Toughening of Epoxy Resin with Solid Amine Terminated Poly （ethylene glycol） Benzoate and Effect of Red Mud Waste Particles

An investigation was carried out to modify the toughness of triethylene tetramine cured DGEBA （diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A） resin using solid amine terminated poly （ethylene glycol） benzoate （ATPEGB） as modifier with and without red mud waste particles. The solid ATPEGB modifier synthesized from the acid catalyzed esterification reaction of poly （ethylene glycol） （PEG） and 4-amino benzoic acid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and ^1H-NMR （nuclear magnetic resonance） spectroscopies, viscosity measurements, and solubility parameter calculation. The unfilled and red mud waste filled modified epoxy networks were evaluated with impact, adhesive, tensile, flexural and thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, thermogravimetric （TG） and dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）. The effect of modifier concentration and red mud waste particles on toughening behavior was also investigated. The optimum properties were obtained at 12.5 phr （parts per hundred parts of resin） concentration of the modifier. The ATPEGB modified cured epoxy was thermally stable up to 315℃. The morphology on fracture surfaces of cured epoxy was also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.     

粉煤灰赤泥玻璃陶瓷的制备与性能研究

以粉煤灰和赤泥等为主要原料，采用高温熔融法制备玻璃陶瓷。利用抗折试验仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等对所制备的玻璃陶瓷的力学性能和显微结构进行了测试和表征。结果表明，在粉煤灰和赤泥的总用量达到90％时，可以制得性能优良的玻璃陶瓷。通过实验研究表明，热处理温度对赤泥粉煤灰玻璃陶瓷的抗折强度有较大影响，最佳的热处理温度是900℃。     

Phosphate removal from wastewater using red mud

Red mud, a waste residue of alumina refinery, has been used to develop effective adsorbents to remove phosphate from aqueous solution. Acid and acid-thermal treatments were employed to treat the raw red mud. The effects of different treatment methods, pH of solution and operating temperature on adsorption have been examined in batch experiments. It was found that all activated red mud samples show higher surface area and total pore volume as well as higher adsorption capacity for phosphate removal. The red mud with HCl treatment shows the highest adsorption capacity among all the red mud samples, giving adsorption capacity of 0.58 mg P/g at pH 5.5 and 40 degrees C. The adsorption capacity of the red mud adsorbents decreases with increase of pH. At pH 2, the red mud with HCl treatment exhibits adsorption of 0.8 mg P/g while the adsorption can be lowered to 0.05 mg P/g at pH 10. However, the adsorption is improved at higher temperature by increasing 25% from 30 to 40 degrees C. The kinetic studies of phosphate adsorption onto red mud indicate that the adsorption mainly follows the parallel first-order kinetics due to the presence of two acidic phosphorus species, H(2)PO(4)(-) and HPO(4)(2-). An analysis of the adsorption data indicates that the Freundlich isotherm provides a better fitting than the Langmuir model.     

赤泥分离用合成高分子絮凝剂的研究进展

合成高分子絮凝剂是氧化铝生产过程赤泥分离工序的重要添加剂。综述了国内外赤泥分离用合成高分子絮凝剂在分子量、品种、剂型及效果等方面的进展，并指出了当前研究中存在的问题及发展动向。     

Thermal and mechanical properties of waste grass broom fiber-reinforced polyester composites

The main focus of this study is to utilize waste grass broom natural fibers as reinforcement and polyester resin as matrix for making partially biodegradable green composites. Thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of composites were investigated as a function of fiber content and temperature. The waste grass broom fiber has a tensile strength of 297.58 MPa, modulus of 18.28 GPa, and an effective density of 864 kg/m³. The volume fraction of fibers in the composites was varied from 0.163 to 0.358. Thermal conductivity of unidirectional composites was investigated experimentally by a guarded heat flow meter method. The results show that the thermal conductivity of composite decreased with increase in fiber content and the quite opposite trend was observed with respect to temperature. Moreover, the experimental results of thermal conductivity at different volume fractions were compared with two theoretical models. The specific heat capacity of the composite as measured by differential scanning calorimeter showed similar trend as that of the thermal conductivity. The variation in thermal diffusivity with respect to volume fraction of fiber and temperature was not so significant.The tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composites showed a maximum improvement of 222% and 173%, respectively over pure matrix. The work of fracture of the composites with maximum volume fraction of fibers was found to be 296 Jm⁻¹.     

硅铝调整剂对赤泥制备陶粒的影响

为经济有效地利用我国排放量巨大的赤泥,消除其对环境的污染,在对赤泥进行化学组成、矿物组成和热稳定性分析基础上,提出以赤泥本身方解石为发泡剂,外加废玻璃、膨润土为硅铝调整剂制备赤泥陶粒的研究,并利用XRD和SEM方法对所得陶粒的组成和内部结构进行了分析.结果表明:废玻璃、膨润土单独调整或联合调整均可优化赤泥陶粒的性能,但...     

Preparation of a Low-Cost Adsorption Material from Red Mud and Bagasse

Preparation of bagasse carbon-red mud (BCRM), a low-cost adsorption material used in wastewater treatment, from red mud and bagasse has been studied. Effects of most important conditions in preparation process on the adsorption capability of BCRM were investigated. The optimal preparation parameters for BCRM were obtained. BCRM had a high surface area and a good mesoporous structure and exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity. The used BCRM could be regenerated via simple calcination at 573 K in air for 1 h. BCRM was an effective, economic, and regenerable material for adsorption of organic contaminants in wastewater.     

赤泥黑色玻璃晶化过程的红外光谱研究

本文利用红外吸收光谱（ＩＲ）和Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）对赤泥黑色玻璃及其晶化过程的结构进行了研究．结果表明：赤泥黑色玻璃晶化析出主晶相为钙铁透辉石,次晶相为钙黄长石．玻璃网络中主要有 ＳｉＯ_４、 ＡｌＯ_４及 Ｆｅ^３＋Ｏ_４四面体结构单元,玻璃结构中具有和钙铁透辉石结构类似的近程排列,这个近程排列具有析出主晶相（钙铁透辉石）的先驱结构．随核化时间延长及晶化温度提高,红外最强吸收带朝低波数方向移动,吸收带强度随晶化温度的提高而明显增大．随Ｆｅ_２Ｏ_３含量增加,网络无序度增大,玻璃红外吸收谱带也向低波数方向移动．     

The effects of temperature, volume fraction and vibration time on the thermo-physical properties of a carbon nanotube suspension (carbon nanofluid)

In this investigation, nanofluids of carbon nanotubes are prepared and the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of these fluids are measured using a thin layer technique as a function of time of ultrasonication, temperature, and volume fraction. It has been observed that after using the ultrasonic disrupter, the size of agglomerated particles and number of primary particles in a particle cluster was significantly decreased and that the thermal conductivity increased with elapsed ultrasonication time. The clustering of carbon nanotubes was also confirmed microscopically. The strong dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on temperature and volume fraction of nanofluids was attributed to Brownian motion and the interparticle potential, which influences the particle motion. The effect of temperature will become much more evident with an increase in the volume fraction and the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, as observed experimentally. The data obtained from this work have been compared with those of other studies and also with mathematical models at present proven for suspensions. Using a 2.5% volumetric concentration of carbon nanotubes resulted in a 20% increase in the thermal conductivity of the base fluid (ethylene glycol).The volumetric heat capacity also showed a pronounced increase with respect to that of the pure base fluid.     

Experimental determination and modeling of thermal conductivity tensor of carbon/epoxy composite

The modeling of thermal behavior of composite parts during their forming requires an accurate knowledge of their thermo-physical properties. Because of the heterogeneous nature of composites, the thermal conductivity tensor appears to be the most tricky to determine experimentally but also to model. A wide range of experimental methods can be found in the literature in order to measure either in-plane or transverse conductivity of composite parts, but very few succeed in performing it on dry preform or uncured laminates. In this study, the effective thermal conductivity tensor of carbon/epoxy laminates is investigated experimentally in the three states of a typical LCM-process: dry-reinforcement, raw and cured composite. Samples are made of twill-weave carbon fabric impregnated with epoxy resin. The transverse thermal conductivity is determined using a classical estimation algorithm, whereas a special testing apparatus is designed to estimate in-plane conductivity for different temperatures and different states of the composite. Experimental results are then compared to modified Charles & Wilson and Maxwell models. The fiber crimping of a ply is also taken into account in modeling. The comparison shows clearly that these models can be used to predict the effective thermal conductivities of woven-reinforced composites provided that the material properties are well known.     

Red mud-based lithium-ion battery anode material with high electrochemical performance prepared by acid and SDS-assisted hydrothermal method

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - In this work, we propose a method to prepare anode materials for LIBs from alumina industrial waste red mud. The dispersed red mud with a...     

航天器用十一种热控材料热物理性质及其与显微组织和工艺因素关系的研究

应用自行研制的激光脉冲法热导仪、小平板稳态法热导仪、铜卡计和冰卡计法比热仪, 对航天器用的十一种热控材料的导热系数、导温系数和比热及其与材料显微组织和工艺因素的关系进行了实验研究. 结果表明, 在室温至1800℃温区内, 绝热材料和防热材料的导热系数均随温度升高而增大, 多孔绝热材料的有效导热系数是由多种导热因子相互作用的结果, 并存在对应于最小导热系数的最佳密度. 所得数据为热控材料的优选提供了科学判据, 亦为航天器的热控系统热设计提供了参数.     

纳米铜/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的导热性能研究

采用HotDisk热分析仪测试了Cu/石蜡体系在不同纳米颗粒质量分数、温度和热循环次数下的导热系数。研究表明,Cu/石蜡体系的固、液态导热系数随纳米Cu颗粒含量的增加呈非线性增加;温度变化对相变材料导热系数的影响并不明显,但当温度升高至相变温度区间时,相变材料的导热系数急剧增加;复合材料在经历100次热循环后,材料的导热系数值仍较稳定。     

Red mud addition in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker

The aim of the present research work was to investigate the possibility of adding red mud, an alkaline leaching waste, which is obtained from bauxite during the Bayer process for alumina production, in the raw meal for the production of Portland cement clinker. For that reason, two samples of raw meals were prepared: one with ordinary raw materials, as a reference sample ((PC)Ref), and another with 3.5% red mud ((PC)R/M). The effect on the reactivity of the raw mix was evaluated on the basis of the unreacted lime content in samples sintered at 1350, 1400 and 1450 degrees C. Subsequently, the clinkers were produced by sintering the two raw meals at 1450 degrees C. The results of chemical and mineralogical analyses as well as the microscopic examination showed that the use of the red mud did not affect the mineralogical characteristics of the so produced Portland cement clinker. Furthermore, both clinkers were tested by determining the grindability, setting time, compressive strength and expansibility. The hydration products were examined by XRD analysis at 2, 7, 28 and 90 days. The results of the physico-mechanical tests showed that the addition of the red mud did not negatively affect the quality of the produced cement.     

Performance of graphite nanoplatelet/silicone composites as thermal interface adhesives

Graphite nanoplatelets (GNP)/silicone composites are potential thermal interface materials due to their high thermal conductivity and compliance. In this study, performance as thermal interface materials is studied by measuring thermal contact resistance. The effect of surface roughness, particle size of GNPs, wt% GNPs, temperature and applied pressure on the thermal contact resistance of the composite coatings was determined. The GNP/silicone coating performed much better on rough surfaces than on smooth surfaces. The composite coating consisting of large GNPs is more effective than small GNPs probably due to the two times higher thermal conductivity of the former. The thermal contact resistance of the GNP/silicone composite increased by ~3–10% with an increase of temperature but remained unaffected by an increase of pressure. The comparison of GNP/silicone composite coatings with GNP-based thermal pastes showed that the former perform much better in thick bond lines.     

Effective Heat Conductivity and Relaxation Processes in Superfluid Mixtures of 3He-4He

The effective thermal conductivity coefficient'ceff in superfluid ³He-⁴He mixtures with concentration of 9.8% ³He has been studied experimentally between 100 and 500 mK, where the main contribution to the kinetic processes is made only by phonons and ³He impurity excitations. In this case the effective thermal conductivity is a combination of diffusivity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion. The κ _eff value was found from stationary measurements of the temperature gradients caused by the thermal flow and from the temperature relaxation kinetics. Both the methods provide consistent resugts which also agree with those on effective thermal conductivity calculated in terms of the kinetic theory of phonon-impuriton system.     

Heat and mass transfer under frosting conditions

The effect of frost formation on heat transfer between a test cylinder and its gaseous environment was studied experimentally. The main parameters discussed in the paper are: the total heat flux, the steady-state convective heat transfer coefficient, and the mass of frost adhering to the test cylinder. The emphasis of the paper is on the thermal conducivity of frost. The data indicate that the diffusion mechanisms of moisture transfer within the frost layer causes the frost density and thermal conductivity to increase with time. Frost thermal conductivity is a function of the local temperature and average density. The can be used by designers of low temperature systems with uninsulated surfaces.     

Application of Effective Media Theory for Determination of Thermal Properties of Hollow Bricks as a Function of Moisture Content

The effective thermal conductivity and effective specific heat capacity of hollow brick blocks are investigated as a function of moisture content. While the effective specific heat capacity as a heat storage parameter is calculated using the linear theory of mixtures, the effective thermal conductivity as a heat transport parameter is analyzed using the effective media theory. At first, the effective thermal conductivity of the dry hollow brick block is calculated using a combination of properties of the brick body and air cavities, and verified using experimental data. Then, the effective thermal conductivity of the brick body is analyzed as a function of moisture content both theoretically and experimentally, and appropriate homogenization formulas are identified. Finally, the effective thermal conductivity of the whole hollow bricks is expressed as a function of moisture content from the dry state to water saturation.     

Thermally conductive polyamide 6/carbon filler composites based on a hybrid filler system

Abstract

We explored the use of a hybrid filler consisting of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a polyamide 6 (PA 6) matrix. The composites containing PA 6, powdered GNP, and SWCNT were melt-processed and the effect of filler content in the single filler and hybrid filler systems on the thermal conductivity of the composites was examined. The thermal diffusivities of the composites were measured by the standard laser flash method. Composites containing the hybrid filler system showed enhanced thermal conductivity with values as high as 8.8 W (m · K)^?1, which is a 35-fold increase compared to the thermal conductivity of pure PA 6. Thermographic images of heat conduction and heat release behaviors were consistent with the thermal conductivity results, and showed rapid temperature jumps and drops, respectively, for the composites. A composite model based on the Lewis–Nielsen theory was developed to treat GNP and SWCNT as two separate types of fillers. Two approaches, the additive and multiplicative approaches, give rather good quantitative agreement between the predicted values of thermal conductivity and those measured experimentally.     

Thermally conductive polyamide 6/carbon filler composites based on a hybrid filler system

We explored the use of a hybrid filler consisting of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a polyamide 6 (PA 6) matrix. The composites containing PA 6, powdered GNP, and SWCNT were melt-processed and the effect of filler content in the single filler and hybrid filler systems on the thermal conductivity of the composites was examined. The thermal diffusivities of the composites were measured by the standard laser flash method. Composites containing the hybrid filler system showed enhanced thermal conductivity with values as high as 8.8 W (m · K)⁻¹, which is a 35-fold increase compared to the thermal conductivity of pure PA 6. Thermographic images of heat conduction and heat release behaviors were consistent with the thermal conductivity results, and showed rapid temperature jumps and drops, respectively, for the composites. A composite model based on the Lewis–Nielsen theory was developed to treat GNP and SWCNT as two separate types of fillers. Two approaches, the additive and multiplicative approaches, give rather good quantitative agreement between the predicted values of thermal conductivity and those measured experimentally.