率和修整精度的影响规律。研究结果表明,该修整方法可根据加工曲率半径要求实现不同圆弧半径砂轮的精密在位修整,修整后可自动消除砂轮垂直方向的位置偏差;采用400#和800#的GC磨棒对D3和D7砂轮均有较高的修整率(0.7~6.7);与400#和1500#的GC磨棒相比,800#GC磨棒更适合粒度为D3和D7圆弧金刚石砂轮的精密修整;相比圆弧插补速度,进给深度对砂轮的圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差影响更大,进给深度越小,圆弧半径尺寸误差和形状误差越小;修整后两种砂轮的圆弧半径误差均可控制在5%以内,D3砂轮的形状误差可控制在3μm/4 mm以内,D7金刚石砂轮可控制在6μm/4 mm以内,修整后比修整前形状误差提高14倍左右。     

ROTARY TRUING OF VITREOUS BOND DIAMOND GRINDING WHEELS USING METAL BOND DIAMOND DISKS

Abstract

Experiments on rotary truing of vitreous bond diamond grinding wheels were conducted to investigate the effects of truing speed ratio, type of diamond in the metal bond truing disks (synthetic versus natural), and diamond grit size in the grinding wheel on the wear of truing disk and on the cylindrical grinding of zirconia. Similar to G-ratio, a new parameter called D-ratio is defined to quantify the wear rate of the diamond truing disks. Experimental results show that, under the same truing condition, the truing disk with blocky, low friability synthetic diamond has a higher D-ratio than the truing disk with natural diamond. Diamond wheels trued by the disk with synthetic diamond also generate lower grinding force and rougher surface finish. High truing disk surface speed, 1.8 times higher than the surface speed of the grinding wheel, was tested and did not show any improvement in D-ratio. This study indicates that μm-scale precision form truing of the vitreous bond diamond wheel is difficult due to excess wear of the metal bond diamond truing disk.     

OPTIMIZATION OF DRESSING CONDITIONS FOR A RESIN-BONDED DIAMOND WHEEL BY TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS

The macro-geometry (run-out, shape, profile, etc.) and the micro-geometry (density, distribution, and shape of the grains) of a grinding wheel are measured after both truing and dressing. The effectiveness of the truing is studied by analysing the topography of the wheel to characterize the tool and its effect on workpiece surface quality during the grinding process. Using wheel replicas, the surfaces are analyzed with a non-contact interference microscope and the measurements are processed with MountainsMap Software. For different truing and dressing conditions, the dressing efficiency, the grain density, and its effects on the roughness and wear of the wheel in the grinding process are investigated.     

SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR THE CERAMIC THRU-FEED CENTERLESS GRINDING

An approach for simulation and production implementation of thru-feed centerless grinding of transformation toughened zirconia using vitreous bond diamond grinding wheels is presented. A set of grinding tests was designed and conducted to identify the effects of abrasive product (diamond grit size), work-material, and operational factors (stock removal, thru-feed rate, number of thru-feed passes and truing and dressing methods) on grinding performance. Evaluation parameters of surface finish, grinding forces and C-ratio were utilized to determine machine tool features. Very fine surface finishes, in the order of 0.05 to 0.1 u.m R_a range, could be achieved using vitreous bond micro-grit diamond wheels, without additional part processing. Such a level of surface finish on ground ceramics has traditionally been generated only by using resinoid bonded diamond wheels. These test results were used to design and manufacture a full-size composite or sandwiched diamond grinding wheel. This grinding wheel has been successfully applied in high-volume ceramic production, which in turn has verified the proposed approach. Lastly, the surface finish data is interpreted based on SEM and AFM observations and materials properties.     

超硬磨料砂轮的激光修锐技术研究

激光修整超硬磨料砂轮的原理,利用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ固体脉冲激光器进行激光修锐青铜结合剂和树脂结合剂硬磨料砂轮的试验,用扫描电镜观察了激光修锐前后砂轮表面的微观表貌,对激光作用下砂轮表面不同结合剂材料的去除机理进行了分析,通过磨削陶瓷试验,研究激光修锐的金刚石砂轮的磨削性能,并与普通砂轮磨削肖修锐的金刚石砂轮进行对比。结果表明,采用试验所确定的激光参数可选择性地去除砂轮表面的结合剂材料,而不损伤超硬磨粒,     

A study on wear mechanism and wear reduction strategies in grinding wheels used for ELID grinding

Metal-bonded superabrasive diamond grinding wheels have superior qualities such as high bond strength, high stability and high grindability. The major problems encountered are wheel loading and glazing, which impedes the effectiveness of the grinding wheel. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) is an effective method to dress the grinding wheel during grinding. The wear mechanism of metal-bonded grinding wheels dressed using ELID is different form the conventional grinding methods because the bond strength of the wheel-working surface is reduced by electrolysis. The reduction of bond strength reduces the grit-depth-of-cut and hence the surface finish is improved. The oxide layer formed on the surface of the grinding wheel experiences macrofracture at the end of wheel life while machining hard and brittle workpieces. When the wheel wear is dominated by macrofracture, the wheel-working surface is free from loaded chips and worn diamond grits. When the oxide layer is removed from the wheel surface, the electrical conductivity of the grinding wheel increases, and that stimulates electrolytic dressing. The conditions applied to the pulse current influence the amount of layer oxidizing from the grinding wheel surface. Longer pulse ‘on’ time increases the wheel wear. Shorter pulse ‘on’ time can be selected for a courser grit size wheel since that type of wheel needs high grinding efficiency. Equal pulse ‘on’ and ‘off’ time is desired for finer grit size wheels to obtain stable and ultraprecision surface finish.     

Experimental study on fabrication and evaluation of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface using a V-tip of diamond grinding wheel

A mechanical fabrication of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface is proposed using crossed grooving with a 60° V-tip of diamond grinding wheel. It can obtain high form-accuracy, good surface quality and efficient productivity in contrast to laser machining and etching, and also assure a high aspect ratio in contrast to other mechanical processes. In order to describe its micro-structured topography, a white-light interferometer was employed, and its measured point cloud was matched using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. In micro grinding, a novel CNC mutual-wear truing was first developed to sharpen the wheel V-tip; then, the effects of microscopic wheel topography, silicon crystal-orientation and grinding parameter were investigated on ground micro-topography, truing ratio and material removal ratio; finally, its form-accuracy, pyramid top radius, groove tip radius, surface roughness and aspect ratio were evaluated. It is shown that better microscopic grain protrusion topography on wheel V-tip produces much larger material removal ratio and much better micro-structured topography in micro grinding, but it leads to much less truing ratio in finer GC truing. In micro grinding, silicon crystal-orientation has little effect on micro-structured topography due to diamond crystal-orientations that are randomly distributed on wheel V-tip. Although the micro pyramid-structured form error is only about 3.4 μm, its V-groove bottom and pyramidal top have very large form errors (23.1-47.9 μm) due to the sharpness of wheel V-tip and the frangibility of micro pyramid top. On increasing feed speed, its pyramid top radius decreases and its groove tip radius slightly increases, ultimately leading to an increase in aspect ratio, whereas its surface quality descends. It is concluded that the micro-pyramid arrays may be precisely patterned on silicon surface using a SD600 wheel with crossed tool paths, on-machine V-tip truing and the depth of cut in 1 μm.     

单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整实验研究

为满足单层钎焊金刚石砂轮高效精密加工的性能要求,对磨粒有序排布单层钎焊金刚石砂轮的修整进行了实验研究。采用磨粒有序排布的钎焊金刚石修整工具对钎焊砂轮进行了修整,该修整方法通过修整工具粒度的变化以及修整速比的调整来控制砂轮形貌,从而使氧化锆的磨削表面粗糙度达到了精密加工的水平。对砂轮形貌进行了观测统计,数据表明,砂轮磨粒的等高性得到明显改善且避免了磨粒端部的严重钝化。     

Mist-jetting electrical discharge dressing (MEDD) of nonmetal bond diamond grinding wheels using conductive coating

Diamond wheels are widely used in high-precision grinding of hard and brittle materials; unfortunately, they are difficult to true and dress. This paper addresses that problem in that it proposes an effective dressing technique—mist-jetting electrical discharge dressing (MEDD) of nonmetal bond diamond grinding wheels using conductive coating. A conductive phase is coated on the wheel surface to increase the conductivity of the nonmetal bond. Electrical discharge model was built to analyze feasibility and select optimized parameters of MEDD. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the dressing performance of MEDD in terms of surface morphology of the wheel surface, grinding force, and surface roughness of the workpiece. Experimental results show that abrasive grains on the wheel protrude are satisfied. The discharge parameters have an important influence on the dressing result. The grinding force and the surface roughness of the workpiece significantly reduced after dressing.     

基于修整力的树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮机械修整

研究了树脂结合剂金刚石砂轮修整过程中修整力与修整效果的关系,基于修整力的变化表征了砂轮的表面形貌及磨削性能。首先,对碳化硼、碳化硅、白刚玉3种砂轮修整工具进行实验,并采集了修整过程中修整力的变化;然后,利用白光干涉仪观测修整后砂轮的表面形貌;最后,对修整后砂轮进行磨削验证实验,得到不同修整工具修整后砂轮的磨削性能。基于上述实验,分析并验证了修整力的变化与砂轮表面形貌和砂轮磨削性能的关系。结果表明,法向力Fn能够表征砂轮的磨粒切削刃密度以及磨粒突出高度;修整比率β反映了砂轮的锋锐程度,当β稳定时,砂轮达到充分修整。因此修整力反映了砂轮表面形貌和磨削性能,根据修整力的变化可以把握砂轮的修整进程。     

Efficient dressing of the wheel in ELID grinding by controllable voltage with force feed back

Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding is a new method for achieving ultraprecision surface on hard and brittle materials. In ELID grinding, pulsed direct current voltage is applied on the metal-bonded diamond wheels to ensure constant protrusion of sharp cutting grits throughout the grinding cycle. The peak dressing voltage is kept constant irrespective of the wheel sharpness in conventional ELID grinding, which may lead to overdressing of the grinding wheel. Grinding force ratio (which is also known as K value) is an indicator for the grit sharpness. In this paper, a new approach of wheel dressing has been proposed where the peak dressing voltage is varied according to the change in the K value during grinding. A Kistler three-component dynamometer has been used to monitor the grinding force ratio in real time for this purpose. The methodology to implement the new “dressing-on-demand” concept has been discussed thoroughly in this paper. The experimental comparison with the conventional ELID grinding has also been carried out to prove the advantages of the proposed system.     

The mechanism and application of bronze-bond diamond grinding wheel pulsed laser dressing based on phase explosion

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the surface bond removal mechanism for bronze-bond diamond grinding wheels using a pulsed laser. For the first time, the existence of a phase explosion phenomenon during the process of grinding wheel laser dressing is proposed, and the negative effects of a phase explosion on laser dressing are analyzed. Additionally, a theoretical study on phase explosion is conducted. The mechanism of bronze-bond diamond grinding wheel laser dressing is improved, and theoretical guidance for bronze-bond diamond grinding wheel laser dressing is provided. In the experiment, the processing parameters of the laser during phase explosion are studied, and a grinding test under the corresponding conditions is conducted. A high-speed camera is used to observe phase explosion in the laser dressing process. An ultra-depth 3-D microscope system is used to observe the topography of the bronze-bond diamond grinding wheel after dressing and grinding as well as the bronze wheel surface quality. It is concluded that to avoid phase explosion from occurring in the laser dressing of the bronze-bond grinding wheel, chip space around the bond must exist for the abrasive particle protrusions. The processing parameters of laser dressing under certain condition are optimized, and the desired dressing effect is achieved.     

圆弧形砂轮精密修整及其声发射在线监测技术

针对球面、非球面及自由曲面超精密磨削加工用圆弧形金刚石砂轮难以精密修整的问题,提出基于旋转绿碳化硅（GC）磨棒的端部在位精密修整方法及修整过程的声发射在线监测技术。基于圆弧形金刚石砂轮的结构特性,制订圆弧形金刚石砂轮的在位精密修整与修整过程的声发射在线监测技术方案。依据修整与在线监测方案,对D64圆弧形金刚石砂轮进行修整实验及其声发射信号采集,修整后跳动误差小于10μm,比修整前减小30μm左右,砂轮精度显著提高。利用声发射信号均方根值获取砂轮修整结束的特征预警阈值,实现了旋转GC磨棒端部在位精密修整过程的在线监测以及修整结束时间的准确判断,可以有效提高球面非球面磨削加工过程的效率。     

金刚石砂轮金属结合剂的气中单脉冲电火花放电去除机理

针对金属结合剂金刚石砂轮修锐困难的问题,提出采用气中电火花接触放电修锐的方法。为有效地实现微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,建立单脉冲电火花放电去除加工的试验系统,研究金属结合剂的气中和液中电火花放电去除机理。在试验研究中,主要分析无负荷电压和放电极性对脉冲放电电流、脉冲放电间隙、脉冲放电去除量、电极磨耗比等的影响。结果表明,正极性不易发生短路现象,而且气中的脉冲放电间隙小于液中的 ,适应于微细金刚石砂轮的修锐。此外,在气中放电中存在由绝缘破坏引起的火花放电向附有电弧柱的电弧放电转变的临界无负荷电压,且电火花放电的去除量可以明显小于电弧放电的去除量,但是当无负荷电压小于某一定值时电极消耗比会快速增加。修锐的试验结果显示,利用气中单脉冲电火花放电去除加工条件可以实现金属结合剂微细金刚石砂轮的修锐,产生较好的砂轮出刃形貌,改善磨削表面质量。     

光学自由曲面反射镜模芯的镜面成型磨削

采用精密修锐修整的圆弧形粗金刚石砂轮在CNC精密磨床上进行了数控成型磨削加工,实现了高效镜面磨削。分析金刚石砂轮圆弧形轮廓的成型修整原理,建立了圆弧形修整的数控模式。通过建立曲面数控成型磨削的行走轨迹算法,实现了自由曲面的圆弧包络成型磨削加工。分析了磨削工艺参数和砂轮出刃形貌参数与超光滑表面形成的作用机制,进行了镜面磨削试验并检测表面微观形貌和粗糙度,分析实现镜面磨削的脆/塑性磨削转换机理。理论分析表明,降低砂轮行走速度,提高砂轮转速以及改善出刃形貌可以获得纳米级粗糙度的超光滑磨削表面。试验结果显示,先将砂轮修锐修整再控制砂轮行走速度小至15 mm/min时,表面粗糙度小于10 nm以下,且微观加工表面没有发生脆性破坏,形成镜面。加工高速钢自由曲面时,面形误差(PV值)可以达到10 μm以下,表面粗糙度R_a可以达到约16 nm。实验结果表明:利用数控技术和粗金刚石砂轮可以实现自由曲面模芯的高效镜面磨削加工,保证了高精度的光学自由曲面反射镜注塑模芯。