应用性诱剂大面积防治烟青虫的效益分析

１９９３～１９９５年累计防治７３万亩。性诱试区烟青虫平均种群密度控制在百株虫量１０头以下（烟青虫防治指标为百株虫量３０头）。每亩防治成本比化学防治节约１３．８２元，亩均产量增加３ｋｇ，上等烟叶比例提高，亩均产值增加１２４元。该防治方法对害虫天敌及人畜无任何不良影响，无残毒，无污染。     

应用人工合成烟青虫Heliothis assulta Guenee性信息素大面积诱蛾的研究

１９９３—１９９４年在河南等四省不同烟区用人工合成烟青虫性信息素进行大面积诱捕雄蛾试验研究，结果表明：人工合成烟青虫性信息素具有较强烈的生物活性，一个诱捕器每晚平均诱蛾９７头，最多１４８头。２个诱捕器间相距４０—５０ｍ，置于和烟株同高或高５ｃｍ处，每一诱捕器内设一诱芯等，为最佳条件。烟青虫雄蛾交配活动，夏季始于１８时，以２０－２２时诱捕蛾量为最多。文内提出今后大面积用于测报和防治的建议。     

农用不育剂防治烟青虫的研究

不育治虫也称遗传防治,是害虫综合防治的一项崭新内容。当前,国内外成功的实例不多。本研究选出了烟青虫雄性不育剂和雌性不育剂,将其与烟青虫性诱剂结合,制成小型不育引诱器,每亩烟田插置一个,即可诱使田间烟青虫成虫吮食不育剂,食后即成为不育蛾。不育蛾仍可与正常蛾交配,不但使交配对象成为不育,还可使已正常交配的成虫成为不育。从而降低田间的虫量,减少为害。田间试验结果表明,对烟青虫的防治效果达90％以上。使用不育剂可以减少田间农药用量和施药次数。本研究选出的不育剂对人畜无害,使用简便,价格较低,对环境无污染。     

烟青虫性引诱观察

为了探索烟青虫的性引诱作用,我们于1979年烟青虫发生期间,采用笼关活雌蛾水盆诱捕器在本所试验田进行了诱捕雄蛾的反复试验,试验自7月10号开始至9月1号结束,历时51天,共投放活雌蛾37头(102盆次)共诱捕雄蛾925头,平均每头雌蛾诱获25头,发蛾盛期每头雌蛾最高诱捕量为333头,其中一日最高诱捕量为164头。活雌蛾的性诱力平均可使用7.6天,最多可达11天。在本试验中我们发现:1、雄蛾被雌蛾引诱,呈“Z”字型逆风飞向雌蛾被捕。2、晚11时至次日3时是雄蛾趋向诱盆被捕的有效时间,0—3时诱获量最大,占总诱捕     

烟青虫二代幼虫对烤烟的危害损失及其防治指标研究

１９９５年在贵州金沙县进行了烟青虫二代幼虫对烤烟的危害损失及其防治指标研究。结果表明，随着虫口密度增加，烟叶产量、均价、上等烟比例和产值降低，中等烟比例上升。建立了虫口密度与相关因素的数学模型。确定防治指标为百株虫量１０．６７头，受害株率为１１．５９％。     

湖南烟青虫发生规律及其测报技术

为有效防治烟青虫,依据湖南省各烟草测报点多年系统调查的数据,进行了烟青虫发生规律及预测预报研究.结果表明,烟青虫理论发生代数与实际发生代数一致;各地第1代蛾量均多于第2和第3代,一般始蛾早、始发蛾量多的年份预示当年烟青虫发生量偏多;与烟青虫预测预报相关的主要因子有引诱微环境、天敌、冰冻、诱集植物等.     

烟青虫预测预报及无公害防治技术的研究

研究表明，用性诱捕器诱集成虫和用９３－１诱集物调查卵量，可以较准确地进行烟青虫的短期预报，及时指导防治，尤其适合基层测报点使用。充分发挥自然因素和栽培措施对害虫的抑制作用，使用生物制剂，利用信息素诱集可以有效地控制烟青虫的危害。     

湖南烟区斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)的发生规律及预测方法

以郴州、宁远等县连续多年田间调查资料为基础,结合当地气象数据,分析了湖南省斜纹夜蛾的发生规律。结果表明,根据有效积温斜纹夜蛾在湖南每年发生4.0～4.5代,理论代数与实际代数相符;湖南斜纹夜蛾每年初始虫源全部为外地虫源;按虫源性质,全年可分为4个不同的发生时段;3月的诱蛾量与4—6月诱蛾量有显著的相关性,预测模型为y=233.54+112.44x4(r=0.815*,n=8);1月平均温度与4—6月诱蛾量也有明显的相关性(达90%可信度),预测模型为y1410350X3(r=0.595,n=9);同步迁飞昆虫小地老虎主迁入期(2—4月)的性诱蛾量与斜纹夜蛾主迁入期(4—6月)也具相关性,均可供发生趋势预测参考。斜纹夜蛾的百株虫量与为害率呈显著相关性。     

1.8%虫螨克乳油防治烟青虫试验

１９９７年７月用１．８％虫螨克乳油进行了防治烟青虫（ＨｅｌｉｏｔｈｉｓａｓｕｌｔａＱｕｅｎｅｅ）田间试验和室内试验，并与５％卡死克乳油、ＢＴ粉剂、４０％ＳＮ－８５１乳油进行对比。试验结果表明，虫螨克３０００倍药后３天防效为９３．６％，５天防效为９４．２％，７～１５天防效达１００％。药效期达１５天以上，对２、３龄烟青虫幼虫有较好的防效，且对大龄幼虫的灭杀作用更好，同时表明该药剂具有较好的安全性，对天敌杀伤力低，与ＢＴ粉剂相比防效相当，优于当地常用农药ＳＮ－８５１，可以作为一种新型药剂进行推广，用于防治烟青虫。建议使用量为３０００倍即６６７ｍ２用２０ｍｌ为宜。     

南美斑潜蝇成虫对不同色板的趋性及飞翔特性研究

趋性试验表明：黄色粘板在烟田诱虫效果最好，诱虫率为52．3％，绿、白、红、黑4种色板的诱虫效果依次降低，诱虫率分别为18．3％、11．0％、9．2％和9．2％；飞翔特性试验表明，南美斑潜蝇具有在烟株顶层飞翔的活动特性，并且在烟株顶层以上活动量逐渐减少。     

昆虫保幼激素类似物"双氧威"对烟草甲的生物学效应

采用点滴法测定了"双氧威"对烟草甲幼虫的生物活性,同时进行了室内防治试验和实仓防治试验.结果表明"双氧威"对烟草甲幼虫的急性触杀活性不明显,但存在着显著的类保幼激素的后续效应,对烟草甲有极强的抑制作用.在用药量10～20 mg/kg的浓度下处理烟叶10个月后,对烟草甲和烟草粉螟的防治效果达到100%.     

Microbial control using bacteria of the almond moth,Cadra (Ephestia) cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Almond moth, Cadra (Ephestia) cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most serious pests of dried fruits and other stored products. Almond moth is polyphagous pest that is widespread in Turkey and all over the world. Almond moth larvae cause serious damages on trees, warehouse and threshing floor of drying fig. Though various cultural, chemical and biological methods are used to control this pest, it is still effective in Turkey and various part of the world. In order to find a significant microbial control agent against this pest, we isolated 13 bacterial isolates and identified these isolates based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. According to these characteristics, isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens (Eca1 and Eca3), Serratia sp. (Eca11), Bacillus thuringiensis (Eca2, Eca4, Eca6, Eca7, Eca8, Eca9, Eca10, Eca12, Eca13) and Bacillus axarquiensis (Eca5). The insecticidal activities of these isolates were performed against three insect species from Lepidoptera group which cause serious damage in warehouses. The highest insecticidal activity is 57% for Eca9 isolate on the 3rd instar larvae of C. cautella, 100% for Eca9 isolate on the 3rd instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella and 100% for Eca10 and Eca3 isolate on the 3rd instar larvae of E. kuehniella. Results indicate that Eca9, Eca3 and Eca10 isolates may be valuable as potential biological control agents for the control of warehouse pests.     

HOT WATER TO CONTROL CODLING MOTH IN SWEET CHERRIES: EFFICACY AND QUALITY

Quarantine regulations require domestic cherries exported to Japan be treated to control for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The current procedure, methyl bromide fumigation, uses a restricted chemical, reduces fruit quality, and involves health, safety and environmental concerns. Single and double hot water dips were evaluated using fresh ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ sweet cherries from Washington state as a potential replacement. The double dip procedure had a pretreatment bath at 40C for 5 min. For both procedures, submersions in heated water from 48 to 55C for 2–14 min were examined for treatment efficacy against third‐instar codling moth and fruit quality. Although a 100% mortality response was found for each temperature and procedure, the submersion durations significantly damaged fruit and stem parameters for both cultivars. Thus, hot water dips are not feasible for Pacific Northwest cherries at this time.     

烟草丛顶病防治研究与应用

10年的研究确认,在云南发生的烟草丛枝类病害是烟草丛顶病,病原物是烟草丛顶病毒(TBTV)和烟草脉扭病毒(TVDV)。蚜虫传播是田间最主要的传染途径。采用"治虫防病"措施防丛顶病效果达61%;"以治(避)虫防病为主体,综合防治烟草丛顶病技术"的防效为86.9%,20hm2中心防治示范样板防效为77.2%。1999~2002年大面积推广应用综合防治技术,烟草丛顶病控制在1%以下,效果十分明显。      

Alpha-amylase inhibitor from local common bean selection: Effect on growth and development of Corcyra cephalonica

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from the Kalpa valley of the Kinnaur district were screened for alpha-amylase inhibitor activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase and significant differences were found amongst them. The inhibitor protein was partially purified from Triloki cultivar by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Inhibitor protein was non-competitive, heat labile and retained 55.51 per cent activity at 70 °C. It had two pH optima of 5.0 and 7.6. Inhibitor protein inhibited amylases of 3rd -4th instar larval extracts of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton, the rice moth. C. cephalonica larvae (3rd -4th instar) were fed on wheat flour mixed with 0.013 percent (w/w) of partially purified α-amylase inhibitor protein. The growth of larvae in the treatment was significantly reduced. Treated larvae showed 100 percent mortality after 11 days. In the untreated control, no larval mortality was observed and adults emerged after 45 days. The inhibitor protein was effective at very low concentrations and could be exploited for control of this grain storage pest.     

RADIO FREQUENCY PULSE APPLICATION FOR HEATING UNIFORMITY IN POSTHARVEST CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) CONTROL OF FRESH APPLES (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.)

A radio frequency (RF) treatment, with a pulse mode to increase heating uniformity, was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris L. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., intended for export to Japan. Apples were exposed in water baths to 27.12‐MHz RF energy at 12 kW with a pulse mode of 30 s‐on/30 s‐off for different durations. The temperature uniformity was determined by measurements at 12 sites evenly spaced at two depths in the fruit. The most promising exposure time was 29 min. The efficacy of the treatment with the pulse mode was examined against the codling moth larvae by using exposures between 27 and 30 min and up to 30 min of holding time in bath after treatment. The treatment that killed all larvae with the least amount of energy was the 29‐min exposure with 50‐min holding time. This treatment was appraised for fruit quality in “Delicious” apples. Some injury was observed when treated fruits were removed from 1C storage after 30 days. When these fruits were held at 25C for 1 week, all were too damaged to evaluate for fruit quality. Although pulse mode increased heating uniformity in the fruit, the thermal requirements to control codling moth larvae may exceed the injury threshold of the fruits.     

1%吡虫啉灭虫签防治烟蚜的药效试验

2003~2004年进行了1%吡虫啉灭虫签防治烟蚜的田间药效试验,结果表明,1%吡虫啉灭虫签防治烟草蚜虫效果较好,药后20d内,每株烟插1根灭虫签防效可达97.5%~100%,且对烟草无药害,使用安全。     

食蚜瘿蚊对烟蚜的捕食作用

为研究食蚜瘿蚊不同龄期幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的捕食能力,通过室内试验评估不同龄期食蚜瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能反应和食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的种内干扰作用。结果表明,食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的捕食功能反应均为Ⅱ型,其中2龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对1~2龄烟蚜的处理时间短（2.0525 h）,理论最大捕食量最大（11.69头）;3龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的控制作用均强于2龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫,对高龄烟蚜（3~4龄）的控制效果最为明显;食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的日均捕食量随着食蚜瘿蚊密度的增加而显著增大,但平均捕食率随着食蚜瘿蚊密度的增加而逐渐减小。食蚜瘿蚊捕食不同龄期烟蚜的种内干扰作用不同,干扰程度为1~2龄（0.76） > 4龄（0.64） > 3龄（0.57）。因此,食蚜瘿蚊对烟蚜的控制潜能较大,是一种可应用的蚜虫天敌。     

Chemotaxis of Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in response to larvae of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and host food substrate with tobacco

Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most studied parasitoids for biological control of pest’s moths in postharvest environment. However, little is known about the searching behavior and learning ability of this braconid regarding host localization. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the chemotaxic behavior of female H. hebetor with and without parasitism experience to olfactory signals associated with types of stored tobacco and white wheat flour, and the presence of the host Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) developed in different diets. The chemotaxic responses of 2-4 day old H. hebetor females with and without previous experience of parasitism were observed in a “Y” type olfactometer. The odors of Virginia and Burley tobacco, wheat flour and E. kuehniella larvae reared with or without tobacco in their diet were evaluated. As a control, only air was used. Females of H. hebetor with no previous experience of parasitism were more responsive to both the host larvae and the different food substrates contrasted with air. In relation to tobacco substrate, both Virginia and Burley, when contrasted with larvae that developed in diet with tobacco, females were more responsive to tobacco volatile. On the other hand, mostly H. hebetor females with parasitism experience were more attracted to host larvae when compared to substrates. The number of non-responsive females with parasitism experience, was significantly lower than in the group of females without experience. Through previous experience, the parasitoid was able to develop associative learning, which may increase the efficiency of host search. This is the first record of tobacco attractiveness for the parasitoid H. hebetor, an important aspect for the success of biological control programs in tobacco storage.     

转几丁质酶基因烟草遗传稳定性研究

从转几丁质酶基因烟草株系(NPTII基因是选择标记基因)对卡那霉素的抗性,及外源几丁质酶基因表达蛋白的活性(Western Blot检测)两个方面对转基因株系的遗传稳定性进行了分析研究。在卡那霉素抗性检测试验中,检测了13个T₂转基因株系,其中9个株系被检测种子100%对卡那霉素(100 mg/L)具有抗性;T₃和T₄转基因株系各检测了10个,100%被检测种子在含卡那霉素100 mg/L的MS培养基上长成了烟苗。Western Blot检测了11个T₂株系,检测结果表明,6个株系被检测植株100%含有外源几丁质酶蛋白,2个株系被检测植株80%含有外源几丁质酶蛋白,2个株系被检测植株50%含有外源几丁质酶蛋白,1个株系被检测植株19.05%含有外源几丁质酶蛋白。在温室内将转基因烟草与未转基因烟草密植在一起,种植2代,烟株开花期模仿自然风力对烟株吹风,进行了转基因烟草是否可以通过花粉进行基因漂移的研究。研究结果表明,在自然风媒条件下未发现转基因烟草可进行基因漂移。