夹心式功率超声压电陶瓷换能器的工程设计

文中为换能器的优化设计和性能改善提供一些有用的设计指南和解决措施,并对功率超声夹心式压电陶瓷换能器工程设计中的一些重要问题(即换能器各部分的功能及选择,压电陶瓷元件的位置优化,接触界面对换能器性能的影响与预应力的选择及影响等)进行了简要的分析。结论表明,文中所述对于优化设计、改善并提高性能具有参考和使用价值。     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的径向振动

对由压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环组成的复合振动系统的径向振动特性进行了研究。首先分析了压电陶瓷圆环和金属圆环的径向振动,推出了其各自的机电等效电路。在此基础上,得出了压电陶瓷圆环与金属圆环复合振动系统的机电等效电路及其共振频率方程。探讨了系统的共振及反共振频率、有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸之间的关系。研究表明,当复合振动系统的壁厚比增大时,其共振及反共振频率升高。对于换能器的第一阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大而单调减小;对于换能器的第二阶径向振动,其有效机电耦合系数随壁厚比的增大会出现一个极大值,而且,在一定的壁厚比范围内,换能器第二阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数大于第一阶径向振动的有效机电耦合系数,这一规律与传统的有关压电换能器的分析理论及结果是有所不同的。     

一种超声手术刀推挽激励换能器的研究

设计了一种超声手术刀用的新型推挽激励换能器。它是在夹心式单晶堆压电超声换能器的经典构造基础上,把原先激励一组压电陶瓷晶片堆的方式,改为同时施加反相激励的前后两组晶堆。利用有限元方法,对该推挽激励换能器进行模态分析和频率响应分析。在相同大小的电压激励下,相对单晶堆换能器,推挽激励换能器可以获得更高的工作带宽和机电耦合系数,提高了换能器的电声转换效率。按照仿真结果加工推挽激励换能器,实现良好的动力学和电学特性,满足设计要求。     

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的非线性研究进展

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器是目前大功率超声设备中应用最广的一种换能器,其在大功率工作状态下会呈现出明显的非线性特征。综述了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性方面的研究进展。首先介绍了国内外在压电陶瓷非线性方面的重要理论及实验研究成果,着重阐述了大功率领域常用的硬压电陶瓷的非线性研究工作,其次对夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的结构及工艺所引起的非线性进行了简要分析和论述,最后介绍了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性建模方面的研究进展。     

陶瓷骨架对3-3型复合材料压电性能的影响

本工作研究了压电陶瓷的化学组成对3-3型复合材料介电、压电性能的影响。选用了三种类型的压电陶瓷:“硬性”压电陶瓷(PZT-F)、“软性”压电陶瓷(PZT-N)和“稳定型”压电陶瓷(PZT-C)。实验结果指出:以PZT-F 和 PZT-C 为骨架制成的复合材料仍然具有较低的体积密度、较高的静水压灵敏度、小的机械品质因数和较小的介质损耗,同时其耐静水压稳定性也有所改善。这种复合材科已装配成发射型换能器,成功地用于地震模拟试验。这类材料的问世将有助于宽带换能器的发展。     

扭转振动压电超声换能器的研究

本文对夹心式复合结构压电超声扭转振动换能器进行了系统的理论研究，该换能器由两段金属真圆棒及切向极化的压电陶瓷圆片堆复合而成，文中首先研究了切向极化压电陶瓷细长管的扭转振动性，推出了其机电等效电路，并提出了压电陶瓷细长管截面扭转系数的概念。，     

双迭片弯曲换能器接收特性的分析与计算

本文理论上导出边缘固定金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器在忽略辐射阻尼和损耗及满足薄板小挠度和轴对称条件下位移的一般解,并进一步得到了共振频率,自由场电压灵敏度的计算公式,和实验样品的测试结果进行了比较,所得结果对金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器的设计具有参考价值。     

超声换能器研究中的几个问题

本文从超声换能器设计和使用中提出的几个重要问题：如：超声换能器的最佳结构形状、压电元件的最佳位置、电声效率与声负载的关系。如何评价超声振子的优劣，以及在大功率下的测量问题等，参阅了多篇文献资料和实践中的点滴体会写出此文，以便进一步共同深入研究     

压电陶瓷球形换能器耐电压与抗拉极限辐射声功率研究

对目前常用的压电陶瓷球形换能器辐射声功率进行研究,分别从压电陶瓷球振动时动态抗拉强度极限和退极化电压两方面分析其极限辐射声功率,两者中选择较小值,为极限辐射声功率计算提供部分技术指导;同时给定了特定尺寸下压电陶瓷球的宽带极限耐压辐射声功率,其结果可为球形换能器设计、使用提供参考。     

Damping,amplitude, aging tests of stacked transducers for shock wave generation

New clinical concepts in lithotripsy demand small shock heads. Reducing the size of piezoelectric shock heads will be possible only if the pressure generated at the surface of each transducer can be increased so that the total pressure at the focus remains the same. To solve this problem, different solutions were proposed. For example, it has been demonstrated that piezocomposite material, as opposed to piezoceramic material, allows the generation of a higher surface pressure before breaking, mainly because radial modes are dramatically reduced. In addition, in a previous paper, we showed the feasibility of generating high-pressure pulse waves without increasing the transducer voltage by using sandwiched transducers, which are a stack of two or more transducers. Some discrepancies appeared, however, between the pressure measured at the surface of the front transducer and the arithmetic sum of the pressures generated by each transducer constituting the stack. In fact, development of such stacked transducers capable of generating surface pressures in the range of 2 to 5 MPa is very complex, which may explain why no aging tests have been reported in the literature thus far. In the first part of this paper, we theoretically determine the importance of the electroacoustical coupling between the two transducers on the generated surface pressure. We show that pressure losses due to these electroacoustical couplings are less than 5%. Experimental measurements done on a stacked transducer assembled and tightened in a castor oil-filled tank are in excellent accordance with the theoretical measurements. Using this assembly technique, it was possible to obtain, on average, out of four elements, a pressure of 7.5 MPa for the duration of 4 million shocks, which would allow the treatment of approximately 1000 patients.     

Efficiency of excitation of piezoceramic transducers at antiresonance frequency

The efficiency of piezoceramic transducers excited at both the resonance and antiresonance frequency was investigated. Losses in piezoceramics are phenomenologically considered to have three coupled mechanisms: dielectric, mechanical, and piezoelectric losses. Expressions for the resonance and antiresonance quality factors, which ultimately determine transducer efficiency, have been received on the basis of complex material constants for both stiffened and unstiffened vibration modes. Comparison of electric and mechanical fields, thermal and electrical losses of power supply, and their distribution in the transducer volume have been made. For a given constant mechanical displacement of the transducer top, the required electric voltage applied to the transducer at the antiresonance frequency is proportional to the resonance quality factor, but the changes in the intrinsic electric and mechanical field characteristics in the common case are not too essential. The requirements on the piezoceramic parameters, types of transducer vibration, and especially on the factor of piezoelectric losses in a range of physically valid values were established to provide maximal quality factors at the antiresonance frequency.     

Ultrasound transducer modeling--general theory and applications to ultrasound reciprocal systems

A tutorial presentation on the theory of reciprocal ultrasound systems is given, and a complete set of modeling equations for one-dimensional multi-layer ultrasound transducers is derived from first principles. The model includes dielectric losses and mechanical losses in the transducer material layers as well as sound absorption in the transmission medium. First, the so-called constitutive relations of a piezoelectric body are derived based on general thermodynamic considerations, assuming that transducer operation takes place under almost isentropic conditions. Second, full attention is given to transducers oscillating in the thickness mode, discarding all other vibration modes. Dynamic transducer equations are determined using Newton's Second Law, Poisson's equation, and the definition of strain applied to a piezoelectric transducer with one or more non-piezoelectric layers on the front surface (multilayer transducer). Boundary conditions include continuity of normal velocity and stress across material interfaces as well as a subsidiary electrical condition over the piezoceramic electrodes. Sound transmission is assumed to take place in a water bath such that the Rayleigh equation can be used to obtain the incoming pressure at the receiver aperture from the acceleration of the opposing transmitter. This allows, e.g., a detailed treatment of receiver signal variations as the receiver moves from the near-field zone to the far-field zone of the transmitter. In the remaining part of the paper, receiver voltage and current signals are obtained by solving the full set of dynamic equations numerically. Special attention is given to transducers consisting of a) a pure piezoceramic layer only, b) a piezoceramic layer and a quarter-wavelength matching layer of polyphenylensulphide (PPS), c) a piezoceramic layer and a half-wavelength matching layer of stainless steel, and d) a piezoceramic layer and a half-wavelength matching layer of stainless steel tuned to resonance by a parallel inductance. Results are also given for receiver incoming pressure and receiver voltage signals when sound reception takes place in the near-field and far-field zones of the transmitter.     

Performance analysis of ultrasono-therapy transducer with contact detection

The performance of ultrasono-therapy transducer with contact detection by using the impedance phase change is described. Usually a therapy transducer is designed with a /spl lambda//2 frontal plate glued to a PZT-4 piezoceramic. This plate ensures a good mechanical protection of the piezoceramic with a corresponding high-transmission energy. Normally this transducer is operated at the minimum at the frequency of the impedance module of its input electric impedance, but this operation point is affected by the shift caused by the expected temperature increase. This shift could be higher than the narrow bandwidth presented. As a result we obtain a decrease in the power level for medical treatment. Usually electronic drivers with automatic control that follow the frequency change are designed, however, the relatively narrow bandwidth introduces difficulty in the design. Another frequency operation point is presented here and analyzed using the criteria of the maximum of the impedance phase with a wider bandwidth than in the previous case. Simulation with mechanical losses are presented with experimental results that show the convenience of this criteria for practical application.     

预应力内荷载的新计算方法-直接内载法

预应力内荷载是预应力束对结构作用产生的内荷载,是预应力结构设计和理论分析时需要计算的重要参数.依据预应力对结构作用的形态,得出预应力对结构的作用是由预应力束的法向反弹力、预应力束端部的锚固力和预应力束对构件的摩擦力组成.根据这个结论,提出直接内载法计算作用在结构上的预应力内荷载,推导了预应力摩擦应力损失方程,并证明了预应力内荷载的自平衡性,分析了它与等效荷载法的区别和一致性,得出了直接内载法能揭示预应力荷载的分布规律,说明了直接内载法是对目前普遍使用计算预应力内荷载的等效荷载法的修正和补充.同时,通过试验实测和有限元ANSYS结构分析程序进行数值模拟分析,得到的理论计算结果与实测结果相互吻合,验证了本文的结论.     

预应力内荷载的新计算方法—直接内载法

预应力内荷载是预应力束对结构作用产生的内荷载,是预应力结构设计和理论分析时需要计算的重要参数。依据预应力对结构作用的形态,得出预应力对结构的作用是由预应力束的法向反弹力、预应力束端部的锚固力和预应力束对构件的摩擦力组成。根据这个结论,提出直接内载法计算作用在结构上的预应力内荷载,推导了预应力摩擦应力损失方程,并证明了预应力内荷载的自平衡性,分析了它与等效荷载法的区别和一致性,得出了直接内载法能揭示预应力荷载的分布规律,说明了直接内载法是对目前普遍使用计算预应力内荷载的等效荷载法的修正和补充。同时,通过试验实测和有限元ANSYS结构分析程序进行数值模拟分析,得到的理论计算结果与实测结果相互吻合,验证了本文的结论。     

Elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric losses in piezoceramics: how it works all together

The quality factor along with electromechanical coupling coefficient (CEMC) is commonly used as a measure of the energy efficiency of a piezoelectric transducer (PT) working as an energy converter. Losses in piezoceramics are phenomenologically considered to have three coupled mechanisms: dielectric, elastic, and piezoelectric. Their cumulative performance first of all determines the PT quality factor characterizing the efficiency of vibrational energy accumulation, and related to it dissipative effects. The extended definition of the PT electromechanical quality factor (EMQ) with permanent energy exchange between electrical source of excitation and PT was proposed. The EMQ analysis has been conducted on the basis of complex material constants for both stiffened and unstiffened canonical vibrational modes. The efficiency of mechanically free and electrically excited piezoceramic transducers in a wide frequency range of PT harmonics, especially between the fundamental resonance and antiresonance frequencies, was investigated, and the effect of piezoelectric loss anomaly with extremely low total losses was predicted. Particularly, optimization of PT excitation with connected reactive (capacitive) element was conducted to provide higher PT mechanical vibrational characteristics with less total losses. The requirements to the piezoceramic material parameters, types of transducer vibrations, and especially to the piezoelectric loss factor in the range of physically valid values were established to provide maximal EMQ.     

6 种典型流场中超声流量计校准系数随企业污染源烟气排放量变化研究

采用计算流体力学方法,对6种典型流场中超声流量计校准系数随企业污染源烟气不同流速变化的规律进行研究。分析不同负荷下超声流量计校准系数相对标准偏差在不同声道角度、管道直径、声道布置形式、上游直管段长度、管道形式时的变化规律。通过国家烟道流量计量标准装置进行实验验证,验证结果表明:不同负荷下校准系数相对标准偏差均未超过1%,且可以通过单负荷校准实现对烟道超声流量计的校准。     

SPICE model for lossy piezoceramic transducers

A transmission line equivalent circuit for piezoelectric transducers has been modified to provide modeling of lossy piezoceramic transducers. A lossy transmission line is used to model the mechanical losses. The equivalent circuit parameters are derived from analogies between electrical transmission lines and acoustic wave propagation. Implementation of the equivalent circuit model in SPICE is shown. Simulations and measurements in the time and frequency domain of a low-Q material and a multilayered ultrasonic sensor using a low-Q piezoceramic transducer are presented.