基于QEMU实现的处理器类故障模拟与注入方法研究

故障注入技术在BIT软件测试中是一种有效的手段。针对电路板级BIT软件测试中遇到的问题,介绍了一种基于开源模拟器QEMU实现的处理器类故障模拟方法。采用该方法对多种处理器故障进行仿真建模,通过对QEMU的扩展开发,加入故障行为模拟模块和故障注入模块,以实现一个具有处理器类故障注入功能的系统级模拟器BitVaSim。首先分析处理器功能故障模式,提取故障的关键字值对,用XML Schema定义故障并用于故障建模;其次对QEMU代码进行二次开发以实现对处理器故障行为的模拟;然后通过配置故障注入接口实现模拟器运行时的故障模式匹配、故障按条件触发等功能;最后通过实验案例来观察模拟器的故障表现,评价这种基于模拟器的故障注入技术。实验过程和结果显示这种方法是有效可行的。     

一种数字控制器的嵌入式BIT系统设计

针对某导弹测试周期长，信号测试困难，故障诊断能力不足等的缺点，提出了采用数字控制器嵌入式BIT系统的设计思想，并给出了软，硬件设计思路和相应的测试步骤.     

On coping with real-time software dynamic inconsistency by built-in tests

In real-time systems, dynamic inconsistencies of software are hardly detected, diagnosed and handled. A built-in test (BIT) method is developed to cope with software dynamic inconsistency. BIT is defined as a new kind of software testing which is explicitly described in object-oriented source code as member functions. BITs can be activated at any designed moment at run-time to detect, diagnose and handle software dynamic inconsistencies. This paper develops a new approach to cope with software dynamic inconsistencies at run-time by BITs. In this paper, the concept of BITs is introduced. The standard structures which incorporate BITs into conventional object-oriented software are analysed. Reuse methodologies for BITs in OO software are developed at object and system levels. A case study is provided for showing how to create BIT and how to inherit and reuse BITs in OO programming. Methods for incorporating BITs into OO software at object, class and system levels are provided. An approach to dynamic inconsistency control by BITs is developed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development of formal models and conformance testing for systems with asynchronous interfaces and telecommunications protocols

There is a gap between the formal modeling and testing methods for modern protocols and asynchronous software systems: due to high complexity of such systems, attempts to include formal models in testing procedures fail. In this paper, we propose an approach to filling this gap based on a formalization of the behavior of systems with asynchronous interfaces using contract specifications followed by the use of these specifications to design adaptive test suites. This approach was used for testing various software systems including implementations of the IPv6 Internet protocols stack and implementations of the POSIX and Linux Standard Base software interfaces.     

Object-based hardware/software component interconnection model for interface design in system-on-a-chip circuits

The design of system-on-a-chip (SoC) circuits requires the integration of complex hardware/software components that are customized to efficiently execute a specific application. Nowadays, these components include many different embedded processors executing concurrent software tasks. In this paper, we present an object-based component interconnection model to represent both hardware and software components within a system architecture in a very high level of abstraction. This model is used in a design flow for automatic generation of hardware/software interfaces for SoC circuits. Design tools for automatic generation of embedded operating systems, hardware interfaces and associated device drivers are presented and evaluated using the results obtained with a VDSL application.     

On built-in test techniques in reliable computer systems

Reliability is a primary criterion in the design of computer systems both from the points of view of fault tolerance and of repair, but the major difference lies in the relative cost constraints. Built-in test (BIT) techniques exploit hardware redundancy to provide continuous on-line monitoring of computer performance. Hardware's declining cost makes these techniques attractive, especially for modular computers. For both users and designers, it is important to understand the potential effectiveness of BIT approaches in terms of cost and performance. To assure BIT effectiveness, a computer BIT approach that supports the applicable system maintenance concepts must be selected, and required integral testing resources must be identified. This paper summarises present BIT approaches, discusses systematic ways to incorporate BIT into new computer designs and describes techniques for assessing BIT effectiveness in modular digital computers.     

基于扩展CHAM模型的软件集成测试方法

基于构件的软件工程(Component-Based Software Engineering,CBSE)正逐渐成为软件开发的一种新趋势。目前构件提供者所交付的构件仅仅包括其功能描述和接口描述,而代码通常是不可见的,这给软件系统的集成测试带来较大困难。本文针对软件体系结构(Software Architecture,SA)层中的构件规格说明,提出一种集成测试方法。首先使用扩展的化学抽象自动机(Extend Chemical Abstract Machine,E-CHAM)模型描述软件系统的体系结构;接着使用LTS状态树生成算法,生成标号迁移系统(Labeled Transition System,LTS)表示单一构件的动态行为;最后按照自底向上的集成测试策略完成了整个系统的测试。     

导弹机内测试技术的国内外发展现状

导弹武器系统的综合测试是产品研发和使用中的重要保障技术,在武器系统的全寿命周期中扮演着越来越重要的角色；机内测试技术是提高系统测试性的关键方法之一,作为一种能够在设备或系统等测试单元内部自检的技术,机内测试在导弹测试领域中被广泛使用；介绍了国内外对机内测试的基本定义、特点、作用、虚警及抑制等发展的现状,并主要聚焦于导弹武器系统中的机内测试案例；针对机内测试在导弹领域应用中存在的问题,讨论了满足未来新一代导弹测试性需求的可能途径,并对机内测试技术未来的发展趋势进行了探讨和展望。     

A review and future directions of SOA-based software architecture modeling approaches for System of Systems

Software architecture is a software system’s earliest set of design decisions that are critical for the quality of the system desired by the stakeholders. The architecture makes it easier to reason about and manage change during different phases of complex software life cycle. The modeling of software architecture for System of Systems (SoS) is a challenging task because of a system’s complexity arising from an integration of heterogeneous, distributed, managerially and operationally independent systems collaborating to achieve global missions. SoS is essentially dynamic and evolutionary by design requiring suitable architectural patterns to deal with runtime volatility. Service-oriented architecture offers several architectural features to these complex systems; these include, interoperability, loose coupling, abstraction and the provision of dynamic services based on standard interfaces and protocols. There is some research work available that provides critical analysis of current software architecture modeling approaches for SoS. However, none of them outlines the important characteristics of SoS or provides detailed analysis of current service-oriented architecture modeling approaches to model those characteristics. This article addresses this research gap and provides a taxonomy of software architecture modeling approaches, comparing and contrasting them using criteria critical for realization of SoS. Additionally, research gaps are identified, and future directions are outlined for building software architecture for SoS to model and reason about architecture quality in a more efficient way in service-oriented paradigm.     

A comprehensive engineering framework for guaranteeing component compatibility

Despite advances in software engineering methods and tools, understanding what software components do and ensuring that they work well together remains difficult. This is chiefly due to the lack of support for specifying component interfaces and software compositions formally. Due to these shortcomings, composed systems are subject to incompatibility errors, and software developers struggle to retrieve and understand relevant reusable entities. Constructs recently added to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) supported by validation tools can detect and solve behavioural incompatibility issues, while integrated support for characterisation using ontological techniques can describe what a component does. This paper presents a comprehensive software engineering framework that supports software composition at design time and runtime with compatibility guarantees. Our main contributions are (a) a model-driven development approach that combines UML modelling and ontology techniques for the specification of component properties, their validation and their transformation to code, (b) a middleware platform that supports component discovery, compatibility checking and deployment. Following the proposed approach gives benefits for software engineering, in particular in settings where multiple stakeholders are involved.     

用UML描述组件规格说明

在基于组件的软件开放方式（CBD）下，软件系统是一些盯互联系的可重用组件的集合，因此需要对系统的每一个组件以及组件之间的相互关系有很好的理解。UML作为一种标准建模语言，不仅可以支持面向对象的分析与设计，而且能够有力地支持从需求分析开始的软件开发全过程。但是UML对组件建模的支持并不理想，这就需要开发一种能很好支持组件建模的方法。本文提出一种用UML描述组件规格说明的方法。将组件规格说明分解成组件接口规格说明。通过对组件的每个接口和组件接口之间的相互关系加以形式描述，从而达到组件规格说明的清晰性和精确性。     

Automatic implementation of constraints in component based applications

Component-based software architectures have become one of the predominant solutions in the software technologies scenario. As well, constraints have been assuming an ever more relevant role in modeling distributed systems as long as business rules implementation, design-by-contract practice, and fault-tolerance requirements are concerned. Nevertheless, component developers are not sufficiently supported by existing tools to implement these features.We address such a deficiency and we propose some implementation patterns to translate constraint models into source code and two automatic tools: the Component Constraint Modeler (CoCoMod) and the Component Constraint Generator (CoCoGen). CoCoMod enables designers to specify both component interfaces and constraints as visual UML models and automatically generates textual models for interfaces and constraints. CoCoGen executes the implementation patters to translate constraint models into source code. A simple case study is presented in order to show an application of the proposed approach.     

Research issues in testing business components

The advantages of migrating from traditional monolithic business applications to reusable object-based business components (self-contained software that carries out a certain business task) are well documented. A business system assembled from reusable components is argued to be highly reliable since these components have been tested and used in many other business applications. However, all possible uses of components are not known at design and construction stage. Additionally, integration testing is needed as components are assembled to make business application systems. Component-based software development requires that testing issues be addressed adequately. In this paper, we explore testing related issues in business components and in particular, business application systems that are made by integrating these components. An integration test strategy for business component application systems is proposed.     

自动驾驶软件测试技术研究综述

自动驾驶系统（autonomous driving system,ADS）是一种集成高精度传感器、人工智能和地图导航系统等模块的信息—物理融合系统。该类系统中的自动驾驶软件完成了从高级辅助驾驶到无人驾驶任务中关键的感知、定位、预测、规划和控制任务。随着深度学习和强化学习等人工智能技术的发展和车载硬件设备的不断升级,高级别的自动驾驶软件已经逐渐应用于多种安全攸关的场景中,保障其运行稳定性与可靠性的测试技术逐渐成为学术界和产业界的研究重点。本文在广泛调研国内外文献基础上,对自动驾驶软件测试技术进行了深入分析与梳理。结合自动驾驶软件的架构特点及系统特征,讨论了面向自动驾驶系统的仿真测试和实景测试,以及面向组件的测试技术。其中,在仿真方法方面,分析了软件仿真、半实体仿真和在环仿真等技术;在仿真对象方面,讨论了静态环境仿真、动态场景仿真、传感器仿真和车辆动力学仿真等。同时,本文介绍了当前实景测试的进展与情况,重点分析了实景测试案例中的得失优劣。在面向自动驾驶软件组件的测试技术方面,重点讨论了当前数据驱动技术在感知组件、决策规划组件,以及控制组件测试方面的进展。最后,本文总结分析了自动驾驶软件测试当前面临的挑战,并对未来自动驾驶软件测试技术的研究方向和研究重点进行了展望。     

User Environments and Individuals: Experience with Adaptive Interface Agents

The traditional style of working with computers generally revolves around the computer being used as a tool, with individual users directly initiating operations and waiting for the results of them. A more recent paradigm of human-computer interaction, based on the indirect management of computing resources, is agent-based interaction. The idea of delegation plays a key part in this approach to computer-based work, which allows individuals to relinquish the routine, mechanistic parts of their everyday tasks, having them performed automatically instead. Adaptive interfaces combine elements of both these approaches, where the goal is to have the interface adapt to its users rather than the reverse. This paper addresses some of the issues arising from a practical software development process which aimed to support individuals using this style of interaction. This paper documents the development of a set of classes which implement an architecture for adaptive interfaces. These classes are intended to be used as part of larger user interface systems which are to exhibit adaptive behaviour. One approach to the implementation of an adaptive interface is to use a set of software “agents”– simple processes which effectively run “in the background”– to decompose the task of implementing the interface. These agents form part of a larger adaptive interface architecture, which in turn forms a component of the adaptive system.     

基于行为协议的构件软件静态测试研究

系统的静态分析能在设计开发阶段发现错误,从而避免了在运行时错误检测技术在系统执行期间带来的负面影响。基于尽可能避免静态错误这一构件测试策略的基本思想提出了一种对构件化软件系统进行静态测试的方法。采用通信模型对数据库服务构件系统进行抽象建模,并结合用于描述构件系统中构件之间交互的形式化方法行为协议,通过对构件系统构件行为协议的一致性验证,从而测试构件交互的正确性。     

InRob: An approach for testing interoperability and robustness of real-time embedded software

Advances in digital technologies have contributed for significant reduction in accidents caused by hardware failures. However, the growing complexity of functions performed by embedded software has increased the number of accidents caused by software faults in critical systems. Moreover, due to the highly competitive market, software intensive subsystems are usually developed by different suppliers. Often these subsystems are required to interact with each other in order to provide a collaborative service. Testing approaches for subsystems integration support verification of the quality of service, focusing on the subsystems interfaces. The increasing complexity and tight coupling of real-time subsystems make integration testing unmanageable. The ad-hoc approach for testing is becoming less effective and more expensive. This article presents an integration testing approach denominated InRob, designed to verify the interoperability and robustness related to timing constraints of real-time embedded software. InRob guides the construction of services, based on formal models, aiming at the specifications of interoperability and robustness of test cases related to delays and time-outs of the messages exchanged in the interfaces of interconnected subsystems. The proposed formalism supports automatic test cases generation by verifying the relevant properties in the service behavioral model. As timing constraints are critical properties of aerospace systems, the feasibility of InRob is showed in the integration testing process of a telescope onboard in a satellite. The process is instantiated with existing testing tools and the case study is the software embedded in the telescope.     

基于ASAAC标准的BIT设计

为满足航空电子系统的可测试性,降低航空电子系统测试维护成本,结合ASAAC标准设计一个机内自测试(BIT)系统。BIT利用自身资源对系统进行故障检测或隔离,采用总线层次化方法将BIT设计分为系统级、分系统级及模块级3层测试结构,并给出模块级测试的软硬件设计方案。测试结果表明,该系统能使测试与航电系统的健康管理和故障管理紧密结合,在满足测试覆盖率等技术指标的同时,提高航空电子系统可靠性与可测试性。     

软件体系结构中接口连接规则研究

基于体系结构的软件开发方法以构件作为最小组装粒度,构件通过其自身定义的接口与外界进行交互。连接件作为一种特殊的构件,它主要负责管理构件之间信息的交换。构件与连接件之间通过接口进行数据的传递,因此,如何从体系结构层次上定义构件及连接件接口的交互规则是构件组装的关键所在。在现有动态体系结构描述框架的基础上,定义了端口以及通道的连接规则,并结合实际的案例,采用动态体系结构描述语言D-ADL进行描述,具体说明了这些规则的应用。从而为系统行为的形式化分析、验证和仿真奠定了基础。