利用多酚/蛋白互作模型研究多酚对葡萄酒涩感的影响

研究不同红葡萄酒中不同聚合度的酚类物质与蛋白质相互作用的差异性,找出影响涩感的关键成分,为葡萄酒酿造工艺的改良及葡萄品种的选育提供理论依据。以不同品种的红葡萄酒为材料,利用C18固相萃取柱将葡萄酒的酚类物质分离为单体酚、低聚物、高聚物三部分,测定其总酚、总黄烷醇含量,采用SDS-PAGE及荧光光谱法研究不同酚类物质与蛋白质的相互作用。测得红葡萄酒的总酚和总黄烷醇含量存在显著差异,红葡萄酒中不同组分的总酚和总黄烷醇含量表现为:单体酚低聚物高聚物。SDS-PAGE及荧光光谱实验的结果显示高聚物对蛋白质的影响较强,单体酚与低聚物则因酒而异。葡萄酒中不同聚合度的成分对涩感的影响不同。因此,在葡萄品种选择和葡萄酒酿造工艺改良的过程中可以根据目标而进行酚类物质的控制,特别是高聚物的调控。     

不同方法测定干红葡萄酒抗氧化性的比较分析

为分析干红葡萄酒酚类物质的抗氧化活性,本研究以新疆、宁夏、烟台产区的干红葡萄酒为实验材料,测定其酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性以及分析不同方法下的酚类物质和抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表明,不同产区的干红葡萄酒中的酚类物质的含量差异较大,与葡萄酒所在产区密切相关。其中,在新疆产区的西拉葡萄酒的总酚含量最高,为384.20 mg·L^-1,赤霞珠葡萄酒抗氧化能力为298.33 U·mL^-1;宁夏产区的赤霞珠葡萄酒总酚含量最高,为266.32 mg·L^-1;烟台产区中西拉葡萄酒总抗氧化能力最高,为263.23 U·mL^-1。同一年份,不同品种葡萄酒中西拉葡萄酒总酚含量、总类黄酮含量、总抗氧化能力和抗超氧阴离子能力最高,分别为310.87 mg·L^-1、549.78 mg·L^-1、239.96 U·mL^-1和1 782.18 U·L^-1。抗超氧阴离子能力主要由总酚、总类黄酮含量决定;不同品种和产区的葡萄酒的总抗氧化能力的大小和酚类...     

葡萄酒中的酚类物质I：种类、结构及其检测方法研究进展

葡萄酒以其复杂的风味受到广大消费者的青睐。酚类物质是葡萄酒中重要的组成部分,影响其感官品质。同时酚类物质也被认为是葡萄酒保健功能的来源。葡萄酒中的酚类物质复杂多样,主要包括了类黄酮类物质和非类黄酮类物质,其中类黄酮类物质包括花色苷及其衍生物、黄烷醇类和黄酮醇类。非类黄酮类物质包括羟基苯甲酸、羟基肉桂酸和芪类物质。本文对上述葡萄酒中的酚类物质进行了系统综述,包括其种类、结构与性质,同时对这些物质的主要检测方法以及研究进展进行了总结,以期为相关研究者提供学术参考,为葡萄酒行业从业者提供一定的指导。     

葡萄酒中的酚类物质Ⅰ：种类、结构及其检测方法研究进展

葡萄酒以其复杂的风味受到广大消费者的青睐。酚类物质是葡萄酒中重要的组成部分,影响其感官品质。同时酚类物质也被认为是葡萄酒保健功能的来源。葡萄酒中的酚类物质复杂多样,主要包括了类黄酮类物质和非类黄酮类物质,其中类黄酮类物质包括花色苷及其衍生物、黄烷醇类和黄酮醇类。非类黄酮类物质包括羟基苯甲酸、羟基肉桂酸和芪类物质。本文对上述葡萄酒中的酚类物质进行了系统综述,包括其种类、结构与性质,同时对这些物质的主要检测方法以及研究进展进行了总结,以期为相关研究者提供学术参考,为葡萄酒行业从业者提供一定的指导。     

HPLC法对贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒中酚类物质的测定与分析

本文利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒中酚类物质。为了确定最佳检测条件,首先对色谱检测条件的色谱柱、流动相和洗脱程序进行了对比选择。利用最佳的HPLC分析方法对黑比诺、西拉、蛇龙珠、美乐和赤霞珠5种葡萄酒中的酚类物质进行了测定,得出单体酚总量最大的是美乐,为794.99 mg/L;最少的是黑比诺,为355.27mg/L。花色苷酚总量最大的是蛇龙珠,为413.59 mg/L;最少的是也黑比诺,为213.61 mg/L,且在黑比诺葡萄酒中花青素单葡萄糖苷并未被检测到。由此可见,不同品种葡萄酒中酚类物质的种类和含量具有较大的差异,因此利用HPLC测定方法可以进行不同葡萄酒品种的鉴定。     

灭活酵母对干红葡萄酒酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

以河北省昌黎县华夏长城葡萄园的赤霞珠葡萄所酿干红葡萄酒为研究对象,设计4种不同的试验处理,测定葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性,研究灭活酵母对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的影响。试验结果显示,第5天添加灭活酵母3 g/L(处理1)的葡萄酒中总酚、总花色苷和总单宁的含量最高;单体酚含量测定时,第25天添加灭活酵母3 g/L(处理3)的葡萄酒中咖啡酸、绿原酸、芦丁、(+)-儿茶素、鞣花酸和没食子酸含量最高;不同处理下样品的总还原能力、DPPH·清除率和ABTS~+·清除率都有不同程度的提高。因此,灭活酵母能提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量,增强其抗氧化活性。     

反复冻融对葡萄酒中酚类物质的影响

近年来,葡萄酒以其独特的风味与诸多保健功能而备受消费者青睐。酚类物质作为葡萄酒中重要的组成成分,对于葡萄酒的感官品质以及营养价值都有着极其重要的贡献。然而,受限于现阶段的生产和运输条件,葡萄酒在生产、运输和贮藏过程中可能会经历反复的冷冻和融化（冻融）。本研究采用高效液相色谱-三重串联四极杆质谱联用仪（HPLC/QqQ-MS/MS）对反复冻融0～5次的葡萄酒样品（5款红葡萄酒、3款白葡萄酒）中的酚类物质进行分析。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,总花色苷含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,且酰基化花色苷的降解速率低于未酰基化的花色苷;对其它酚类物质来说,反复冻融可能会促进单宁类物质降解形成某些单体酚,而其它非花色苷酚类物质含量基本保持不变。结论：在葡萄酒的生产和储运过程中,应尽量避免反复冻融或者减少冻融次数,以保证葡萄酒的品质。     

广西都安野生毛葡萄酒中单体酚的测定

为研究毛葡萄酒中主要酚类物质的组成,试验采用高效液相色谱测定了野生毛葡萄酒及其杂交种NW196葡萄酒中没食子酸、儿茶素等10种重要单体酚的含量,结果表明,野生毛葡萄酒及NW196葡萄酒中10种单体酚的含量高于栽培品种赤霞珠,但各葡萄酒中的主要单体酚的组成和比例有所不同,其中没食子酸、安息香酸和儿茶素在两者中含量均较高.     

海拔对黄土高原地区赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

以源于黄土高原地区3种海拔条件下的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒为研究对象,通过对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及非花色苷单体酚物质含量进行测定,比较葡萄园海拔对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。研究结果表明:与2种坡地葡萄酒相比,谷地和平地葡萄酒中总酚、总类黄酮和总黄烷醇含量高;随海拔上升,赤霞珠酒中总花色苷含量增加,而品丽珠酒彼此间无显著差异;2种葡萄酒的抗氧化能力随海拔的上升呈下降趋势;海拔对2种葡萄酒中非花色苷单体酚物质的组成无显著影响,而对其含量有不同程度的影响。谷地和平地的葡萄酒中儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量高于2种坡地的30%以上;坡地葡萄酒的黄酮醇含量也高于平地和谷地条件。海拔对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒的品质有一定影响,对不同品质指标间的影响存在差异。在黄土高原地区,低海拔葡萄园的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力均优于高海拔坡地葡萄酒。     

避雨栽培对赤霞珠葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响

研究避雨栽培对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响,为酿酒葡萄避雨栽培技术的实施提供理论依据。采取简单避雨方式,以赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L cv.Cabernet Sauvignon)葡萄为材料,在转色后进行避雨处理,以露地栽培为对照;葡萄收获后采用传统工艺酿制干红葡萄酒,测定其基本理化指标及非花色苷酚的种类和含量,获得如下结果:(1)避雨栽培降低了赤霞珠葡萄酒总酸、总酚和单宁含量,但差异不显著。(2)避雨栽培对一些单体非花色苷酚类含量存在显著影响,显著降低了黄烷醇类总量,但对黄酮醇和类黄酮酚总量无显著影响;极显著降低了苯甲酸、芪类和非类黄酮酚,增加了肉桂酸类含量。(3)对葡萄酒非花色苷酚类物质种类无影响,降低了非花色苷酚类总量但差异不显著。因此,在赤霞珠葡萄转色期采取避雨措施,对干红葡萄酒非花色苷酚类的影响不显著。     

Comparison of chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of commercially available blueberry and blackberry wines in Illinois

Moderate wine consumption may reduce the incidence of certain age-related chronic diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disease. Blueberry and blackberry wines commercially available in Illinois were evaluated for chemical and quality components relevant to consumers in order to study their potential health benefits. Total polyphenolic content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total anthocyanin content by the pH differential test, and in vitro antioxidant capacity (AC) by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Color was measured using Hunter colorimetry and quality parameters including pH, °Brix, acid content, glucose-fructose, and percent alcohol were measured using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Blackberry wines (n= 6) had an average total polyphenolic content of 2212.5 ± 1090.3 mg ellagic acid equivalents (EAE) per liter, total anthocyanin content of 75.56 ± 70.44 mg/L, and AC of 26.39 ± 17.95 mmol trolox equivalents (TEs) per liter. Blueberry wines (n= 4) had an average total polyphenolic content of 1623.3 ± 645.5 mg EAE per liter, total anthocyanin content of 20.82 ± 12.14 mg/L, and AC of 21.21 ± 7.71 mmol TE per liter. Strong positive correlations were found between °Brix and glucose-fructose concentration (r= 0.90), total acid and malic acid (r= 0.90), and between total polyphenols and AC (r= 0.88). The results suggest that fruit wines made from blueberries and blackberries may have potential health applications and therefore could contribute to the economy of the wine industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The majority of wines are produced from grapes, but wine can also be produced from other fruits including blueberries and blackberries, which contain phenolic compounds that may contribute to human health. A comparative evaluation was conducted on commercial nongrape fruit wines and parameters related to their health benefits. Fruit wines made from blueberries and blackberries may have potential health applications and therefore could contribute to the economy of the wine industry.     

The Study of Phenolic Compounds as Natural Antioxidants in Wine

Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables, and that are particularly rich in red wine, have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. Human consumption of antioxidants has many alleged health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, and, most recently, cancer. Red wines contain a variety of polyphenolic antioxidants. Five samples of commercial red wines from Spain and four phenolic compounds of red wine: gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin, have been studied. The total phenolics content and the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of wines was determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 1800 to 2300?mg/L, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined using a system based on the inhibition by antioxidants of the absorbance of the radical cation. The relationship between antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures was studied. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the wines investigated was well correlated with phenol content. Thus, the results confirm that red wine polyphenols are, in vitro, significant antioxidants.     

The study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine

Plant phenolics present in fruit and vegetables, and that are particularly rich in red wine, have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. Human consumption of antioxidants has many alleged health benefits, including protection against cardiovascular diseases, and, most recently, cancer. Red wines contain a variety of polyphenolic antioxidants. Five samples of commercial red wines from Spain and four phenolic compounds of red wine: gallic acid, trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin, have been studied. The total phenolics content and the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of wines was determined. The total phenolic content, determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 1800 to 2300 mg/L, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The antioxidative effects of wine phenolics were determined using a system based on the inhibition by antioxidants of the absorbance of the radical cation. The relationship between antioxidant activity of phenolic comounds, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures was studied. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of the wines investigated was well correlated with phenol content. Thus, the results confirm that red wine polyphenols are, in vitro, significant antioxidants.     

不同酒曲生产小米酒的研究

采用6种不同酒曲生产小米酒,考察不同酒曲对其发酵酒的非糖固形物、酒精度、pH、总酸及氨基酸态氮含量的影响,并对其进行全营养成分分析。结果表明,最佳酒曲为QDYF-1,其发酵的小米酒总糖含量为0.42 g/L、非糖固形物含量为32 g/L、酒精度为11.2%vol、pH值为3.7、氨基酸态氮含量为3.41 g/L,碳水化合物含量为12.3 g/100 g,维生素B1含量0.088 mg/100 g,维生素B2含量为0.05 mg/100 g,氨基酸含量为0.365 g/100 g;其中,9种人体必需氨基酸含量为0.088 g/100 g。该产品色泽诱人、酸甜可口、带有米香味、营养丰富,具有非常好的保健功能。该研究可为小米酒的产业化生产提供重要依据。     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT MACERATION TIMES AND PECTOLYTIC ENZYME ADDITION ON THE ANTHOCYANIN COMPOSITION OF VITIS VINIFERA CV. KALECIK KARASI WINES

Kalecik karasi is an important red grape cultivar for winemaking in Turkey. The effect of three different maceration times (3, 6 and 12 days) and addition of pectolytic enzyme (2 and 4 g/hL) on the anthocyanin and chemical composition of Kalecik karasi wines were studied. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with diode array detection was used for analysis. Fourteen anthocyanin compounds were detected in wines. Major anthocyanins in all wines are malvidin-3-glucoside and its acylated esters. The results showed that increasing maceration time, especially with addition of enzymes, gives significant increases in anthocyanin contents. Moreover, the wines treated with enzymes had higher values in total phenolics, tannins, and color intensity than the control wines.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Anthocyanins are the most important polyphenols in red grapes and red wines with potential health benefits. Therefore, the first analysis of the anthocyanins contents of wine obtained from important turkish cv. Kalecik karasi using liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry and the influence of different maceration times and addition of pectolytic enzyme on these important phenolic compounds are of interest for scientific literature, the wine industry as well as for the wine consumer.     

Assessment of some Australian red wines for price, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and vintage in relation to functional food prospects

Twenty-three Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Mudgee region and thirty-two Shiraz wines from the Hunter Valley region were analyzed for phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Concentrations of (+)-catechin, quercetin, and transresveratrol, total phenolic content, and DPPH antioxidant activity varied considerably, both within and between varieties. Individual phenols, total phenols, and antioxidant activity were correlated with price and vintage. Shiraz wines showed positive and significant correlations for catechin and quercetin concentrations with total phenols, antioxidant activity, and vintage; and for total phenols and antioxidant activity with vintage. Cabernet Sauvignon wines showed positive and significant correlations for quercetin concentration with total phenols and antioxidant activity. There was a negative and significant correlation found between price and antioxidant activity for Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Results are discussed in terms of the potential for wine to be considered a functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We report on potential health benefits (antioxidant activity) of 55 wines typical of 2 geographically close, but distinct, wine regions of Australia. Our results highlight the variability in functional components as an issue that needs further research and consideration in relation to wine as a functional food. The price of studied wines is not reflective of their health functionality, based on antioxidant activities.     

Phenolic compounds and total antioxidant potential of commercial wines

Growing evidence of the role of free radicals and antioxidants in health and ageing has focussed great interest on these compounds. The relationship between the total antioxidant potential and the phenolic content of commercial wines was evaluated. A close relationship between total phenolic content and total antioxidant potential for all wines was observed. Capillary zone electrophoresis showed that, in red wines, gallic acid was the highest of the phenolic acids and (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin were the next most abundant phenolics. Also, these compounds were strictly correlated with the total antioxidant potential of wines. Total antioxidant potential, by bleaching of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cations, using gallic acid as standard, could be a practical and simple measurement to evaluate the characteristics of different wines. Furthermore, capillary electrophoresis is a powerful and high-performing tool for evaluating principal antioxidant wine components.     

Flavonol composition of Australian red and white wines determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Background and Aims: Flavonols are present in Vitis vinifera L. wine grapes as glycosides and are found in wines in both their glycosidic and aglycone forms. Flavonols and their glycosides are important components in wine because of their impact on colour, taste and health properties. An assessment of the flavonols and flavonol glycosides present in a wide selection of Australian red and white wines (n = 121 and 44, respectively) was undertaken. Methods and Results: Analyses were performed using HPLC, with compound identification being aided by HPLC‐MS. In the red wines, quercetin and myricetin dominated the flavonol profile, and quercetin‐3‐glucuronide was by far the most abundant glycoside present. White wines had considerably lower levels of flavonols and their glycosides, in most cases, being below the detection limit of the HPLC method. Conclusions: There appeared to be no correlation between the flavonol profile and wine variety or region in either white or red wines. Contrary to literature reports of rutin in wine, rutin was not found in any of the wines we analysed, and spiking experiments showed rutin rapidly degraded to the aglycone quercetin. Furthermore, changes in elution order for some quercetin glycoside standards were observed depending upon the acid used in the mobile phase. Significance of the Study: This is the first time the flavonol contents of an extensive cross section of Australian wines have been reported. The concentrations are consistent with those reported in wines from other countries. In light of the instability of rutin in wine, critical review should be given to reports discussing its presence.     

Improvement of volatile composition of wines by controlled addition of malolactic bacteria

The effect of malolactic fermentation (MLF) on the volatile composition of red wines was studied by inoculation with selected lactic acid bacteria. Four wines were inoculated with different Oenococcus oeni (syn. Leuconostoc oenos) strains, the major malolactic species found in wines, and one was inoculated with a Lactobacillus sp. strain. A non inoculated wine was also analyzed to act as a control. Malolactic fermentation and evolution of non volatile compounds were followed by HPLC and after the depletion of the malic acid present in wine the volatile compounds were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry. Wines which had undergone the MLF showed a significant increment in total higher alcohols, esters and acids that are important in the sensory properties and quality of wine.     

Determination of biogenic amines in Greek wines by HPLC and ultraviolet detection after dansylation and examination of factors affecting their presence and concentration

The presence of biogenic amines in wine has been associated with a number of undesirable physiological effects. The typical levels of 10 biogenic amines in Greek wines were investigated for the first time. One hundred wine samples, varying in type, colour and origin, were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet detection after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The amino acid and organic acid contents of these wines were also evaluated by HPLC in an attempt to explain amine presence and concentration in wines. The total amine average level was 4.76 mg/l. Putrescine and ethylamine were the most prevalent amines, followed by cadaverine and methylamine. Histamine was found in 54.5% of the samples, though only 5.9% of them contained more than 2 mg/l. The levels of histamine and tyramine that were detected are below the amounts considered to have an adverse effect on human health. As regards the amine levels in relation to the different types of tested wines, relatively higher histamine and methylamine contents were detected in sweet wines. High biogenic amines levels were also found in wines from certain grape varieties. The presence of high amine amounts coincided with high acetic and lactic acid levels, which suggests that the biogenic amine formation is related to the microflora of the secondary fermentations, such as bacterial alterations (i.e. metabolization of sugars, citric acid). Some connection between age of wine, reducing sugars and biogenic amine content was also found.