杆底介质对反射波波速及波形特征的影响

为深入了解锚杆无损检测中杆底介质对反射波波速及波形特征的影响,通过锚杆无损检测仪对模型锚杆进行波形采集,分析了不同杆底介质的模型锚杆的反射波波形,计算相应的反射波波速。结果表明:当杆底介质为水泥砂浆或花岗岩时,杆底信号呈现等间距的相近强度峰、波峰前后未见明显无规则杂乱波形、波形相位为正的特征,而杆底介质为下蜀土时其波形较杂乱,没有明显的特征杆底信号。杆底介质对反射波波速的影响较小,杆系波速随锚杆养护期的增长呈现先减小后增大最后趋于稳定值的特征,这是锚固介质在固结过程中密度与含水率动态变化造成的。 更多还原     

自由锚杆中超声导波的最优激发波研究

为了选择自由锚杆中超声导波的最优激发波,利用组装的超声导波无损检测系统,用R6和R3组成不同组合的探头对1．3m的自由锚杆进行了40～100kHz频率导波测试,周期为1～5。结果表明,最佳探头组合是R6-R6,最优激发波周期为5,最佳测试波频率范围为40～50kHz;再用R6-R6组合5个周期激发波在40-50kHz频率范围进行检测,确定最优激发波频率为45kHz。结果与理论分析基本吻合,可为锚固锚杆和缺陷检测提供依据。     

压力型锚杆锚固段长度确定方法研究

通过对压力型锚杆锚固段的受力分析,推导出了压力型锚杆锚固段的轴力分布和剪应力分布,以及锚固段长度的计算公式.并在此基础上进一步分析了压力型锚杆锚固段长度与岩土体弹性模量、泊松比、粘聚力以及内摩擦角等参数的关系.结果表明:锚固段长度随岩土体弹性模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角的增大而减小;随岩土体泊松比的增大几乎呈线性增加,但增幅极为有限;随拉拔荷载的增加而增加.     

快硬微膨胀高强锚杆注浆材料的研制

为了解决传统锚固材料早期强度低、体积收缩等问题,开发具有快硬、微膨胀、高强的锚固材料对满足锚杆支护快速施工具有重要的价值。以铝酸盐和硫酸盐生成钙矾石的反应具有快速和膨胀的特点为理论依据,选用明矾石、石膏对注浆材料进行改性研究。结果表明：注浆材料具有早期膨胀迅速、后期膨胀稳定的特点,硬化时间能控制在0.5～1.5 h时之间,1、3 d强度分别达到20、40 MPa;微观测试发现随养护时间的增加硬化浆体中生成了大量钙矾石,孔隙率逐渐降低。通过锚杆拉拔试验发现其1 m长砂浆锚固体14 d极限抗拔力达到93 kN,超过1.5～2 m砂浆锚固体极限抗拔力的平均水平。     

混凝土结构无损检测技术研究

为了探讨一种切实可行的混凝土结构无损检测方法,借鉴锚杆锚固质量无损检测原理,通过理论分析和实验,验证了在混凝土结构内固结波速确实会发生变化;其变化范围介于激发应力波在钢筋杆体中的传播速度和在混凝土中的传播速度之间,当养护时间<14d时,随着养护时间增加,固结波速逐渐减小,混凝土结构质量逐渐增加;当养护时间>14d时,随着养护时间的增加,固结波速逐渐增大,混凝土结构质量逐渐增加.由于混凝土结构质量与固结波速有上述关系,因此,可以通过检测固结波速来确定混凝土结构质量,为工程检测混凝土结构质量提供了一种无损检测手段.     

压力型锚杆锚固段流变特性试验研究

为了研究压力型锚杆锚固段流变特性,进行了室内锚固系统拉拔蠕变试验。通过设计不同锚固段长度和灌浆体强度,试验研究了不同长度的锚固体在不同荷载作用下轴向位移随时间变化的规律,深入对比了不同强度的砂浆和不同锚固段长度对锚固效果的影响。试验得出:试件的破坏形式与灌浆体的长度和灌浆体的强度等级密切相关,灌浆体长度为300 mm的试件发生钢筋断裂,长度小于300 mm的试件则沿第二锚固界面的破坏,基体强度较小时在径向压力增大到一定值时,基体率先开裂。     

散粒体中的锚杆加固效应规律及作用机理分析

针对散粒体锚固效应数值模拟存在的不足,通过试验设置多组参数,并对加锚散粒体结构施加荷载,以稳定后散粒体散落质量比例表征结构强度,探究不同因素对锚固效应的量化影响,同时深入分析了其作用机理.试验结果表明,适当增大散粒体的粒径、缩小锚杆间距或提高锚杆承托圆盘面积占结构底面积的比例都能够在一定程度上提升结构强度;考虑3种变量的共同影响,令变量J为粒径与锚杆间距之比乘以锚杆承托面积比,当J0.15时结构强度已至最大,同时避免了材料的消耗;此外,增加锚杆所受预应力大小也能有效提高锚固强度,但当预应力达到某一临界值,继续增加预应力大小对提高强度的作用效果不再明显.     

FLAC3D的锚杆拉拔数值模拟试验

为研究锚杆锚固力主要影响因素、锚杆拉拔过程中的整体失稳的规律等,采用三维显式有限差分法,建立锚杆拉拔数值仿真模型,进行一系列计算机模拟.结果表明:数值模拟计算的结果和现场试验得到的结果基本吻合,表明数值模拟锚杆拉拔过程是可行的;锚杆拔出的过程是慢慢滑移到突然整体失稳过程;锚杆锚固效应随着锚固剂的摩擦角、粘结力和有效围压的增加而增强;锚固剂所受的剪切应力分布规律随锚杆拉拔过程而改变,在拉拔初始时,自由端至锚固端,自由端锚固剂处的剪切应力为最大,锚固端处的剪切应力为最小接近为零,随着锚杆拉拔的进行,自由端处锚固剂与锚杆的界面屈服点首先达到,造成自由端处锚固剂与锚杆出现滑移现象,而随着锚杆拉拔的进一步进行,锚固剂所受的剪切应力慢慢呈现均匀分布,均都达到了最大值,均达到了锚固剂与锚杆界面的屈服点,锚杆出现整体失稳;在锚杆的拉拔过程中,锚杆的变形规律是自由端处的变形量最大,自由端至锚固端锚杆的变形量逐渐变小,同时锚固剂变形的规律与锚杆的变形规律相同.     

HRB500钢筋粘结锚固性能及设计建议

通过对72个HRB500钢筋粘结锚固试件的拉拔试验,研究HRB500钢筋的粘结锚固性能.在试验的基础上给出了HRB500钢筋粘结强度的计算公式,并在可靠度分析的基础上提出了HRB500钢筋混凝土构件的锚固长度设计建议.研究表明:HRB500钢筋的粘结锚固性能与普通月牙肋钢筋相同,其粘结性能随混凝土的强度提高而提高;当c/d＜4.5,粘结强度随保护厚度的增大而增大,随锚固长度的增加而降低.锚固长度可按现行<混凝土结构设计规范>(GB50010-2002)的规定公式计算.     

巷道锚杆锚固力学特性现场试验研究

为了检测煤矿巷道原位锚杆锚固力学性能,采用锚杆拉拔系统,在大同矿区不同岩性巷道开展锚杆破坏性拉拔试验,研究了锚固长度、岩体强度和锚杆直径等对锚杆锚固力学特性的影响规律.结果表明:当锚固长度小于极限锚固长度时,锚杆极限锚固力与锚固长度呈线性正相关关系,围岩及杆体强度越高,锚固力-锚固长度关系曲线的线性斜率越大,煤层及含砂质岩层中锚固力-锚固长度的线性斜率分别为1.63和2.96,玻璃钢锚杆在煤层中对应的斜率仅为0.41;在钻孔孔径和锚杆材质等均相同的条件下,锚杆极限拉拔力的端头位移在15～20 mm之间;锚杆的锚固性能与围岩破裂程度以及围岩原位黏聚力具有正相关性.     

A local homogenization approach for simulating the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt in deep underground openings

Fully grouted bolts are a key component of the support system for underground openings. Although considerable effort has been made in the simulation of the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolts on the rock masses surrounding underground openings, most of the work has limited significance since the structural element approach is used. This study proposes a local homogenization approach (L-H approach) that integrates elastoplastic mechanics, composite mechanics, and analytical approaches with numerical simulation to effectively simulate the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on deep surrounding rock masses. In the L-H approach, the representative volume of bolted rock mass (RVBRM) with a fully grouted bolt is established based on the original mesh model utilized in the rockbolt element approach. The RVBRM is a regular quadrangular prism with a cross-sectional size equal to the bolt spacing and a length equal to the bolt length. The RVBRM is homogenized by the L-H approach from a unidirectional bolt-reinforced composite into a homogeneous transversely isotropic medium whose mechanical properties are described by a new transversely isotropic elastoplastic model. The L-H parameters for the RVBRM are obtained using analytical approaches, composite mechanics, and known parameters of the rock mass and bolt. Using the L-H approach, the reinforcement effect of the fully grouted bolt on the bolted rock specimen and the surrounding rock mass in Jinping II Diversion Tunnel #2 with a depth greater than 2000 m is simulated. The results show that the predictions of the L-H approach are more in agreement with the physical model results of bolted rock specimen and provide a more realistic response of the bolted surrounding rock mass. The L-H approach demonstrates that fully grouted bolts with common bolt spacings and diameters substantially enhance the elastic modulus, shear strength, and tensile strength of the rock mass in the direction of the bolt axis.     

Analysis profile of the fully grouted rock bolt in jointed rock using analytical and numerical methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bolt profile on load transfer mechanism of fully grouted bolts in jointed rocks using analytical and numerical methods. Based on the analytical method with development of methods, a new model is presented. To validate the analytical model, five different profiles modeled by ANSYS software. The profile of rock bolts T₃ and T₄ with load transfer capacity, respectively 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks was selected as the optimum profiles. Finally, the selected profiles were examined in Tabas Coal Mine. FLAC analysis indicates that patterns 6+7 with 2NO flexi bolt 4 m better than other patterns within the faulted zone.     

A study of the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts with analytical modelling

Fully grouted rock bolts have been used in mining industry for many years. Much research has been conducted to evaluate the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts with experimental programs.However, compared with that, less work has been conducted with analytical modelling. Therefore, in this paper, the authors used an analytical model to study the load transfer behavior of fully grouted rock bolts.To confirm the credibility of this analytical model, an in-situ pull-out test was used to validate this model.There was a close match between the experimental result and the analytical result. Following it, a parametric study was conducted with this analytical model. The influence of coefficients, Young's modulus of the rock bolt and the diameter of the rock bolt on the load transfer performance of rock bolts was studied.Furthermore, the load distribution along the fully grouted rock bolt was analytically studied. The results show that the axial load in the rock bolt decayed from the loaded end to the free end independent of the pull-out load. However, the trend of the load distribution curve was influenced by the pull-out load. This paper was beneficial for better understanding the load transfer mechanism of fully grouted rock bolts.     

Parametric study on the axial performance of a fully grouted cable bolt with a new pull-out test

Modified cable bolts are commonly used in underground mines due to their superior performance in preventing bed separation when compared with plain strands. To better test the axial performance of a wide range of cable bolts,a new laboratory short encapsulation pull test(LSEPT) facility was developed. The facility simulates the interaction between cable bolts and surrounding rock mass,using artificial rock cylinders with a diameter of 300 mm in which the cable bolt is grouted. Furthermore,the joint where the load is applied is left unconstrained to allow shear slippage at the cable/grout or grout/rock interface.Based on this apparatus,a series of pull tests were undertaken using the MW9 modified bulb cable bolt.Various parameters including embedment length,test material strength and borehole size were evaluated. It was found that within a limited range of 360 mm,there is a linear relationship between the maximum bearing capacity of the cable bolt and embedment length. Beyond 360 mm,the peak capacity continues to rise but with a much lower slope. When the MW9 cable bolt was grouted in a weak test material,failure always took place along the grout/rock interface. Interestingly,increasing the borehole diameter from 42 to 52 m in weak test material altered the failure mode from grout/rock interface to cable/grout interface and improved the performance in terms of both peak and residual capacity.     

全长粘结式灌浆锚杆锈胀机制研究

针对埋设在地下特殊环境条件下全长粘结式灌浆锚杆存在因锈胀致裂,导致结构失效的实际情况,以弹性理论为基础,根据锚杆、灌浆材料以及围岩体三者之间变形协调关系、荷载平衡条件,研究了锚杆锈胀导致灌浆或岩体开裂,进而加速锚杆锈蚀破坏的机制问题,讨论了锚杆锈胀量、灌浆材料特性、保护层厚度以及围岩体力学性质对锚杆锈胀力的影响。结果表明:锚杆锈胀力随着钢筋锈蚀率的增加而增加,随钢筋保护层厚度的增加而减少;砂浆与围岩体之间的锈胀力随砂浆强度、围岩强度的增加而增加,钢筋与砂浆之间的锈胀力随围岩强度的增加而增加,随砂浆强度的增加而降低。     

Numerical analysis of the effects of rock bolts on stress redistribution around a roadway

Besides opening geometry, in situ stress and material properties, opening support also has significant effects on stress redistribution around a roadway. To investigate these effects of rock bolts on the stress redistribution around a roadway, a series of numerical studies were carried out using the finite difference method. Since the stress changes around a roadway caused by rock bolting is small relative to the in situ stress, they cannot obviously be observed in stress contour plots. To overcome this difficulty, a new result processing methodology was developed using the contouring program Surfer. With this methodology, the effects of rock bolts on stress redistribution can obviously be analyzed. Numerical results show that in the three patterns of rock bolts installed in the roof, in the roof and the two lateral sides, and in all the four sides of the rectangular roadway, the maximum stress magnitude of the increase is 0.931 MPa, 2.46 MPa,and 6.5 MPa, respectively; the bolt number of 5 can form an integrated ground arch; the appropriate length and pre-tensioned force of the rock bolt is 2.0 m and 60 k N, respectively. What is more, the ground arch action under the function of rock bolting is able to be effectively examined. The rock bolts dramatically increase the minor principal stress around a roadway which results in significant increase in material strength. Consequently, the major principal stress that the material can carry will greatly increase.With adequate supports, an integrated ground arch which is critical for the stability of roadway will be formed around the roadway.     

Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer

By applying experimental method, the bolt stress and supporting mechanism is studied during the deformation process of a rock mass containing a weak interlayer. The force measuring bolt is installed manually and instrumented five pairs of symmetrical strain gauges. The experimental results show that the fully grouted bolt suffers tensile, compressive, bending and shear stress at the same time. The bolt stress evolution is closely related to the deformation stages of the rock mass which are very gradually varying stage, gradually varying stage at the pre-peak and suddenly varying stage at the post peak stage.The axial compressive stress in the bolt is mainly induced by the moment. Thus, in most cases the axial compressive stress is distributed on one side of the bolt. For axial stresses, induced by the axial force and the bending moment at the post-peak stage, three types of changing are observed, viz. increasingincreasing type, decreasing-increasing type and increasing-decreasing type. The stress characteristics of the bolt section in the weak interlayer are significantly different from those in the hard rock. The failure models of the anchored bolt are tensile failure and shear failure, respectively. The bolt not only provides constraints on the free surface of the rock mass, but also resists the axial and lateral loading by the bending moment. This study provides valuable guidelines for bolting support design and its safety assessment.     

Experimental study on the compressive strength of grouted concrete block masonry based on nondestructive detection methods

Existing nondestructive detection methods were adopted to test the compressive strength of grouted concrete block masonry,i.e.the rebound method,pulling-out method and core drilling method were employed to test the strength of block,mortar and grouted concrete,respectively.The suitability of these methods for the testing of strength of grouted concrete block masonry was discussed,and the comprehensive strength of block masonry was appraised by combining existing nondestructive or micro-destructive detection methods.The nondestructive detection test on 25 grouted concrete block masonry specimens was carried out.Experimental results show that these methods mentioned above are applicable for the strength detection of grouted concrete block masonry.Moreover,the formulas of compressive strength,detection methods and proposals are given as well.     

A new analytical solution for calculation the displacement and shear stress of fully grouted rock bolts and numerical verifications

In presence of difficult conditions in coal mining roadways, an adequate stabilization of the excavation boundary is required to ensure a safe progress of the construction. The stabilization of the roadways can be improved by fully grouted rock bolt, offering properties optimal to the purpose and versatility in use. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. This study proposes a new analytical solution for calculation displacement and shear stress in a fully encapsulated rock bolt in jointed rocks. The main characteristics of the analytical solution consider the bolt profile and jump plane under pull test conditions. The performance of the proposed analytical solution, for three types of different bolt profile configurations, is validated by ANSYS software. The results show there is a good agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the rate of displacement and shear stress from the bolt to the rock exponentially decayed. This exponential reduction in displacement and shear stress are dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and grout thickness, material and joint properties.