透射率全局估计航空影像去雾算法

针对雾霾天气会导致航空影像的色彩失真、信息损失,对影像的后期处理和判读造成了负面影响,以暗原色先验为理论基础,结合航空影像的成像特点和景物内容特点提出一种针对航空影像的去雾算法。首先,获取航空影像透射率图并对其自动分割;其次,对影像透射率全局估计和局部优化;最后,根据大气物理模型对影像恢复处理。选取了山区、村镇、城市等各种场景近20组航空影像进行试验,从主观和客观两方面对算法效果进行评价,结果表明该算法具有处理效果稳定、鲁棒性强的特点。     

一种数字航空影像的匀光方法

针对单张数字航空影像不均匀光照现象的成因，深入研究了马斯克匀光技术在数字航空影像匀光中的应用，并针对数字航空影像提出了相应的匀光处理的具体流程和实现方法。实验表明该方法可以克服数学模型法的不足，具有较强的适用性，对于消除数字航空影像的不均匀光照现象能够取得满意的效果，从而可以有效地解决单张数字航空影像的色彩平衡问题。     

适用于倾斜影像的加速KAZE-SIFT特征提取算法

针对传统正摄影像的特征提取算法处理倾斜影像匹配效果不佳的问题，在已有特征提取算法的基础上，提出了一种适用于倾斜影像的特征提取算法--加速KAZE-尺度不变特征变换（AKAZE-SIFT）算法。首先，为保证特征检测的准确性与独特性，采用充分保留图像轮廓信息的加速KAZE（AKAZE）算子进行特征检测；其次，为提升特征描述的稳定性，采用稳健的尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）算子进行特征描述；然后，依据目标特征向量和候选特征向量间的欧氏距离确定粗匹配点对；最后，采用随机抽样一致性算法进行单应性约束，提高匹配纯度。模拟影像在倾斜摄影条件下的模糊、旋转、亮度、视角和尺度变化，对特征提取算法性能进行评估，实验结果表明，AKAZE-SIFT算法相比SIFT算法和AKAZE算法召回率分别提高了12.8%和5.3%，精准率提高了6.5%和6.1%，F1值提升了13.8%和5.6%；提取效率优于SIFT算法，略逊于AKAZE。AKAZE-SIFT算法具有良好的检测和描述能力，更适用于倾斜影像特征提取。     

基于各向异性高斯滤波的暗原色理论雾天彩色图像增强算法

针对经典的暗原色理论算法在处理雾天图像时色调和亮度失真问题,提出基于各向异性高斯滤波的暗原色理论雾天彩色图像增强算法.首先通过容差机制对图像区域进行分割,根据阈值判断明亮和非明亮区域;然后引入各向异性高斯滤波,对透射率图像进行保边平滑处理;最后再一次引入容差机制,实现对透射率图像的再次修正,得到准确透射率图像,进而获得无雾的图像.主观观察和客观评价结果表明,在整体和细节方面,该算法比经典的暗原色算法有更好的处理效果.     

基于补偿暗通道和透射率融合的图像去雾算法

针对暗通道先验算法去雾不彻底且透射率估计不准确的问题，提出了一种基于补偿暗通道和透射率融合的去雾算法。该方法首先用中值滤波补偿暗通道，解决复原图像边缘细节不突出问题；然后由补偿暗通道得到透射率的简单估计及白平衡得到透射率的模糊估计，将两者进行像素级融合，得到透射率的精确估计；最后根据大气散射模型恢复出无雾图像。实验结果表明，该算法获得了较为精确的透射率，复原图像有效消除了残雾和Halo现象，在天空区域有较好的色彩保真度，同时也有效提升了运算速度。     

基于暗原色先验的一种快速图像去雾方法

为了改善雾天环境下退化图像的视觉效果,结合雾天成像模型和暗原色先验的规律,提出了一种快速的单一图像去雾算法利用暗原色先验对大气参数进行估计,选取图像中满足条件的像素点进行透射率的估计,并据此计算图像中其它像素点的透射率,从而大大减小了图像透射率估计运算量,最后根据大气参数和透射率计算得到清晰化的图像。实验结果表明,该算法相对于传统的单一图像去雾方法具有处理速度快和效果好的特点。     

基于高斯权重衰减的迭代优化去雾算法

针对暗通道先验算法最小滤波使用的不足，提出一种基于高斯权重衰减的迭代优化去雾方法.该方法首先利用Kirsch算子滤波构造高斯函数逼近暗通道操作，然后用交叉双边滤波消除纹理效应，其次，在透射率为最优的前提下，利用高斯暗通道来简化大气散射模型，从而得到粗略透射率；为了得到最优透射率，使用Kirsch和Laplacian算子构成的一组高阶滤波器进行迭代处理，从而获得最优效果；最后，结合大气散射模型复原无雾图像.通过大量实验测试验证，所提假设成立，复原的图像细节明显，明亮度适宜，并且在客观评价中也体现出了优势.     

基于优化后透射率和半逆法的暗通道图像去雾方法

为了解决去雾过程中图像边缘产生光带的情况和去雾之后图像整体变暗的现象，提出了一种新颖的基于优化后透射率和半逆法的图像去雾算法。首先，针对图像边缘处暗通道失效情况，运用透射率修正机制来消除边缘处的光带现象，从而提高暗通道先验的适用范围；其次，从大气散射模型出发，利用半逆算法得到大气整体光照值；最后，针对去雾之后整幅图片颜色变暗淡的现象，采用基于小波变换的图像对比度算法来进行增强处理，改善去雾图像的视觉效果。实验结果表明，该算法能够更有效地去雾，而且去雾能力优于原算法。     

基于图像融合的快速单幅图像去雾算法

针对单幅雾霾图像中存在大面积明亮区域,暗通道先验失效、引导滤波算法去雾不彻底和时间复杂度较高的问题,提出了一种基于图像融合的快速单幅图像去雾算法.在大气散射模型的基础上,对大气光值进行区间估计;由暗通道先验法得到透射率的简单估计,由Retinex理论进行多尺度高斯卷积得到透射率的模糊估计,利用图像融合将两者进行像素级融合,得到透射率的精确估计;采用交叉双边滤波进行平滑处理并针对明亮区域修正透射率;对复原图像进行色调调整后得到最终图像.实验表明:算法不仅取得良好的去雾效果和较好的图像色彩,还有效降低了时间复杂度.     

双边滤波与暗通道结合的图像保边去雾算法

目的 图像去雾领域越来重视去雾过程中对图像边缘细节的恢复和保护,针对现有主流的基于模型的有雾图像复原算法,基本都是对介质透射率进行直接求解,即先预估透射率,再细化抠图,运算量很大的问题,提出利用双边滤波方式进行介质透射率的间接求解,用以简化去雾算法时间复杂度。方法 利用双边滤波方式对介质透射率的求解,是先估算出较精确的大气散射函数及大气光值,然后间接求出透射率,其避免了采用软件抠图的方式对介质透射率进行细化的过程,提高了算法的时效性。结果 选取两组户外有雾图像进行实验,并从得出的透射率图、复原效果及运算时间进行了对比分析。本文算法能得到较为清晰的透射率分布图,并且改善了预估透射率图中的块状现象;本文算法对透射率细化的同时,还起到了平滑图像边缘的效果;耗时方面,本文算法对大小为608×456像素的图像恢复耗时为1.803 s。结论 本文算法对有雾图像进行全局清晰化处理的同时,重点恢复有雾图像的局部细节,复原结果能更好地保持图像边缘的效果,更适合运用到基于图像检测类的系统中去。     

GRASS的特点,功能与发展

地理资源分析支持系统(GRASS)是一个基于栅格的、具有矢量分析功能的地理信息系统,也是图像处理系统和图件生成系统。它是第一个以工作站为硬件支撑、在 U-NIX 操作系统下运行的地理信息系统。其功能包括:数据输入、地理分析(栅格、矢量、点)、多光谱图像处理、地图显示。分别介绍了 GRASS 在目前以及未来五年主要的设计和实施目标,并由此认为,GRASS 将成为地理信息系统领域的一支后起之秀。     

Using the R statistical data analysis language on GRASS 5.0 GIS database files

Many researchers wish to explore and analyse spatial data, but typical software does not readily permit such integration. This paper presents a simple interface between two open-source software systems, the GRASS geographical information system, and the R statistical data analysis language. The platform used here is GNU/Linux, because both systems compile and install cleanly; R runs cleanly in Windows environments as well. The interface allows floating point and category data to be passed both ways for raster map layers and sites files; NULL raster cells in GRASS interchange with NA (not available) values in R. Because both systems are developing rapidly and GRASS database internals change often, the interface uses ASCII transfer via temporary files generated by standard programs. The interface operates by running R from within the GRASS environment, and issues commands to GRASS programs through the R system( ) function. The accompanying code is constructed as an R package, and contains wrapper functions for R plotting, and for R analytical functions returning gridded output, such as trend surface and kriging prediction, kernel density estimation of point patterns, and bicubic spline interpolation. These typical spatial analytical techniques, also often available in some form in GIS, are amply buttressed in R by a large range of other statistical and graphical functions, giving substantial insight into the data or results being handled. The interface will be extended to vector data, and will be coordinated with other database integration packages in R and GRASS.     

栅格数据地理信息系统(Raster GIS)关键技术分析

数据是地理信息系统的基础,强大的地理信息分析功能对地图数据有很高的要求.国内外大多数应用型地理信息系统都是基于矢量地图数据格式的.这样的系统在提供便利操作的同时,增加了系统开发成本和开发周期.如果建立基于栅格数据的地理信息系统,不需要数字化编辑处理地图数据,节省了矢量化数据的成本,并且地图显示更为形象、直观.在分析栅格数据和矢量数据的基础上,探讨了基于栅格数据的地理信息系统体系框架,并就基于栅格数据的地理信息系统开发中的基本地图操作、属性查询、地图分析等关键技术进行研究,提出了一些思路和解决办法.同时,将该技术成功应用到军事演习系统中,取得了良好的效果.     

基于GIS平台的R树索引模型研究与实现

本文阐述了一种GIS平台-GRASS平台的基本结构和特点,分析了GRASS矢量图的文件结构及空间索引的几种基本算法,阐明了建立R树索引机制的一些基本思路和方法,提出了在GRASS平台上建立R树索引模型的实现策略。     

A new GRASS GIS fuzzy inference system for massive data analysis

GIS systems are frequently coupled with fuzzy logic systems implemented in statistical packages. For large GIS data sets including millions or tens of millions of cells, such an approach is relatively time-consuming. For very large data sets there is also an input/output bottleneck between the GIS and external software. The aim of this paper is to present low-level implementation of Mamdani’s fuzzy inference system designed to work with massive GIS data sets, using the GRASS GIS raster data processing engine.     

Explorations of the implementation of a parallel IDW interpolation algorithm in a Linux cluster-based parallel GIS

To design and implement an open-source parallel GIS (OP-GIS) based on a Linux cluster, the parallel inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation algorithm has been chosen as an example to explore the working model and the principle of algorithm parallel pattern (APP), one of the parallelization patterns for OP-GIS. Based on an analysis of the serial IDW interpolation algorithm of GRASS GIS, this paper has proposed and designed a specific parallel IDW interpolation algorithm, incorporating both single process, multiple data (SPMD) and master/slave (M/S) programming modes. The main steps of the parallel IDW interpolation algorithm are: (1) the master node packages the related information, and then broadcasts it to the slave nodes; (2) each node calculates its assigned data extent along one row using the serial algorithm; (3) the master node gathers the data from all nodes; and (4) iterations continue until all rows have been processed, after which the results are outputted. According to the experiments performed in the course of this work, the parallel IDW interpolation algorithm can attain an efficiency greater than 0.93 compared with similar algorithms, which indicates that the parallel algorithm can greatly reduce processing time and maximize speed and performance.     

基于栅格数据的空间聚类

空间聚类是GIS空间分析的主要内容之一,传统矢量空间聚类算法存在数据冗余、结果不直观等弊端,介绍了基于栅格数据的空间聚类,并且针对现下主流的网格和密度方法的聚类算法存在效率和质量问题,提出了与栅格相结合的聚类挖掘算法,以期得到时间效率和聚类质量上的提高。     

Integration of remotely-sensed raster data with a vector-based geographical information system for land-use change detection

Methods of land-use change detection are different for raster and vector data types because of the differences in structures of the two data types. Since large amounts of land-use data (derived from existing maps and aerial photographs) are stored in vector format in a Geographical Information System (GIS), there is a need to develop a change detection algorithm for use with vector-formatted data. Since remotely-sensed images are increasingly being used to derive land-use data, it is necessary to integrate raster data with large volumes of vector data already available in a GIS. This necessitates an efficient and effective data integration technique using which raster data are to be integrated with a vector-based GIS. This paper presents a methodology of data integration of remotely-sensed raster data with vector data. A new approach is developed for land-use change detection for use with vector data in a GIS environment. The approach is based on the mathematical concepts of Sets and Groups, and is successfully implemented for the analysis of historical land-use change from 1931 to 1989 in the River Glen catchment, U.K. Algorithms have been developed for automatic derivation of dynamic statistics of land-use. It is shown that this approach can be efficiently adopted for operational use incorporating products derived from both coarse- and fine-resolution remotely-sensed satellite images once these are integrated with the vector-based GIS.     

栅格地图识别的专家系统模型

数据获取是ＧＩＳ的基本组成部件。地图数据依然是大多数ＧＩＳ的主要数据源。如何实现地图数据的快速转换已成为ＧＩＳ迅速发展的一个“瓶颈”。本文基于对地图识别所需知识种类、目标符号描述模型、知识表示方法及知识利用机制的详细研究，提出了一个栅格地图识别的专家系统模型。     

Morphometric analysis in geographic information systems: applications of free software GRASS and R

Development and interpretation of morphometric maps are important tools in studies related to neotectonics and geomorphology; Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows speed and precision to this process, but applied methodology will vary according to available tools and degree of knowledge of each researcher about involved software.A methodology to integrate GIS and statistics in morphometric analysis is presented for the most usual morphometric parameters—hypsometry, slope, aspect, swath profiles, lineaments and drainage density, surface roughness, isobase and hydraulic gradient.The GIS used was the Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS-GIS), an open-source project that offers an integrated environment for raster and vector analysis, image processing and maps/graphics creation. Statistical analysis of parameters can be carried out on R, a system for statistical computation and graphics, through an interface with GRASS that allows raster maps and points files to be treated as variables for analysis.The basic element for deriving morphometric maps is the digital elevation model (DEM). It can be interpolated from scattered points or contours, either in raster or vector format; it is also possible to use DEMs from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, with 30 m of ground resolution for the USA and 90 m for other countries.Proposed methodology can be adapted according to necessities and available tools. The use of free and open-source tools guarantees access to everyone, and its increasing popularization opens new development perspectives in this research field.