AS1.398中性蛋白酶制备水解明胶(Ⅱ)--酶的固定化研究

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂 ,探讨了影响AS1 398中性蛋白酶的固定的因素。确定了固定化酶制备的适宜条件 :温度为 30℃～ 45℃ ,pH值为 6 5 ,时间为1 0h ,戊二醛含量为 0 1 2 % (质量分数 )和固定化酶中的酶的含量为 2 % (质量分数 )。     

磁性聚乙烯醇缩丁醛微球固定化α-淀粉酶

制备出磁性聚乙烯醇缩丁醛微球,并用该微球做载体,采用共价交联法固定α 淀粉酶。最佳固定化工艺条件为:pH=6 07,激活和交联时戊二醛的质量分数分别为4%和0 025%。在最佳固定化条件下所制磁性固定化酶的活力为25426 3U/g微球,蛋白载量为187 2mg/g微球,比活为135 8U/mg蛋白,活性回收率为36 9%。磁性固定化酶的理化性质为:磁性固定化酶的最适温度(60℃)比自由酶(50℃)高,最适pH(6 97)与自由酶相同,磁性固定化酶Km(米氏常数)值(5 7×10-4kg/L)较自由酶Km值(5 0×10-4kg/L)大,热稳定性、pH稳定性及操作稳定性均比自由酶有所提高。     

以壳聚糖为载体固定化海藻糖合成酶

以壳聚糖为栽体,采用戊二醛为交联剂的方法来固定海藻糖合成酶。研究结果表明：在戊二醛质量分数为0．5％、液态酶与壳聚糖凝胶的配比为1：1、交联pH值为8．0、交联温度为15℃、交联时间为12h条件下,固定化海藻糖合成酶的活性最高,生成的海藻糖量最多,海藻糖的最高含量能达到40％左右。另外,固定化酶转化麦芽糖为海藻糖的最佳反应时间为18h,这时可以获得最高含量的海藻糖。     

固定化植物酯酶的制备及应用

以麦草秸秆为原料,经环氧氯丙烷和乙二胺改性,戊二醛交联,制备了植物酯酶的固定化材料,研究了固定化植物酯酶的最优条件和固定化酶的酶学性质。结果表明,加酶量为20 m L/g(改性麦杆),固定化时间为6 h,温度为35℃,p H为7.0条件下,固定化效果最好,酶活回收率可达46%。固定化酶的p H稳定性、热稳定性和贮存稳定性都明显优于游离酶。固定化酶的米氏常数为41 mmol/L,固定化酶与底物的亲合力低于游离酶。建立了酶抑制反应的标准曲线和检测敌敌畏的方法,线性范围为1.0×10-4~6.25×10-4mg/L,检测下限为0.06μg/L。     

AS1.398中性蛋白酶的固定化研究

利用壳聚糖为载体，戊二醛为交联剂，对AS1．398中性蛋白酶进行了固定化研究，固定化反应的最佳条件是采用1％的戊二醛浓度，壳聚糖和戊二醛的交联反应时间为4h，加入酶固定化反应12h，固定化酶的最适温度35℃，最适pH值8．0。得到的固定化酶的活力回收平均为82．5％，固定化酶的稳定性能好于游离酶。     

海藻酸钠-明胶协同固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

以海藻酸钠和明胶为载体,对S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶进行固定化。再用戊二醛对其进一步交联,增强固定化酶的稳定性。考察了海藻酸钠和明胶质量分数、CaCl2质量分数、酶和载体比例以及交联剂戊二醛体积分数等因素对固定化酶的影响。结果表明,最佳固定化条件为:海藻酸钠质量分数2.0%、明胶质量分数1.0%、CaCl2质量分数4.0%、固定化酶量为2.5 g/L凝胶、戊二醛体积分数0.6%。交联固定化酶热稳定性得到大幅度提高,在50℃下保温5 h仍保留72%的活力,而游离酶则完全失活。交联固定化酶在碱性溶液中的稳定性较高,在pH=8.0～9.0的缓冲液中4℃保温10 h酶活性仍保留87%以上。将交联固定化酶用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的合成,连续反应8批次后酶活性仍保留65%。     

酶生物传感器对农药的测定

以戊二醛作交联剂,牛血清白蛋白(BSA)作保护剂,在本研究确定的最佳条件下将AChE固定到商品载体硝酸纤维素膜上,所得固定化酶片的活力重现性好,农药抑制率与农药浓度对数成线性关系,检出浓度为0.5μg·L-1,平均回收率为92.3%,在单管固定和同管固定两种固定酶片的测定实验中单管固定的酶片活力值比较平行.     

明胶膜固定化脲酶的制备及性质

以明胶为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用包埋-交联联用法制备了明胶膜固定化脲酶,其酶活力为6 07U/g载体,酶活力收率为66 1%。最优固定化条件是包酶量为10mg酶/g明胶,ρ(明胶)=100g/L,φ(戊二醛)=0 5%。研究了固定化酶的性质,并与游离酶作了比较,游离酶的最适pH=7 0,固定化酶的最适pH=6 5;游离酶的最适温度为60℃,固定化酶的最适温度升至70℃;固定化酶与游离酶的米氏常数Km分别为11 7mM和12 4mM;固定化酶在80℃下180min仍保留初始活力的10%,而游离酶几乎完全失活。固定化酶重复使用20次其活力仅下降15%,4℃下贮存35d后仍保持初始活力的55%。     

以壳聚糖为载体固定化青霉素酰化酶的研究

介绍了以壳聚糖为载体固定化青霉素酰化酶需首先制备壳聚糖颗粒 ,使用戊二醛、甲醛、乙二醛 3种活化剂处理所得的壳聚糖颗粒 ,确定了以戊二醛为活化剂交联其上的氨基共价结合青霉素酰化酶的固定化方法。从戊二醛的浓度、pH值、固定化时间、固定化pH值、酶用量等条件摸索了最佳固定化条件 ,获得了酶活力为4 0 0 0 0U/ (g·h)、回收率为 5 0 %左右的固定化青霉素酰化酶。     

假丝酵母产脂肪酶在壳聚糖和硅胶上的固定化研究

本实验分别壳聚糖和氨基化后的硅胶作为固定化载体,用戊二醛作为交联剂,将脂舫酶共价固定化于载体上,壳聚糖的最佳固定化条件是戊二醛浓度2．5％,给酶量为4125U／g,氨基化硅胶的最佳固定化条件为戊二醛浓度2％,最佳给酶量在3456U／g,固定化酶活为2952U／g,最佳酶活表现率为85％。两种方法所得的固定化酶的耐温性和储藏稳定性都有了显著提高。氨基化硅胶固定化酶在50℃下保温3小时后仍保留有14％的酶活。结果显示假丝酵母产脂肪酶固定于弱亲水性载体上要比固定于强亲水性载体上效果更好。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。