基于Radio Environment Map的IEEE802.22 WRAN系统

介绍了IEEE802.22无线区域网(WRAN)技术,它使用电视频段,其主要技术是认知无线电,以实现频谱的动态接入.同时阐述了配备无线环境映射(REM)数据库的WRAN系统可以更好实现WRAN的各项功能,同时保证对授权用户的保护.通过实验仿真证明,事件学习算法(CBL)和知识学习算法(KBL)与REM相结合,可进一步为IEEE802.22 WRAN提供更好的服务质量以支持不同的应用.     

WRAN系统频谱感知研究

IEEE802.22WRAN系统使用动态频谱接入.它有效提高了频谱利用率.频谱感知是WRAN系统的关键技术.文章首先对WRAN系统和频谱感知进行了简要介绍.然后,从三个方面对频谱感知进行了研究,包括频谱感知要求,频谱感知功能和频谱感知方案.     

认知无线电中干扰规避方案的研究

虽然新技术的研发可以提升频谱利用率,但是很多授权频段的频谱利用率却非常低,尤其是信号传播特性好的低频段。认知无线电技术是一种智能的频谱共享技术,可以有效地提高授权频段利用率。文章介绍了认知无线电的关键技术和IEEE 802.22 WRAN标准,通过具体分析无线区域网(WRAN)对数字电视(DTV)接收机造成的干扰,建立了相应的场景模型,提出了有效的干扰规避方案。     

IEEE802.22中WRAN系统信道的探测

认知无线电技术（CR-cognitive radio）是软件无线电技术的演化,是一种新的智能无线通信技术。通过讨论IEEE802.22中WRAN系统信道的探测,分析了TDD和OFDMA WRAN系统的异步静态时间周期的算法,以及如何使用这个时间周期来探测信道。并分析了各种算法的优缺点。     

基于WRAN技术的调制解调器及其应用研究

首先,较详细地介绍了IEEE 802.22协议的主要技术原理,并提出了基于WRAN技术的调制解调器的模型,对该类调制解调器的功能原理进行了描述,对其在不同场景中的应用进行了较深入地分析。最后,对该调制解调器的市场应用前景进行了展望。     

无线区域网和认知无线电技术

802.22工作组的主要任务是开发和建立一套基于认知无线电（CR）技术。在现有电视频段利用暂时空闲的频道进行无线通信的区域网空中接口标准。由于基于802.22协议的无线区域网（WRAN）工作在现有电视频段中，要求不能对正在广播的电视频道产生干扰，所以WRAN采用了认知无线电技术，对电视频段进行感知和测量。利用动态频谱管理技术找到空闲频道进行再分配。认知无线电技术将是未来无线通信的发展方向之一。本讲座分3期对无线区域网和认知无线电技术进行介绍，第1讲已经介绍无线区域网络和IEEE802．22工作组情况，包括WRAN背景、802.22系统、802．22空中接口等；第2讲已经介绍认知无线电技术和实现其的基础软件无线电（SDR）技术，包括无线电知识描述语言（RKRL）和认知循环、无线电频谱礼仪等；本讲介绍802．22WRAN频谱共存问题和认知无线电技术的应用。[编者按]     

认知无线电网络架构与协议体系

认知无线电网络具有动态、灵活、智能地使用频谱资源,提高频谱利用率的特点,其网络结构和协议体系的设计是实现上述网络功能的关键。现有基于认知无线电技术的网络架构主要有美国的CORVUS系统,基于IEEE 802.22的无线局域网(WRAN)和支持多信道多接口的无线Mesh网络;协议体系有CORVUS协议体系,军用的XG系统协议及WRAN协议等。     

Wireless Regional Area Networks and Cognitive Radio 2

The IEEE 802.22 Working Group hasbeen formed in November 2004with the task ofdeveloping astandard for the Wireless RegionalArea Network (WRAN) based onCognitive Radio (CR) technologies. Thestandard includes PhysicalLayer (PHY)and Media Access Control(MAC), usingthe already allocated fallow spectrums tobroadcast TVwith no interference. TheWRAN employs CR technologies tosense and estimate the televisionfrequencies and uses the dynamicspectrum management to find andallocate fallow …     

基于灰色预测理论的频谱空洞特性分析研究

为了在认知无线电系统中提高频谱的利用率以及系统的性能,主要讨论了认知无线电技术中的频谱特性分析问题,基于IEEE802.22 WRAN规定的TV频段,通过信道建模,使用灰色理论的关联度理论分析频谱的特性,并提出了频谱可用性的概念.通过仿真验证了引入灰色预测理论的频谱特性分析能够显著提高系统性能.     

WRAN系统的频谱分配算法

IEEE802.22工作组的工作范围是对工作在54～862MHz的VHF/UHFTV频带内的固定点对多点无线区域网（WRAN）制定基于认知无线电的空中接口。频谱资源分配是WRAN中的关键技术,目前对认知无线电的频谱分配算法的研究多集中在比较广义的范围,对WRAN等具体系统的频谱分配研究较少。根据WRAN的特点和OFDM的传输特性,提出一种OFDM多用户资源分配算法：多载波比例公平算法（MPF）和最大化吞吐量算法（KH）的组合算法（KH＆MPF）,该算法将最大化吞吐量算法和多载波比例公平算法进行优势互补,得到公平性和吞吐量都次优的结果,解决用户之间的公平性问题,考虑用户的Qos要求。最后对该算法进行仿真。     

An IEEE 802.22 transceiver framework and its performance analysis on software defined radio for TV white space

With rapid increase in new applications and services, there is huge demand for internet bandwidth. Several researchers around the world have found that, majority of licensed bands (mostly terrestrial TV band) are either unused or underused. These underutilized bands allocated for TV transmission are known as TV white space (TVWS). For effective utilization of TVWS, the IEEE 802.22 is proposed. The IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN) is the latest standard for effective utilization of TV bands. This standard is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with various modulation techniques to provide different data rates. In this paper, an implementation framework for physical layer of IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard for normal mode is demonstrated and analyzed. This transceiver is implemented using the National Instruments Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench programming software on the National Instruments universal software radio peripheral 2952R. We have also analyzed different blocks of IEEE 802.22 based on their execution time, and identify the critical blocks of IEEE 802.22 that should be optimized for real-time applications for commercial product development and field deployments. We have also highlighted the difference between theoretical and practical performance of the considered error control codes for IEEE 802.22 specified block size. Additionally, various covariance based spectrum sensing methods are also analyzed for real-world environment.     

IEEE 802.22: The first cognitive radio wireless regional area network standard

This article presents a high-level overview of the IEEE 802.22 standard for cognitive wireless regional area networks (WRANs) that is under development in the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee.     

Interference Analysis of TV-Band Whitespace

Cognitive radio (CR) has been suggested as a method for promoting more efficient spectrum usage through the principles of spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum management. The IEEE 802.22 working group in particular is developing a wireless regional-area network (WRAN) standard that will employ unlicensed CR devices operating on a noninterfering basis in the commercial broadcast television (TV) bands. Before such TV-band CR networks can be deployed, the maximum levels of first adjacent and taboo channel interference that a digital television (DTV) receiver can tolerate must be determined. In this context, we will first provide an overview of the IEEE 802.22 WRAN system. Afterwards, we will report on an experimental study that was undertaken to characterize IEEE 802.22 WRAN interference limits into Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) based DTV receivers. Lastly, we will discuss the implications of these WRAN interference limits in terms of the maximum allowable radiated power and out-of-band emission limits that are imposed on WRAN end-user devices.     

基于认知无线电技术的802.22标准

认知无线电技术能够监测到无线电环境中已存在的用户,同时监控频谱资源的使用情况,并能动态地调整各无线用户的传输参数,从而提高频谱资源的利用率。基于认知无线电技术的802.22标准要求在不损害已有电视设备服务的前提下,使用电视频带为非授权用户提供廉价的无线接入服务。对认知无线电技术和802.22标准结构进行了深入分析,并讨论了一些重点需要解决的问题。     

An efficient EAP‐based proxy signature handover authentication scheme for WRANs over TV white space

The wireless regional area networks (WRANs) operates in the very high frequency and ultra high frequency television white space bands regulated by the IEEE 802.22 standard. The IEEE 802.22 standard supports Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)‐based authentication scheme. Due to the participation of a server and the information exchanged between a customer primes equipment and the secondary user base station, it takes around 50 ms to complete a complete EAP authentication that cannot be accepted in a handover procedure in WRANs. In this paper, we propose an EAP‐based proxy signature (EPS) handover authentication scheme for WRANs. The customer primes equipment and secondary user base station accomplish a handover authentication without entailing the server by using the proxy signature. Approved by the logic derivation by Burrows, Abadi, and Needham logic and formal verification by Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications, we can conclude that the proposed EPS scheme can obtain mutual authentication and hold the key secrecy with a strong antiattack ability. Additionally, the performance of the EPS scheme in terms of the authentication delay has been investigated by simulation experiments with the results showing that the EPS scheme is much more efficient in terms of low computation delay and less communication resources required than the security scheme regulated in IEEE 802.22 standard.     

Dynamic spectrum access in IEEE 802.22- based cognitive wireless networks: a game theoretic model for competitive spectrum bidding and pricing [accepted from open call]

The emerging IEEE 802.22-based wireless regional area network technology will use the same radio spectrum currently allocated for TV service. This standard will use the concept of cognitive radio based on dynamic spectrum access to provide wireless access services in a large coverage area. A brief overview of the current state of the IEEE 802.22 standard is provided with a particular emphasis on the spectrum management (i.e., spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access) in this standard. Key research issues related to spectrum trading among TV broadcasters, WRAN service providers, and IEEE 802.22-based cognitive radio users are identified. To this end, a hierarchical spectrum trading model is presented to analyze the interaction among WRAN service providers, TV broadcasters, and WRAN users. In this model a double auction is established among multiple TV broadcasters and WRAN service providers who sell and buy the radio spectrum (i.e., TV bands), respectively. Again, multiple WRAN service providers compete with each other by adjusting the service price charged to WRAN users. We propose a joint spectrum bidding and service pricing model for WRAN service providers to maximize their profits. A non-cooperative game is formulated to obtain the solution in terms of the number of TV bands and the service price of a service provider. Numerical results are presented on the performance of this joint spectrum bidding and pricing model.     

Graph-theoretic algorithm for spectrum allocation in IEEE 802.22 wireless mesh network

The IEEE 802.22 standard based on wireless Cognitive Radio (CR) is an optimal solution to resolve the inefficient spectrum utility problem. In this paper, we focus on the spectrum allocation in IEEE 802.22 mesh networks and propose a new graph-theory algorithm. The algorithm aims at two objectives: one is the sum of the allocated channel bandwidth is maximum, and the other is the number of users can be active simultaneity is maximum. In this proposed algorithm, the topology of network was modeled as a general graph and could be transformed into a weighted complete bipartite-graph by three processes. The simulations show that the presented algorithm can improve the performance of spectrum allocation.     

移动宽带无线接入技术

移动宽带无线接入是当前发展最快的通信领域之一.本文主要介绍了无线城域网IEEE 802.16e、移动宽带无线接入802.20和无线区域网络802.22几大移动宽带无线接入标准的技术特点,并在与第三代蜂窝移动通信系统进行对比的基础上分析了未来移动宽带无线接入的发展趋势.     

一种基于IEEE802.22标准TSS策略的跨层时隙调度方案

该文首次将跨层设计思想引入IEEE802.22标准草案里关于感知时隙调度方案的设计中。为达到提高系统整体性能的目的,采用跨层设计思想,对目前IEEE802.22草案中关于TSS(Two-Stage Sengsing)方案中的参数作了进一步研究和定义。从两方面提出一种新的关于MAC层感知时隙调度的方案。一方面,基于物理层的无线衰落信道二阶统计特性定义了快速感知时隙的调度频率;另一方面,以最大化非授权用户传输吞吐量为目标,得到细微感知的最佳持续时间。结果证明该文提出的方案使MAC层的TSS方案更加明确、有效并能适应不同传输环境变化的目的。     

Game‐based cross‐layer channel allocation with SVC‐encoded multimedia streams in cognitive radio networks

The available unlicensed spectrum is increasingly being used by new wireless technologies, but past measurements show that the licensed spectrum is extremely underutilized. To address this issue, the IEEE 802.22 Working Group is developing a novel wireless air interface standard based on cognitive radios (CRs), i.e. IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks (WRANs). Moreover, over the last decade wireless multimedia applications have developed rapidly, raising significant concerns about the quality of service (QoS) of multimedia stream transmissions. In particular, the Joint Video Team (JVT) and ITU‐T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) jointly proposed Scalable Video Coding (SVC) as the next‐generation multimedia compression standard. However, the current IEEE 802.22 WRAN draft does not specify QoS mechanisms for SVC‐encoded multimedia stream transmission in CR networks. To resolve this problem, we developed a cross‐layer channel allocation algorithm (CLCAA) and a novel media access control (MAC) protocol to work with the algorithm. The CLCAA adapts to the characteristics of multimedia traffic and variations of wireless channels by determining the weighting of source–destination pair, which is determined by the deadlines of SVC‐encoded multimedia streams, the queuing delay and channel conditions. The CLCAA then allocates transmission opportunities to source–destination pairs based on their weightings and game theory. We also conducted extensive simulations to demonstrate the efficiency of the CLCAA scheme. The simulation results show that the CLCAA scheme not only guarantees QoS for multimedia traffic but also achieves fairness across different streams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.