改性石英砂及沸石滤料除氟性能比较

研究了以石英砂和沸石为骨架的吸附材料经铝盐改性处理后,对饮用水中过量氟的处理行为,比较两种改性滤料处理能力的不同并对差异进行分析。实验表明,物理空间结构性强的沸石作为改性滤料的应用有着独到的优越性,除氟效率达98%以上,是一种无毒无害的除氟处理方法。     

锆掺杂镁铝水滑石去除水中氟离子的研究

采用共沉淀法制备出锆掺杂镁铝水滑石,将焙烧产物作为吸附剂用于去除水中氟离子的研究。结果表明,不同镁铝比吸附剂除氟效果有明显差异,其中以镁铝比为3:1除氟效果最好;掺杂锆后吸附剂除氟效率明显提高,除氟率可达到98.7%。详细考察了水滑石焙烧温度、吸附温度、时间、溶液pH及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附剂除氟效果的影响。在室温及空速45h-1条件下,锆掺杂镁铝水滑石成型吸附剂的动态除氟容量达到47.6 mg/g,表明其具有较高的吸氟容量和较快的除氟速率,在饮用水除氟方面具有较好的应用前景。     

粉煤灰在含氟含磷废水处理中的应用

粉煤灰是火电厂排出的固体废弃物,其作为絮凝剂和吸附剂在废水处理方面已经得到了广泛的应用。人体长期过量摄入氟元素会导致地方性氟病,磷是引起水体富营养化的限制因素。该文叙述了粉煤灰在含氟含磷废水中的应用现状,探讨其影响因素和改性方法,并进一步分析了粉煤灰除氟除磷的机理。结果表明,粉煤灰的组成,特别是其Ca/CaO含量和反应的操作条件对氟、磷的去除效果有较大的影响;酸、碱、盐、微波、负载、工艺改变和新材料转化等改性方法有利于提高粉煤灰对氟和磷的处理能力;粉煤灰对氟和磷的去除主要依赖于吸附作用和凝聚作用。     

改性铁锰结核对水中氟离子的吸附作用研究

我国高氟地下水分布广泛,经济、高效的饮用水除氟技术受到广泛关注。而海底铁锰结核具有很大的比表面积和很好的吸附性能,可作为潜在的除氟材料。本文利用不同剂量的改性剂三氯化铁溶液对铁锰结核进行改性。结果表明,当改性剂剂量大于0．5mmol/g后,吸附剂的除氟效率达到最大且较稳定,约为91％,因此,确定改性剂的最佳剂量为0．5mmol/g。研究了吸附反应时间、氟离子初始浓度、PH值对改性吸附剂除氟性能的影响,并探讨了改性材料的除氟机理。结果表明,改性吸附剂对氟离子的吸附符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学方程。Langmuff吸附等温模型可以很好地描述氟离子的吸附特性,溶液中氟离子是通过单层模式吸附到改性材料表面的。改性材料在pH值3．5-6时具有较好的吸附稳定性。三氯化铁改性的铁锰结核是一种较为理想的除氟材料。     

改性吸附剂去除废水中磷的应用研究进展

去除废水中过量的磷可以减缓水体富营养化。吸附除磷因具有能耗低、容量大、污染少等优点而备受关注，改性吸附剂则可在此基础上提高除磷的靶向性，拓宽操作条件，增大吸附容量。本文分析了改性硅酸盐类、改性金属氧化物类、改性固体废弃物类和聚合物类4类除磷吸附剂的改性方法和吸附性能。硅酸盐类吸附材料以及固体废弃物类材料除磷效果略差，但因来源丰富、价格低廉而具有极大的吸引力。聚合物类吸附剂具有高吸附容量、高选择性，但价格昂贵。金属（氢）氧化物具有出色的磷酸盐吸附性能，且选择性好、吸附速度快，这些化合物已被掺入到沸石、介孔二氧化硅和生物炭等材料中，进一步增强其吸附性能，并在工程材料应用中取得重大突破，主要包括磁性吸附剂和颗粒吸附剂。4类吸附剂的作用机理可归纳为两种：一种是吸附剂上的金属与磷酸盐离子发生配位反应，形成沉淀；另一种是酸性条件下吸附剂上的羟基质子化，使羟基带正电，质子化的羟基通过静电吸引使磷得以去除。通过对不同类别吸附剂的吸附特性进行对比分析，提出将高分子技术运用到吸附剂制备过程中，开发同时具有较强解吸能力的改性吸附剂将成为除磷吸附剂研究的新热点。     

国内除氟吸附剂的研究进展

吸附法除氟是处理含氟水的众多方法中应用非常广泛的一种,因此除氟吸附剂的研究一直是一个重要课题。国内对除氟吸附剂的研究经过了寻找简单除氟吸附剂、对简单除氟吸附剂进行改性、开发新型高效除氟吸附剂以及使用电吸附除氟四个阶段。概述了每个阶段的研究情况,对今后的研究提出了建议,认为今后应该以实现除氟吸附剂制备与应用的产业化为最终目标,贯彻绿色环保原则,提升研究的理论高度,实现吸附剂除氟综合效果最优化。     

改性骨炭去除饮用水中氟离子的研究

文章旨在研究改性骨炭对饮用水中氟离子的去除效果。用AlCl3对常见的骨炭进行改性,并考察了pH、氟溶液初始浓度、温度及吸附剂用量对氟离子吸附去除的影响。结果表明:经AlCl3溶液改性的骨炭,用量为0.2 g/L时,其在24 h内对10 mg/L氟离子的去除率达97%以上。该吸附剂比未改性效果好,具有一定的应用前景。     

改性滤料在水处理中的应用及机理探讨

概述了近年来改性滤料在水处理中的应用。改性滤料对金属离子及对有机物的去除均有较好的效果。本文还分析了改性滤料去除有机物的机理 ,指出pH值是一个重要的影响因素     

金属基吸附剂除氟技术及吸附机理研究进展

氟化物是水污染评价的重要指标之一,高浓度氟化物对饮用水安全构成了威胁,因此开发高效、低成本、高选择性的除氟技术是当前研究的重点。在沉淀、膜分离、离子交换、电絮凝和吸附等除氟技术中,吸附除氟是目前最有前景的技术之一。众多吸附材料中,金属基吸附剂因独特的结构和形貌、优异的吸附性能,被广泛应用于水体除氟研究。综述了铝、铁、稀土基等典型金属吸附剂的开发和改性,阐述了金属基吸附剂制备工艺的强化方法,对比分析了各类金属基吸附剂性能的影响因素,总结了金属基吸附剂的吸附机理和再生技术,提出了金属基吸附剂在除氟领域存在困难和未来发展趋势,为后续金属基吸附剂的开发改性、工艺强化提供理论参考。     

滤料表面电位对滤床过滤效果的影响

滤床过滤工艺广泛应用于水处理领域，滤料表面电位对水中悬浮颗粒的过滤去除有很大的影响。石英砂滤料表面带较高的负电位，一些情况下不利于悬浮颗粒的去除。对石英砂、氧化铁改性滤料、复合改性滤料的表面电位和过滤效果的对比表明，复合改性滤料表面电位接近于中性，对水中的悬浮颗粒有稳定良好的去除效果。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。