B4C对M3:2粉末冶金高速钢组织与力学性能的影响

本文以水雾化M3:2高速钢预合金粉末为原料,添加适量碳化硼(B4C)粉末颗粒,球磨混合均匀后,经700 MPa单向压制,1190℃和1230℃真空烧结,制备出了综合性能优良的粉末冶金高速钢(powder metallurgy high-speed steel,PM HSS)材料。通过示差扫描量热分析仪(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)、电子探针显微分析仪(electro-probe microanalyzer,EPMA)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和万能材料试验机等对烧结粉末冶金高速钢进行物相分析、显微结构观察和力学性能测试。结果表明,当添加体积分数为0.3%B4C时,M3:2粉末冶金高速钢的最佳烧结温度可降低约40℃;1190℃烧结温度下,添加体积分数为0.3%B4C的粉末冶金高速钢硬度为HRC 54.1,抗弯强度3074.09 MPa,与达到致密化时未添加B4C的粉末冶金高速钢相比,硬度提升3.6%,抗弯强度提升10.5%。加入的B4C粉末颗粒除了发挥烧结助剂的作用和降低烧结温度外,还会参与合金化,增强材料力学性能。     

IRON-COPPER-TIN SINTERED COMPACTS

Abstract

A wide range of copper and tin powder additions to iron powder sintered compacts hasbeen studied. From mechanical-property tests it has been shown that when using sinteririg temperatures of 900–1100°C in nitrogen/10% hydrogen atmospheres there is an optimum copper: tin ratio of 15:2. The mechanical properties obtained from compacts pressed from iron mixed with 4% copper+tin in this ratio and sintered at 900°C were similar to those obtained from iron ?l0% copper powder compacts sintered at 1100°C. Moreover, the iron-copper-tin components showed improved dimensional accuracy.

In a further series of experiments, it was shown that tin additions to iron-copper alloy compacts increased the solubility of iron in the liquid phase at the sintering temperature and simultaneously decreased the rate of diffusion of copper into the iron particles. At the same time, tin improved the wettability of the liquid, reducing its surface tension and allowing it to disperse more completely throughout the matrix. The mechanical properties of compacts containing larger amounts of tin were decreased by the presence of brittle compounds, although the sintering rate was increased. It is concluded that the optimum properties of iron-copper-tin compacts are obtained by making correct additions of copper and tin to the iron powder and giving careful consideration to the sintering atmosphere.     

高速压制制备高密度纯铁软磁材料

以退火纯铁粉末为原料,采用粉末退火结合高速压制技术的方法制得高密度压坯(7.70 g·cm-3),经烧结后获得高密度高性能的纯铁软磁材料.研究退火粉末的高速压制行为,以及烧结时间和烧结温度对材料磁性能和晶粒大小的影响.结果显示:退火粉末的压坯密度随压制速度的增加而增加,压坯密度最高可达到7.70 g·cm-3,相对密度可达到98.10%.烧结温度为1450℃,烧结时间为4 h时,材料密度达到7.85 g·cm-3,相对密度为99.96%,最大磁导率达到13.60 m H·m-1,饱和磁感应强度为1.87 T,矫顽力为56.50 A·m-1.      

THE PROPERTIES OF POROUS NICKEL PRODUCED BY PRESSING AND SINTERING

Abstract

The effects of compacting pressure and of sintering temperature and time on the properties of porous sintered nickel compacts have been studied, using three carbonyl and two reduced nickel powders. For all five powders, the density of the green compacts and the porosity of the sintered compacts were linearly related to the log compacting pressure. Similar relationships with pressure were observed for strength and electrical conductivity.

Photomicrographs of sections through the sintered compacts made from the reduced nickel powders show that there are pores in two different size ranges, originating from the porosity between the original powder particles and the pores within the particles. It is concluded that sintered compacts from all five powders containing 40–50% porosity have adequate strength and conductivity for use in fuel-cell electrodes.     

Volume changes experienced by Al-Zn compacts during liquid-phase sintering

Conclusions The sintering of compacts from aluminum powders with zinc additions in the presence of a liquid phase is accompanied by their volume growth and a corresponding increase in their porosity. The volume growth of compacts from Al-Zn powder mixtures during liquid-phase sintering is mainly due to the Kirkendall effect, which manifests itself during the formation of a solid solution on the aluminum particles as a result of the diffusion of zinc atoms from the melt to the particles preceding their dissolution in the liquid phase. In general, the porosity of sintered compacts is satisfactorily described by Eq. (1). When, however, the zinc content of a compact does not exceed its limit of solid-phase solubility in aluminum at the sintering temperature, the process of dissolution of aluminum in the melt may be ignored. In such a case the end porosity of compacts is described by Eq. (2) with a correction for shrinkage due to a regrouping of particles. The extent to which the volume of compacts from an Al-Zn powder mixture grows during sintering increases with increasing mean aluminum powder particle size.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 10 (238), pp. 11–16, October, 1982.     

The effect of Mo addition on the liquid-phase sintering of W heavy alloy

The morphological and compositional changes of grains have been investigated in the initial stage of liquid-phase sintering of W-Mo-Ni-Fe powder compacts. Both large (5.4-μm) and small (1.3-μm) W powders have been used to vary their time of dissolution in the liquid matrix. When 8OW-10M0-7Ni-3Fe (wt pct) compacts of fine (about 1- to 2-μm) Mo, Ni, and Fe and coarse (5.4-μm) W powders are liquid-phase sintered at 1500 °C, the Mo powder and a fraction of the W powder rapidly dissolve in the Ni-Fe liquid matrix. The W-Mo grains (containing small amounts of Ni and Fe) nucleate in the matrix and grow while the W particles slowly dissolve. In this transient initial stage of the liquid-phase sintering, duplex structures of coarse W-Mo grains and fine W particles are obtained. As the W particles dissolve in the liquid matrix during the sintering, the W content in the precipitated solid phase also increases. The dissolution of the small W particles is assessed to be driven partially by the coherency strain produced by Mo diffusion at the surface. During sintering, the W particles continuously dissolve while the W-Mo grains grow. When the compacts are prepared from a fine (1.3-μm) W powder, the W grains dissolve more rapidly, in about 1 hour, and only W-Mo grains remain. These observations show that the morphological evolution of grains during liquid-phase sintering can be strongly influenced by the chemical equilibrium process. formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology     

气固反应原位生成TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料

以氢化脱氢钛粉为原料, 经冷等静压成型, 在一定温度下通过CH4和钛粉颗粒间的气固反应在钛粉表面原位生成均匀的TiC颗粒, 采用真空烧结技术制备得到氧含量(体积分数)低于0.2%的TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料。研究表明, TiC颗粒体积分数比可通过气固反应温度和时间控制, 可获得较高体积分数(> 30%)的TiC颗粒增强钛基复合材料。TiC首先在钛粉颗粒表面形成, 烧结过程中, 钛粉颗粒明显阻碍TiC晶粒长大, 细化TiC晶粒; 同时, 过多的TiC颗粒也阻碍烧结过程中钛的自扩散, 降低烧结相对密度。钛粉压坯在700℃、CH4气氛下发生气固反应(30 min), 再经1300℃烧结后获得的相对密度为98.6%的烧结试样, 试样的综合力学性能较好, 抗拉强度为606 MPa, 延伸率达14.4%, 硬度为HV 442。值得注意的是, 较短时间的气固反应不能够保证压坯内外整体实现原位生成均匀TiC颗粒, 导致烧结试样内外组织的不均性。     

Powder bronze with additions of an activated charge

Kinetics of processes of dispersion and agglomeration and the formation of sintered powder materials based on mechanochemically activated (MCA) charges have been studied. Effects of the time of milling on the fractional composition, energy consumption of the milling process, density of the compacts and sintered samples, ultimate strength for radial compression, and the efficiency of strengthening upon the introduction of MCA additions have been shown. A technology of production of a powder antifrictional bronze with additions of MCA charges has been developed, which includes a mechanochemical activation of wastes of compacts, their pressing, and sintering.     

Influence of the scale factor on the sintering kinetics of metal-powder particles

Conclusions The effect of the scale factor on the sintering kinetics of metal powder articles is investigated. On the basis of diffusional sintering theory, an evaluation is made of the critical specimen size, below which increased shrinkage is observed owing to the effects of the geometric dimensions of the article be sintered. Good agreement is noted between experimental and theoretical data.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 11(71), pp. 21–24, November, 1968.     

压制方式和烧结工艺对置氢Ti6Al4V粉末烧结体组织和性能的影响

采用磁脉冲成形和模压成形2种方法对置氢Ti6Al4V粉末进行轴向压制,然后在保护气氛下烧结,研究压制方式和烧结工艺对烧结体真空退火后组织/性能的影响.结果表明:磁脉冲压实的不同氢含量粉末坯体烧结并真空退火后的相对密度、硬度和抗压强度分别比传统模压500 MPa下压制的高8%～13%、9～17 HRA和254～1033M...     

粉末冶金结合热轧制备高硼铝合金组织与性能研究

采用粉末冶金结合热轧成形工艺制备含硼质量分数为7%与12%的中子屏蔽用高硼铝合金（Al-7% B与Al-12% B），并对不同工艺条件下铝硼合金的组织与性能进行研究。结果表明:在机械球磨5 min+放电等离子烧结条件下，Al-7% B合金中AlB₂体积分数高于Al-12% B合金，且分布更加均匀。放电等离子烧结后进行热轧有利于提高试样的相对密度，减少硼粉团聚。在450℃固溶处理2 h，Al-7% B合金试样的拉伸强度和屈服强度达到峰值，分别为145.7 MPa和99.4 MPa。由10B面密度理论计算结果可知，厚度相近时，热轧后高硼铝合金10B面密度均可达到BoralTM水平。     

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RAW MATERIALS,PREPARATION CONDITIONS,AND PROPERTIES OF SINTERED IRON

Abstract

Three plain iron powders of different types (sponge-iron, atomized and electrolytic iron powder) were studied with respect to their sintering behaviour and to the influence of manufacturing parameters—i.e., compacting pressure, sintering temperature, and sintering atmosphere—on the microstructure and the properties of sintered compacts. The changes of length, electric conductivity, and strength during sintering are explained in physical and chemical terms. Technical sintering diagrams are presented. The influence of sintering atmospheres on the mechanical properties of sintered compacts is shown for the three types of powder. The correlation between pore structure and strength is discussed; analytical relationships are developed which are in agreement with the experimental results.     

放电等离子烧结制备超细晶WC-3Co硬质合金的组织和性能

采用高能球磨制备纳米WC-3Co粉末,再通过放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)制备超细晶WC-3Co硬质合金。研究SPS工艺参数对合金致密度、显微组织和力学性能的影响,并对SPS和热压工艺(hotpressing,HP)进行对比。结果表明:SPS可实现WC-3Co粉末的低温快速致密化。升高温度或提高压力都使得合金的致密度提高,同时导致WC晶粒长大。SPS较HP升温速率快且烧结时间更短,合金组织更加均匀,在1 300℃保温5 min、烧结压力为40 MPa的条件下所制备的合金具有最佳综合性能,其平均晶粒度为0.32μm,相对密度、硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为99.3%、2257 HV30、1 906 MPa、10.36 MPa.m1/2。而在1 450℃、压力为50 MPa、保压5 min条件下,热压合金的致密度、硬度和断裂韧性分别为99.6%、2 264 HV30和11.01 MPa.m1/2,但抗弯强度只有1 301 MPa,平均晶粒度为0.47μm。     

Sintering of Titanium in Vacuum by Microwave Radiation

The effectiveness of microwave (MW) sintering has been demonstrated on many ceramic systems, a number of metallic systems, and metal-ceramic composites, but remains ambiguous for Ti powder materials. This work presents a detailed comparative study of MW and conventional sintering of Ti powder compacts in vacuum. It is shown that MW radiation is effective in heating Ti powder compacts with the assistance of MW susceptors; it delivered an average heating rate of 34 K/min (34 °C/min), compared to 4 K/min (4 °C/min) by conventional vacuum heating in an alumina-tube furnace. Microwave radiation resulted in similar densification with well-developed sinter bonds. However, MW-sintered samples showed higher bulk hardness, a harder surface shell, and coarser grains. The difference in hardness is attributed to the difference in the oxygen content, supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. The mechanisms of MW heating for metal powder compacts are discussed in the context of the sintering of Ti powder materials and attributed to three combined effects. These include heat radiation from the MW susceptors at low temperatures, enhanced MW absorption due to the transformation of the TiO₂ film on each Ti powder particle to oxygen-deficient Ti oxides, which are MW absorbers; and the volumetric heating of Ti powder particles by eddy currents.     

The effect of nitrogen flow rate on Acrawax C decomposition and its removal during sintering of Alumix 431D grade powder

Alumix 431D pre-alloyed powder (ECKA Granules GmbH) containing 1.5 mass% of Acrawax C was used to study the effect of nitrogen flow rate on delubrication and sintering evolution. Mass loss of compacts during heating was controlled by the TG method using a STA Netzsch apparatus coupled with a mass spectrometer. The latter was used to identify the volatile lubricant’s decomposition products. Macro- and microstructural observations of sintered compacts were also performed. The results documented a strong influence of nitrogen flow rate on delubrication and thus on the sintering behaviour of examined powder. High nitrogen flow rate is required to produce the desired sintered compacts. In contrast, at low nitrogen velocity, the lubricant removal is not complete, which leads to the formation of carbonaceous residuals in the form of soot, which in turn significantly impedes densification and deteriorates the sintered products.     

Effect of atomisation medium on sintering properties of austenitic stainless steel by eliminating influence of particle shape and particle size

Abstract

Gas and water atomised 316L stainless steel powders with similar powder morphology and particle size were injection moulded and sintered. The results show that compacts prepared from the gas atomised powder exhibit higher density and tensile strength, whereas those prepared from the water atomised powder exhibit higher elongation, finer grain size and superior corrosion resistance. Chemical analysis shows that the water atomised powder has a higher Si and O content, and microstructural analysis of the sintered compacts reveals that SiO₂ particles disperse as a second phase in the compacts prepared from the atomised powder, which accounts for the property behaviour. Due to the presence of SiO₂, the porosity increases, whereas the pore coarsening and grain growth are inhibited. Besides, SiO₂ particles can also improve the passivation effect of stainless steel, and hence increase the corrosion resistance.     

Fe-Cu及Fe-Cu-C合金的烧结特性

对还原铁粉与铜粉、电解铁粉与铜粉的混合粉压坯的烧结特性进行了研究,探讨了在不同烧结温度下压坯尺寸的变化规律和碳对压坯异常膨胀的抑制作用。表明,不论还原铁粉还是电解铁粉与铜粉的混合压坯,烧结时均出现异常膨胀现象,而含铜约8%(Wt)时膨胀量最大。添加碳能抑制铗和铜的互扩散,从而抑制烧结Fe-Cu合金的异常膨胀,抑制效应随含碳量增加而增大。     

Combined effects of time and temperature on strength evolution using integral work-of-sintering concepts

Sintered materials have significantly higher strength than green compacts. The evolution of that strength during the sintering cycle involves a combination of annealing, thermal softening, and sintering events. The dynamic interplay between heating rate, sintering time, and sintering temperature controls the in situ strength and determines the final sintered strength. Although sintered strength is a well-explored subject, the dynamic evolution of strength requires new models. This research has measured both the sintered and in situ strengths as functions of heating rate, hold times, and temperature for die-compacted prealloyed bronze powder. A core concept is the use of an integral work of sintering to determine the effective strengthening due to sintering. The model is used to map strength evolution vs the key processing parameters. It is concluded that, during solid-state sintering of bronze, the key sources of distortion are the density and thermal gradients.     

Effect of Molybdenum Additions on Compaction during Sintering of Fine-Grained Iron-Copper Pseudoalloys

The effect of added molybdenum powder on compaction and the properties of sintered fine-grained iron-copper pseudoalloys is studied. The original powder mixtures are prepared by mechanical alloying, and the original powder particle size in mixtures does not exceed 0.5 μm. Specimens are sintered in the range 600-1130°C. It is shown that addition of molybdenum powder to the original charge accelerates compaction of fine pseudoalloys in both the solid phase and liquid-phase sintering compared with compaction of the same pseudoalloys without adding molybdenum. After solid-phase sintering the maximum relative density of specimens is 98.8%, and after liquid-phase sintering it is 99.3%. The main reasons for acceleration of compaction are prolonged retention of a fine-grained structure of sintered specimens up to the melting temperature for the phase based on copper and mutual diffusion between iron and molybdenum; to a significant extent the latter occurs during specimen heating in the solid phase.     

ZrO_2－Y_2O_3超细粉末的研制

以ＺｒＯ２－Ｙ２Ｏ３超细粉末为研究对象，通过Ｘ射线衍射、差热分析（ＤＴＡ）、透射电镜和扫描电镜观察等方法，对共沉淀法制备的超细粉末进行了物相、粒度分析，并对该粉料压形烧结后进行了组成、密度、显微结构的测试分析。探讨了分散剂、盐溶液浓度、ｐＨ值、灼烧温度等条件对粉末烧结性能的影响，对用分散剂代替无水乙醇脱水工艺控制粉末团聚体做了研究尝试，得出了制备超细粉末的最佳工艺条件并制得了粒度为２０ｎｍ的ＺｒＯ２－Ｙ２Ｏ３超细粉。