近江牡蛎在净化和生态冰温保活过程中主要营养成分的变化

近江牡蛎经过臭氧净化后分为薄膜包装组和散装组在5℃进行生态冰温保活;在净化前后和保活1、3、5、7、9d分别取样,分析上述过程中主要营养成分的变化。结果表明:净化前后牡蛎的主要营养成分基本未发生变化;在生态冰温保活过程中粗蛋白和水分基本保持稳定,粗脂肪和糖原呈明显下降趋势,而乳酸呈显著的上升趋势。与保活前相比,薄膜包装组粗脂肪、糖原分别降低了55.7%和29.2%,乳酸含量增加了57.3%;散装组脂肪、糖原分别降低了51.2%和41.0%,乳酸含量增加了107.7%。由结果可知,薄膜包装组主要营养成分的损失较小。     

无水保活时间对斑点叉尾鮰血液生化和肌肉品质的影响

为探讨无水保活时间对斑点叉尾鮰生理应激和肌肉品质的影响,本文研究了二氧化碳无水保活的最佳工艺,及不同无水保活时间下的存活率。分析了保活前、保活(5、7、9、11 h)和复苏24 h后3种状态中血液生化和鱼肉蛋白质、脂肪、水分等品质指标。结果表明:无水保活鮰鱼的最佳条件是二氧化碳浓度为500～550 mg/L,保活温度为4～8℃和麻醉液温度6℃;休眠的鮰鱼在6℃培养箱保活5、7、9、11和13 h,存活率分别为100%、100%、99%、45%和20%;低温保活过程中水分和持水性没有显著性变化(p0.05),肌肉中p H、蛋白质以及粗脂肪低于对照组,而肌糖原的含量显著下降(p0.05)。尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性逐渐增高,其中GOT和BUN的活性与保活时间是最相关的。当保活时间达到9 h时,GOT从18.48μmol/L增加到25.09μmol/L:BUN从13.18 mmol/L增加到16.44 mmol/L。在复苏组中,保活9 h的鮰鱼血清中生化指标Cr、BUN和GOT的活性基本恢复到对照组的水平(p0.05),而保活11h的鮰鱼复苏后Cr、BUN和GOT活性与对照组相比显著增加(p0.05),分别高出对照组52.41%、25.48%和48.24%。结论:二氧化碳休眠保活鮰鱼的最佳保活时间为9h,保活时间延长,代谢缓慢,毒素无法排出体外,会对肾脏、肝脏造成不可逆的损伤。本研究结果为二氧化碳无水保活提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

无水保活温度对斑点叉尾鮰生化指标和肌肉品质的影响

为探讨无水保活温度对斑点叉尾鮰生理应激和鱼肉品质的影响,研究了MS-222麻醉的斑点叉尾鮰无水保活5 h所需的较佳温度范围,测定了不同保活温度(0、2、4、6℃)下,保活前(对照)、保活中(5 h)和保活后3种状态下斑点叉尾鮰的血液生化及鱼肉蛋白质、脂肪、水分、质构和游离氨基酸等品质指标。结果表明:MS-222麻醉斑点叉尾鮰在(2~6)℃下可以保活5 h,在清水中恢复24 h后存活率达到100%;无水保活5 h后,血液中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶明显高于未处理值(P0.05),恢复24 h后,基本都恢复至未处理组值,但0、2℃保活组仍明显高于未处理组值(P0.05);肌酐和尿素氮在保活5 h后都显著升高,恢复24后很难回到初始水平,无水保活对肾脏造成的影响是不可逆的,4℃保活组尿素氮增量最大,达7.22 mmol/L;0、2℃下,鱼肉中蛋白质和脂肪含量保活5 h后下降,而在4、6℃下有所上升,24 h后基本恢复至未处理组值;保活温度越低,对鱼肉质构影响越大,在6℃下,质构变化较小。因此,研究表明,6℃下保活,无水保活对鱼肉的生理生化指标和肌肉品质影响较小,且在无水保活中产生的应激反应在恢复24 h后基本消除,而较低温度下0、2℃,会对斑点叉尾鮰造成不可恢复的损伤。该研究结果为无水保活在淡水鱼活鱼运输中的应用提供参考。     

暂养净化及无水保活中太平洋牡蛎活力品质与呈味物质分析

为探明太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)采捕后不同流通阶段活力品质与呈味物质的变化规律，模拟产业流通实际，将活体太平洋牡蛎进行暂养净化、诱导休眠和无水保活，并在不同时间段取样，以腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)关联物、核苷酸能荷值(adenylate energy charge,AEC)及游离氨基酸变化分析牡蛎活力品质的变化；以呈味化合物含量结合呈味强度值评价流通过程中牡蛎风味品质变化。结果显示，采捕后运输及环境胁迫对其活力、呈味物质有显著影响，通过24 h暂养净化，牡蛎活力品质均呈明显恢复，其中ATP、AEC、游离氨基酸总量较净化前明显上升(P<0.05)，机体活力达到新水平；诱导休眠至保活流通阶段，牡蛎受到低温、缺氧胁迫需调动更多能量物质以维持机体平衡，各项活力品质指标较净化前明显降低(P<0.05)，处于稳定的较低水平。呈味化合物中，牡蛎在暂养净化后鲜甜味氨基酸增加，苦味氨基酸下降，随着保活时间的延长，呈味氨基酸缓慢下降；鲜甜味核苷酸肌苷5’-单磷酸(inosine 5’-monophosphate,IMP)、单磷酸腺苷...     

不同降温速率休眠的加州鲈无水保活品质比较

为了研究不同降温速率休眠对加州鲈无水保活的影响,按照1、3、5℃/h降温速率将暂养水温为10～13℃鱼样降至临界温度0℃至其休眠,3℃保活,分别保活12、14、16 h后,测定该过程加州鲈血液生化指标和肌肉品质的变化,以期获得最优的降温速率提高存活率。结果表明:3℃/h降温,3℃保活效果最好,保活16 h后复苏率达85.75%,复苏率明显高于其他两实验组;随保活时间延长3个降温速率处理组加州鲈血液中皮质醇、谷草转氨酶、丙二醛、尿素氮、乳酸含均会显著升高(p0.05),鳃Na+/K+-ATPase、白蛋白含量会显著降低(p0.05),保活16 h以上指标升高或降低值基本为对照组的1～2倍;与对照组相比,粗蛋白含量、全质构指标中硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性等肌肉指标随保活时间延长会显著降低(p0.05)指标,以上指标3℃/h降温组减小值显著低于其他两实验组(p0.05)。综上所述,3℃/h降温保活对鱼肝脏和肾脏影响较小,既可保证运输较长时间的存活率,也能保证该过程鱼的肌肉品质变化较小。     

无水运输温度和时间对南美白对虾肌肉品质及生理应激的影响

为探讨南美白对虾无水保活运输的适宜温度和时间,本文研究了对虾低温休眠温度,测定了4、10 ℃条件下模拟运输不同时间段的存活率,分析了对照组、休眠组、运输组和运输后复水唤醒30 ?min?,4种状态下对虾肌肉品质以及生理应激指标。结果表明,南美白对虾的休眠温度为（10.0±0.2）℃;模拟运输12 h内,两温度组存活率均为100%,36?h后两组存活率均低于30%。不同运输温度对肉质指标影响不显著（P>0.05）;除蒸煮损失率,相同温度下运输应激对水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量影响均不显著（P>0.05）。生理应激指标中,两种温度下模拟运输24 h后,肌糖原、琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinate dehydrogenase,SDH）、乳酸脱氢酶（lactate?dehydrogenase,LDH）和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量与对照组相比均发生显著变化（P<0.05）,且复水后也均不能恢复到对照组水平。南美白对虾可以通过低温诱导休眠的方式进行无水保活运输,10 ℃适于18 ?h内短途运输,长途运输则可选用4 ℃。     

冰温贮藏结合不同包装方式对羊肉品质的影响

通过与传统冷藏比较,研究冰温贮藏结合不同包装方式(托盘、真空、气调)对羊肉货架期和品质的影响,确定适合于冰温贮藏的方式。结果表明:与冷藏相比,冰温贮藏可以显著延长羊肉货架期(p0.05);冰温可以维持羊肉较好的感官品质和较低的菌落总数,冰温结合气调包装组在宰后19 d的菌落总数为5.67 lg CFU/g,仍在安全范围;冰温贮藏显著降低羊肉的加压失水率(p0.05),其中冰温结合真空包装使羊肉维持一个稳定的保水力;包装方式及贮藏温度(冰温、冷藏)对硬度都没有产生显著性影响(p0.05);冰温环境下,真空包装和气调包装都可以使羊肉维持较好的弹性;冰温结合气调包装可以较长时间维持羊肉的鲜红色。冰温结合真空包装或气调包装有利于维持贮藏过程中羊肉的品质。     

壳聚糖对无水保活单环刺螠品质的影响

目的:降低单环刺螠运输成本,减少单环刺螠营养损失。方法:采用壳聚糖对单环刺螠进行前处理,测定无水保活前、后及复水后3种状态下单环刺螠的主要营养及生理指标变化。结果:壳聚糖保活单环刺螠的较适质量浓度为3 g/L,经壳聚糖前处理后,无水保活64 h后存活率为67%,壳聚糖处理后的试验组其存活率、肌糖原、持水力、水分、乳酸含量均显著性高于对照组(P＜0.05);与未复水相比,复水后,试验组和对照组蛋白质、乳酸、脂肪、水分含量均极显著下降(P＜0.01)。结论:壳聚糖处理提高了无水保活单环刺螠的存活率及品质。     

丁香酚麻醉辅助加州鲈无水活运的效果

研究丁香酚麻醉辅助加州鲈无水活运技术,探究保活过程中较佳的丁香酚质量浓度、麻醉及保活温度,并分析在较佳保活条件下保活不同时间后加州鲈血液生化指标和肌肉品质的变化。结果表明：经过无水保活的鱼样血清中皮质醇、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、肌酐、尿素氮水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,同时随着保活时间的延长水平会一直升高,鳃Na＋/K＋-ATP活力、血清白蛋白和溶菌酶水平随保活时间延长显著降低（P＜0.05）,这些血液指标经过复苏暂养一段时间后基本可以恢复到正常水平,即无水保活对加州鲈器官的损伤基本可自行修复;通过测定不同保活时间的肌肉品质,发现随保活时间的延长结合水会转化成不易流动水,造成肉质疏松、品质变差,但经过一段时间的暂养可恢复到正常水平;通过药浴的方式丁香酚会富集到加州鲈体内,肌肉中的丁香酚经过2 d暂养后会代谢到日本规定的最大残留限量标准（0.05 mg/kg）以下。结论：丁香酚麻醉无水保活有助于短时间运输,无水运输后鱼的肌肉品质有所降低,但经过短时暂养即可恢复正常水平,建议无水运输后的鲈鱼经2 d暂养后上市。     

低温无水保活对虾夷扇贝肌肉质构和肝脏生化特性的影响

为探讨低温无水保活对虾夷扇贝肌肉质构和肝脏生理生化特性的影响,分析了不同保活条件下虾夷扇贝的存活率,研究了无水保活前、保活过程中(24、48、72、96 h)和复水后(4、8 h)虾夷扇贝的肌肉质构特性、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、糖原(Glc)质量比及肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷草转氨酶(G...     

基于GC-MS鉴别活体太平洋牡蛎不同流通阶段气味特征变化

为揭示活体牡蛎在商业流通各环节风味品质变化规律，优化活品运输管理，提升牡蛎存活质量，本研究模拟太平洋牡蛎产业流通实际，采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对活体太平洋牡蛎暂养净化、诱导休眠、无水保活流通中挥发性风味物质种类及含量变化进行分析。结果显示：活体太平洋牡蛎组织中共鉴定出49种挥发性风味物质，主要由醛类、酮类、酯类、烃类、醇类、含氮含硫杂环类化合物构成；采捕后应激胁迫对其风味品质有较大影响，通过24 h暂养净化，牡蛎愉悦性风味化合物明显提升，刺激性气味化合物明显降低，脂质氧化得到明显的缓解；诱导休眠至保活流通阶段，牡蛎脂质氧化随保活流通时间的延长进一步加剧，挥发性风味物质总量呈缓慢积聚特征。气味活性值分析表明，己醛、庚醛、十一醛、(E)-2-壬烯醛、4-乙基苯甲醛、壬醛、(E)-2-癸烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、癸醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、3-辛酮、2-壬酮是活体太平洋牡蛎流通中的关键风味物质，可以作为反映活体牡蛎生理状态的参考。主成分分析显示，前3个主成分累计贡献率为85.6%，可对不同流通阶段进行明显区分。研究表明，太平洋牡蛎采捕后通过暂养净化24 h...     

太平洋牡蛎冷藏过程中闭壳肌品质的变化

为了探究太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）在0℃和4℃冷藏过程中的品质变化,首先对牡蛎不同组织（闭壳肌、外套膜、鳃和内脏团）在冷藏过程中的表观变化进行观察,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）分析冷藏过程中各组织中全蛋白的变化,进一步通过Western blotting鉴定闭壳肌中肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy chain,MHC）、肌动蛋白、副肌球蛋白（paramyosin,PM）和原肌球蛋白（tropomyosin,TM）的降解情况,采用荧光光谱分析闭壳肌冷藏过程中内源性丝氨酸蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶B的活力变化,以闭壳肌的pH、K值和质构特性等为评价指标,分析其在冷藏过程中品质的变化。结果显示,随着冷藏时间延长,闭壳肌由紧实变得绵软,表观变化最明显。Western blotting结果显示,在0℃和4℃冷藏过程中,闭壳肌中MHC分别在第3天和第1天开始降解,表明低温有利于降低蛋白酶解速率;但是,肌动蛋白、PM和TM无明显变化。...     

The Effects of Freezing on the Survival of Salmonella and E. coli in Pacific Oysters

SUMMARY: A mixed inoculum of Salmonella derby or S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli I was injected into the intestinal region of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which were then frozen by four methods. Frozen oysters were stored at O°F, and survival of the inoculated bacteria was determined over a period of two weeks. In separate experiments, inoculated oysters were homogenized and then stored, unfrozen, at 32°F and −30°F (frozen). Routinely, bacterial counts and pH readings were taken of all samples during the course of experiments.
Both species of Salmonella proved to be highly sensitive to freezing, regardless of the freezing method, and showed a survival of 1% or less after 48 hr. E. coli proved less sensitive, showing a wide and capricious variability of survival during the first week of storage, with survival ranging from 10 to 30%. Generally, however, most samples showed a decline comparable to that of salmonellae after two weeks'storage. Because of the fluctuation in E. coli counts after freezing, it is difficult to correlate the numbers of E. colt in frozen shellfish with the count in unfrozen shellfish. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to apply coliform standards for fresh oysters to the frozen product.
In separate studies using inoculated oyster homogenates held at 32° and −30°F for 168 hr, a higher survival rate of E. coli and salmonellae was noted in samples held at −30°F. However, since results obtained were based solely on bacterial counts, it is not possible to say with certainty that these results indicate a protective effect by oyster homogenates against the adverse effects of freezing. Significantly, the results of these experiments did not agree with results obtained with whole oysters, thus indicating the inadvisability of attempting to apply results of homogenate studies to the whole oyster.     

北部湾海区三种常见牡蛎的蛋白质及氨基酸营养分析与评价

为探究北部湾海区常见的熊本牡蛎、香港牡蛎和近江牡蛎三种牡蛎的蛋白质和氨基酸含量、蛋白质营养价值及基于氨基酸含量的综合品质评价差异.采用国家标准测定牡蛎中蛋白质含量,利用高效液相色谱法测定牡蛎中氨基酸组成及含量,分别进行蛋白质营养价值评价,并以牡蛎中的氨基酸组成和含量为指标进行主成分分析(Principal compon...     

Seasonal tracking of histo-blood group antigen expression and norovirus binding in oyster gastrointestinal cells

Noroviruses (NORs) are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. Outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of contaminated oysters and generally occur between the months of November and March, when oysters produce the highest levels of glycogen. Oyster glycogen has been proposed as playing a role in NOR accumulation. Recent research indicates that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as viral receptors on human gastrointestinal cells. In this study, oyster glycogen was tested to determine whether it contains HBGA-like molecules and whether it plays a role in NOR binding. The correlation between the amount of HBGA expression and NOR binding also was measured. We also tested whether seasonal changes affected HBGA expression and binding of recombinant NORs. The results indicate that recombinant NOR binding is highly correlated with HBGA expression in Virginica (Crassostrea virginica), Pacific (Crassostrea gigas), and Kumamato (Crassostrea sikamea) oysters, but the association does not have a seasonal pattern. No obvious trend in either HBGA expression or recombinant NOR binding by month was noted. A significant increase in recombinant NOR binding was observed in Virginica and Pacific oysters in a season not generally associated with NOR gastroenteritis outbreaks. A significant increase in HBGA expression also was observed for Pacific and Virginica oysters in the same season. Paradoxically, HBGA expression and NOR binding both were higher in oysters produced in the non-NOR gastroenteritis season (April through October) than in those produced in the NOR gastroenteritis season (November through March), suggesting that seasonal NOR gastroenteritis outbreaks are not associated with high levels of HBGA expression or NOR binding.     

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and water from the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands

The intestinal parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia cause gastro-enteritis in humans and can be transmitted via contaminated water. Oysters are filter feeders that have been demonstrated to accumulate pathogens such as Salmonella, Vibrio, norovirus and Cryptosporidium from contaminated water and cause foodborne infections. Oysters are economically important shellfish that are generally consumed raw. Commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and oyster culture water from the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands, were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Nine of 133 (6.7%) oysters from two non-commercial harvesting sites contained Cryptosporidium, Giardia or both. Six of 46 (13.0%) commercial oysters harboured Cryptosporidium or Giardia in their intestines. Data on the viability of (oo)cysts recovered from Oosterschelde oysters were not obtained, however viable (oo)cysts were detected in surface waters that enter the Oosterschelde oyster harvesting areas. The detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in oysters destined for human consumption has implications for public health only when human pathogenic (oo)cysts that have preserved infectivity during their stay in a marine environment are present. Our data suggest that consumption of raw oysters from the Oosterschelde may occasionally lead to cases of gastro-intestinal illness.     

太平洋牡蛎细菌菌相分析及-20℃冻藏过程中菌相变化

以胶州湾太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,分析了生鲜牡蛎的细菌菌相及在-20℃冻藏过程中的菌相变化情况。研究发现,生鲜牡蛎的初始菌相比较复杂,从生鲜牡蛎中分离到的85株细菌分别属于14个属(科),其中Pseudomonas和Vibrionaceae为优势菌,比例分别为22.4%和20.0%。冻藏过程中,各属(科)细菌的数量都呈下降趋势,Flavobacterium、Staphylococcus、Micrococcus、Lactococcus和Lactobacillus由于其较强的耐冻性,成为牡蛎冻藏过程中的优势菌。     

Combined effect of ozonated water and chitosan on the shelf-life of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Effects of ozonated water and chitosan treatment on the shelf-life extension of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) stored at 5 ± 1 °C were studied. Results indicated that ozonated water treatment reduced the total microbial load of fresh oysters by about 10-fold (from 3.2 × 10³ CFU/g to 1.8 × 10² CFU/g) before storage and the microbial flora was different with that of raw samples. The wide-spectrum antibacterial property of chitosan against bacteria isolated from oysters was confirmed, and chitosan concentration of 5.0 g/l was eventually determined for application in oyster preservation. Based on microbiological analysis, biochemical indices determination and sensory evaluation, shelf-lives of 8–9 days for control, 10–12 days for ozonated water treated samples, 14–15 days for chitosan treated samples and 20–21 days for samples with combined treatment were observed, indicating that ozonated water and chitosan have a great potential for oyster preservation.Industrial relevanceAs seafood, Pacific oysters have a short shelf-life. Improvements in the shelf-life of oysters can have an important economic impact by reducing losses and by allowing the products to reach distant and new markets.In this work, Shelf-life of oysters with combined treatment of ozonated water and chitosan doubled, which has great practical meaning, and the process could be fully adopted by the food industry.We also did some research about the changes in microbial flora after ozonated water treatment. This work could help in preservation of oysters when ozone or ozonated water concerned.We discovered Wide-spectrum antibacterial property of chitosan against the strains isolated from raw oysters. The potential for using chitosan as a natural preservative in oysters was approved.