膜设备用阻垢剂的配方研究

通过阻垢剂的阻垢率测定,了解到一些阻垢剂的阻垢原理,并通过正交试验,选出了聚天冬氨酸、聚环氧琥珀酸、氨基三亚甲基膦酸3种阻垢剂复配的较优配方为聚天冬氨酸25%、聚环氧琥珀酸60%、氨基三亚甲基膦酸15%,并对较优配方进行性能研究。同时对其阻CaCO3的性能进行了比较研究。     

聚柠檬酸对CaCO_3和CaSO_4的阻垢性能研究

通过合成和阻垢实验及垢样形貌分析,研究了聚柠檬酸对CaCO_3和CaSO_4的阻垢性能。结果表明,聚柠檬酸对CaCO_3的阻垢率很低;对CaSO_4的阻垢效果很好,当聚柠檬酸投加量为2 mg/L时,阻CaSO_4垢率可达到90%以上。与传统阻垢剂羟基亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)和聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)相比,聚柠檬酸对CaSO_4的阻垢效果明显优于HEDP和PESA。加入聚柠檬酸后CaCO_3垢晶体变成片状,垢质疏松;CaSO_4垢晶体长度变短,晶体表面不再光滑致密,出现严重畸变,垢质也比较疏松。     

水处理阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸的改性研究

通过氨基甲基磷酸和聚琥珀酰亚胺的氨解反应对水处理阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸进行改性,合成了含膦酰基的聚天冬氨酸衍生物N-(2-膦酰基甲基)天冬酰胺酸/天冬氨酸共聚物,测试了其对碳酸钙和磷酸钙的阻垢性能以及对氧化铁的分散性能,并与聚天冬氨酸和常用水处理阻垢剂聚丙烯酸钠作了比较,结果显示在聚天冬氨酸分子结构中引入膦酰基团不同程度地提高了产物对各种沉积物的阻垢分散性能.     

单宁酸及其复配物的阻垢性能研究

采用碳酸钙沉积法对单宁酸及其复配物在冷却水中的阻垢性能进行了研究.结果表明,单宁酸有一定的阻垢能力,但效果不理想;单宁酸与HEDP(羟基亚乙基二膦酸)、ATMP(氨基三亚甲基膦酸)和多聚磷酸钠复配后的阻垢率明显增强;单宁酸与PASP(聚天冬氨酸)、PESA(聚环氧琥珀酸)复配后的阻垢率没有增强.     

磷系水处理药剂的研究进展

综述了磷系水处理药剂的研究进展，分析了氨基三甲叉膦酸（ATMP）、羟基乙叉二膦酸（HEDP）、2-膦酸-1，2,4-三羧酸丁烷（PBTCA）、2-羟基膦酸基乙酸（HPA）、膦酰基羧酸（POCA）、聚环氧琥珀酸（PESA）和聚天冬氨酸（PASA）等水处理药剂的特点，论述了磷系水处理药剂在缓蚀阻垢中的重要性。     

新型抗生物污染反渗透膜阻垢剂的研制及性能

对国产11种反渗透阻垢剂进行静态阻碳酸钙垢试验,并对各单体抑制微生物污染性能进行了研究.投加量为3 mg·L~(-1)时,2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸、羟基亚乙基二膦酸、小分子有机膦RO2和氨基三亚甲基磷酸对碳酸钙的阻垢率超过80%.对阻硫酸钙垢进行正交试验表明,RO2与氨基三亚甲基磷酸有较强协同效应.在上述试验基础上,添加杀菌剂进行复合型反渗透膜阻垢剂的研制.结果表明,复合型阻垢剂A3阻碳酸钙达65%以上,阻硫酸钙达12.2%;3种复合型阻垢剂对碳酸钙的阻垢率均超过60%,抗微生物污染等性能与进口阻垢剂效果相当,成本仅为进口阻垢剂的1/4;复合型反渗透膜阻垢剂可有效控制反渗透系统结垢及微生物污染.     

磁场与聚环氧琥珀酸的协同阻垢性能及机理分析

该文采用静态和动态实验考察了磁场与聚环氧琥珀酸在不同使用条件下的协同阻垢性能。静态实验结果表明,当聚环氧琥珀酸的质量浓度为2mg/L,实验浓缩倍数为1.5时,磁场与聚环氧琥珀酸协同作用时的静态阻垢率比聚环氧琥珀酸单独作用时提高18.9%。动态实验结果表明,当聚环氧琥珀酸的质量浓度为4mg/L,实验浓缩倍数为2.0时,磁场与聚环氧琥珀酸协同作用时的动态阻垢率,比聚环氧琥珀酸单独作用时提高12.8%。利用扫描电镜对垢样进行了观察,结果表明,磁场与聚环氧琥珀酸协同作用,可使碳酸钙晶体发生更明显的断裂和扭曲现象,晶粒更加细小分散。     

三种阻垢剂阻硫酸钙垢协同效应的研究

采用电导法研究了聚天冬氨酸（PASP）、羟基亚乙基二膦酸（HEDP）、2-膦酸基-1,2,4三羧基丁烷（PBTCA）三种阻垢剂单组分时的阻CaSO4垢性能以及二元复配、三元复配后的协同效应。考察了pH、温度等条件对二元复配物阻垢性能的影响。实验表明：二元组合除PASP和PBTCA之间存在协同效应,其余组合不存在协同效应...     

聚天冬氨酸与PBTCA的阻垢性能及复合使用效果应用研究

基于聚天冬氨酸优异的缓蚀阻垢性能,试验室人工合成并制得聚天冬氨酸。通过静态阻垢试验可知当聚天冬氨酸与羟基亚乙基二膦酸质量比1∶1混合使用后,阻垢性能优于任一单体。在PASP与PBTCA使用量1∶1(质量比)的条件下,复配制得缓蚀阻垢剂。通过静态缓蚀、阻垢试验和动态模拟试验得出,复合缓蚀阻垢剂投加量为30 mg/L时,缓蚀阻垢效果显著。     

复配阻垢剂体系的协同效应研究

研究羟基二乙基二膦酸(HEDP)、次膦酸基聚丙烯酸(PCA)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、含膦磺酸基聚磷酸类共聚物阻垢剂(PAMPS)(自制)分别对CaCO3、CaSO4单独的阻垢性能,以及二元复配体系的协同效应。实验表明,在阻CaCO3垢方面,对于单一阻垢剂,PCA是一种可选产品。对于二元复配体系,PAMPS与HEDP以2∶3和1∶4复配、PAMPS与PAA以3∶2,2∶3和1∶4复配均存在协同效应,PAMPS与PCA复配不存在协同效应;在阻CaSO4垢方面,对于单一阻垢剂,PAMPS和PCA是可选产品。对于二元复配体系,PAMPS与HEDP,PAMPS与PCA均以4∶1和3∶2复配都存在协同效应,PAMPS与PAA复配不存在协同效应。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.