Progress of International Regulations and Standards for Nanomaterials

纳米材料具有特殊的物理化学性质,在实际应用中可能对环境及健康安全造成负面影响.介绍了国内外纳米材料的安全性研究动态,详述了国际纳米材料法律法规以及相关标准制定工作的进展,论述了建立纳米材料安全评价标准体系的必要性.     

国际纳米材料法规及标准进展

纳米材料具有特殊的物理化学性质,在实际应用中可能对环境及健康安全造成负面影响.介绍了国内外纳米材料的安全性研究动态,详述了国际纳米材料法律法规以及相关标准制定工作的进展,论述了建立纳米材料安全评价标准体系的必要性.     

首批纳米材料国家标准出台

国家质检总局和国家标准委2月底在京联合召开了<纳米材料术语>等7项纳米材料国家标准新闻发布会.这7项国家标准于2004年9月29日和12月27日经国家标准委批准,并于2005年1月公告,将于2005年4月1日起正式实施.这是我国首次批准发布的关于纳米材料的国家标准,也是世界上首次以国家标准形式颁布的纳米材料标准,这标志着我国纳米材料标准化工作已经走在了世界的前列.     

纳米材料的暴露途径及安全性研究

针对近年来纳米材料的发展现状,对纳米材料潜在的释放和暴露进行了论述,重点指出了纳米材料的暴露途径,包括:纳米材料对人体的暴露和纳米材料对生态系统的暴露。提出了纳米材料安全性的近期措施和长远规划,为完善纳米材料安全性的相关法律法规和生产标准提供有实用价值的技术支持。     

新发布的七项纳米材料标准内容简介

纳米材料是20世纪80年代末90年代初发展起来的前沿性、交叉性的新兴材料。纳米材料的研究中涉及了许多未知过程和新奇现象,很难用传统的术语定义和标准进行解释。为了指导和规范纳米材料的发展,2002年科技部将制定“纳米材料标准”标准列为“基础性研究课题”。2004年9月29日和12月27日国家标准化管理委员会分别以国标委标批函[2004]146号、147号、148号和173号文批准发布了《纳米材料术语》(GB/T19619-2004)等七项纳米材料国家标准,并于2005年4月1日起正式实施这些标准。这是我国首次批准发布有关纳米材料领域的国家标准,也是世界上首次以国家标准形式颁布的纳米材料标准。2005年2月28日国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化管理委员会在京联合召开我国首批七项“纳米材料国家标准新闻发布会”。该七项国家标准的主要起草单位是冶金工业信息标准研究院、钢铁研究总院、天津化工研究设计院、中科院纳米中心和有色金属技术经济研究院等单位。为了配合标准的贯彻实施,现将这七项标准作如下简要介绍。     

北京市明确十大重点发展的技术标准领域和重点标准方向

北京市质量技术监督局2006年12月4日正式发布《北京市重点发展的技术标准领域和重点标准方向（2006—2010）》。主要包括：超大规模集成电路用配套材料、新型元器件基础材料等电子信息相关材料及器件标准；纳米检测技术；纳米材料毒性效应；环境和人体的安全性；纳米材料与产品的安全性评价；纳米技术材料的安全标准；纳米化纤产品的评价等方面的标准等。     

我国发布七项纳米材料国家标准

2月28日，国家质检总局和国家标准委联合发布了7项纳米材料国家标准。这是世界上首次以国家标准形式发布的纳米材料标准。国家标准委主任李忠海在新闻发布会上的讲话中指出，7项纳米材料标准的发布和实施，将引导和规范我国的纳米材料市场秩序，促进纳米材料产业化的发展。7项标准将于2005年4月1日起实施。     

我国发布七项纳米材料国家标准

2005年2月28日，国家质检总局和国家标准委联合发布了7项纳米材料国家标准。这是世界上首次以国家标准形式发布的纳米材料标准。国家标准委主任李忠海在新闻发布会上的讲话中指出，7项纳米材料标准的发布和实施，将引导和规范我国的纳米材料市场秩序，促进纳米材料产业化的发展。7项标准已于2005年4月1日起实施。     

低温燃烧法制备Y2O3:Eu3+纳米材料的研究进展

低温燃烧法是制备氧化物纳米材料的一种很有应用前景的新方法,该法工艺简单、安全、省时、节能.Y2O3:Eu3 是一种重要的红色发光材料.阐述了低温燃烧法合成工艺的优点,其制备纳米材料Y2O3:Eu3 的特点,以及用该方法制备的纳米材料Y2O3:Eu3 的发光性能的研究进展.     

纳米微粒母料--有机硅/无机硅纳米复合物

在纳米微粒制备过程中,把纳米微粒分散在基体中,形成纳米微粒母料,既防止了纳米材料可能对环境造成的污染,又解决了纳米材料应用时的团聚问题,为收集、保存和运输纳米颗粒提供了一条安全、行之有效的途径.     

The Known and Unknown about the Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials in Commerce

The widespread nanomaterial use in commercial products has fed significant concern over environmental health and safety ramifications. Initially, little was known as to how these highly reactive particulates interacted with biological systems. Nanomaterials have introduced complexities not normally considered in traditional safety assessments of chemicals and therefore have generated uncertainty in the reliability of standard tests of safety. Advances in understanding the potential impacts of nanomaterials have occurred since their introduction, particularly for those used in the greatest quantities in commerce. The impact of characteristics such as charge, size, surface functionalization, chemical composition, and certain transformations on the potential effect of nanomaterials in the environment continue to move the field forward. However, generalizations of risk based on any one factor across nanomaterials is not possible. Estimating risk also remains difficult due to the introduction of materials that are new and more complex, minimal information on the specific molecular interactions of nanomaterials and organisms, and the need for more tools for measuring the dynamics of nanomaterial state and fate in complex matrices. Finally, exposure estimates are difficult due to difficulty of environmental monitoring which may be exacerbated by lack of information on nanomaterials in products and new uses in the marketplace.     

纳米材料在食品包装中的研究进展

目的介绍几种常用纳米材料在食品包装中的应用,总结食品包装中纳米材料的检测技术及表征方法,并对其安全性进行评估。方法介绍纳米银、纳米氧化钛、纳米氧化锌、纳米氧化硅、纳米黏土、纳米分子筛以及其他纳米复合材料在食品包装中的应用,列举食品包装中纳米材料的表征手段,如成像显示技术、色谱质谱技术和光谱分析技术等,并对食品包装中纳米材料的迁移风险和毒理学问题进行探讨。结论纳米材料的存在能有效改善食品包装材料在保鲜效果、抗菌能力以及阻隔性能方面的特性,具有广阔的市场应用前景。此外,食品包装材料的安全性不容忽视,还应加强对食品接触用纳米材料的风险评估体系的研究。     

Toward Rigorous Materials Production: New Approach Methodologies Have Extensive Potential to Improve Current Safety Assessment Practices

Advanced material development, including at the nanoscale, comprises costly and complex challenges coupled to ensuring human and environmental safety. Governmental agencies regulating safety have announced interest toward acceptance of safety data generated under the collective term New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), as such technologies/approaches offer marked potential to progress the integration of safety testing measures during innovation from idea to product launch of nanomaterials. Divided in overall eight main categories, searchable databases for grouping and read across purposes, exposure assessment and modeling, in silico modeling of physicochemical structure and hazard data, in vitro high‐throughput and high‐content screening assays, dose‐response assessments and modeling, analyses of biological processes and toxicity pathways, kinetics and dose extrapolation, consideration of relevant exposure levels and biomarker endpoints typify such useful NAMs. Their application generally agrees with articulated stakeholder needs for improvement of safety testing procedures. They further fit for inclusion and add value in nanomaterials risk assessment tools. Overall 37 of 50 evaluated NAMs and tiered workflows applying NAMs are recommended for considering safer‐by‐design innovation, including guidance to the selection of specific NAMs in the eight categories. An innovation funnel enriched with safety methods is ultimately proposed under the central aim of promoting rigorous nanomaterials innovation.     

A Safe‐by‐Design Strategy towards Safer Nanomaterials in Nanomedicines

The marriage of nanotechnology and medicine offers new opportunities to fight against human diseases. Benefiting from their unique optical, thermal, magnetic, or redox properties, a wide range of nanomaterials have shown potential in applications such as diagnosis, drug delivery, or tissue repair and regeneration. Despite the considerable success achieved over the past decades, the newly emerging nanomedicines still suffer from an incomplete understanding of their safety risks, and of the relationships between their physicochemical characteristics and safety profiles. Herein, the most important categories of nanomaterials with clinical potential and their toxicological mechanisms are summarized, and then, based on this available information, an overview of the principles in developing safe‐by‐design nanomaterials for medical applications and of the recent progress in this field is provided. These principles may serve as a starting point to guide the development of more effective safe‐by‐design strategies and to help identify the major knowledge and skill gaps.     

Development and Characterization of a 96-Well Exposure System for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials

In this study, a 96-well exposure system for safety assessment of nanomaterials is developed and characterized using an air–liquid interface lung epithelial model. This system is designed for sequential nebulization. Distribution studies verify the reproducible distribution over all 96 wells, with lower insert-to-insert variability compared to non-sequential application. With a first set of chemicals (TritonX), drugs (Bortezomib), and nanomaterials (silver nanoparticles and (non-)fluorescent crystalline nanocellulose), sequential exposure studies are performed with human lung epithelial cells followed by quantification of the deposited mass and of cell viability. The developed exposure system offers for the first time the possibility of exposing an air–liquid interface model in a 96-well format, resulting in high-throughput rates, combined with the feature for sequential dosing. This exposure system allows the possibility of creating dose-response curves resulting in the generation of more reliable cell-based assay data for many types of applications, such as safety analysis. In addition to chemicals and drugs, nanomaterials with spherical shapes, but also morphologically more complex nanostructures can be exposed sequentially with high efficiency. This allows new perspectives on in vivo-like and animal-free approaches for chemical and pharmaceutical safety assessment, in line with the 3R principle of replacing and reducing animal experiments.     

Controllable synthesis and biomedical applications of silver nanomaterials

Silver nanomaterials have lots of peculiar and exciting physical and chemical properties that are different from massive silver, so the synthesis and applications of silver nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade. Currently, all kinds of silver nanomaterials having different shapes and sizes have been synthesized by many ingenious methods, and silver nanomaterials have exhibited extensive application prospects in many fields especially in biomedical aspect. In this article, the controllable synthesis of silver nanomaterials including nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanoprisms, nanoplates, nanodisks, nanospheres, and nanopolyhedrons, etc. are reviewed. Silver nanomaterials are most utilized in the form of nanoparticles, so the main biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles, such as antibacterial and antiviral applications, antitumor applications, biosensors and biological labels, optical imaging and imaging intensifier, are discussed. Although antibacterial applications are still the most important aspects of silver nanomaterials at present, antitumor, optical sensors and imaging applications of silver nanomaterials have also shown good potential perspectives. More biomedical applications of silver nanomaterials still need to be exploited for the future, and the biological safety of silver nanomaterials also should be paid enough attention before their practical applications.     

纳米材料在食品包装中的应用及安全性评价

目的阐述几种常用纳米材料在食品包装中的应用,并对其安全性进行研究。方法分别阐述Ag,Ti O2,Si O2,Zn O,蒙脱土等纳米材料在食品包装方面的应用。结论纳米材料能有效改善包装材料的特性,保持食品的品质和风味,防止微生物滋生,具有显著的意义和广阔的发展前景。     

Nanomaterials: a Map for Their Selection in Food Packaging Applications

Even though research on nanotechnology has increased rapidly in the last decades, the application of nanotechnology in food and beverage packaging started to show an interest in the scientific community much more recently. Food safety, quality and improvements of properties compared with conventional materials make nanomaterials very attractive in the field of food and beverage packaging applications. Furthermore, in many cases, nanomaterials are used for both food packaging and the food contained, especially when we talk about nanomaterials for active and intelligent packaging. Oxygen scavengers, antimicrobial nanomaterials and nanobiosensors are some examples of current research efforts on nanomaterials for food packaging. This fact has led to a variety of nanoparticles and nanomaterials. The wide range of existing nanomaterials could make its selection for food packaging applications a challenge. Thus, building up a map based on the current state‐of‐the‐art nanoparticles and nanomaterials is required. Furthermore, there is a need to classify all the nanomaterials used specifically in food packaging, independently of their nature, the packaging material and the way they are integrated to this material. In this paper, a classification of the latest advances in this field was made accompanied by the use of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis in order to find which are the most relevant (and/or expected to be potentially exploited in the near future) nanomaterials in the area of food packaging. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nanomaterials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

In lithium-ion batteries, nanocrystalline intermetallic alloys, nanosized composite materials, carbon nanotubes, and nanosized transition-metal oxides are all promising new anode materials, while nanosized LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, and LiMn2O4 show higher capacity and better cycle life as cathode materials than their usual larger-particle equivalents. The addition of nanosized metal-oxide powders to polymer electrolyte improves the performance of the polymer electrolyte for all solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries. To meet the challenge of global warming, a new generation of lithium rechargeable batteries with excellent safety, reliability, and cycling life is needed, i.e., not only for applications in consumer electronics, but especially for clean energy storage and for use in hybrid electric vehicles and aerospace. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies can lead to a new generation of lithium secondary batteries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent developments on nanomaterials and nanotechniques used for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, the impact of nanomaterials on the performance of lithium batteries, and the modes of action of the nanomaterials in lithium rechargeable batteries.