除草剂辛酰溴苯腈的杂质分析

分析了辛酰溴苯腈生产中可能存在的杂质辛酰氯、溴苯腈醋酸酯、氯苯腈辛酰酯对药效的影响,并通过实验找到了避免这些杂质产生的方法,从而提高了辛酰溴苯腈产品质量。     

辛酰溴苯腈的合成研究

介绍了辛酰溴苯腈的性质、用途并研究了以对羟基苯甲腈为起始原料，经溴化，酰基化合成辛酰溴苯腈原药的工艺路线，总收率达85%，原药含量达到97%。     

32.7%溴苯腈辛酸酯乳油的研究与应用

溴苯腈间辛酰氯直接反应制备本腈辛酸酯，配制３２．７％溴苯腈辛酸酯乳油，并进行了毒性试验和田间应用试验。     

溴苯腈辛酸酯乳油的气相色谱分析

本文以ＯＶ－１０１０ 固定液，正二十二烷为内标物，气相色谱法测定溴苯腈辛酸酯乳油中有效成分含量。其标准偏差为０．１４，变异系数为０．５％，回收率为１００．５％。     

溴苯腈辛酸酯原药的气相色谱分析

以ＯＶ－１０１为固定液、正二十二烷为内标物、气相色谱法测定溴苯腈辛酸酯原药中有效成分含量。标准偏差为０．５，变异系数为０．５５％，回收率为９９．８５％。     

30%辛酰溴苯腈水乳剂的气相色谱分析方法

采用气相色谱分析30%辛酰溴苯腈水乳剂,固定相为SE-54,内标物为邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯,辛酰溴苯腈色谱峰与内标物色谱峰的分离度为3.0。方法的相关系数为0.9999,标准偏差为0.27,变异系数为0.89%,平均回收率为99.4%。     

溶剂蒸发法制备辛酰溴苯腈微胶囊及其性能研究

为开发出辛酰溴苯腈新剂型,提高其防治效果,降低施用量,本研究以聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB)为壁材,辛酰溴苯腈为芯材,三氯甲烷为溶剂,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为乳化剂,采用溶剂蒸发法制备微胶囊,通过单因素及L₉(3⁴)正交设计试验确定其最佳制备工艺,测定其载药量、包封率、粒径及分布、缓释性能和除草活性。试验结果表明,辛酰溴苯腈微胶囊最佳制备工艺条件为芯壁材质量比为1∶5,油水体积比为1∶5,PVA质量分数为2%,剪切速率为12 000 r/min,其制备的微胶囊中位粒径D₅₀值为24.82μm,分散均匀,载药量为18.38%,包封率达91.90%。该微胶囊释放性能良好,148 h累积释放率达83%;辛酰溴苯腈微胶囊有效成分360 g/hm²药后7 d对藜的株防效为95.83%,与商用乳油制剂有效成分450 g/hm²的株防效无显著差异。制备的辛酰溴苯腈微胶囊能有效减少辛酰溴苯腈使用量。     

溴苯腈含量的气相色谱分析

采用气相色谱法,以ＯＶ－１０１为固定液,正十五烷为内标测定溴苯腈含量,方法标准偏差为０．２７,变异系数０．２９％,平均回收率为１００．０６％,相关系数为０．９９９５。     

辛酰溴苯腈生产现状与市场分析

1辛酰溴苯腈综述 溴苯腈是由May＆Baker Ltd公司研制（现为拜耳公司）于1963年开发的苯腈类触杀型除草剂。因其辛酸酯稳定性较强,实际应用多为辛酰溴苯腈。辛酰溴苯腈（bromoxynil octanoate）化学名称为2,6-二溴-4-氰基苯基辛酸酯．为旱田芽后茎叶处理触杀型除草剂,可有效防除小麦、大麦、黑麦、玉米、高梁、甘蔗、水稻、旱稻、亚麻、葱、蒜、韭菜、草坪等田中的婆婆纳、猪殃殃、繁缕、扁蓄、刺儿菜、苣荬菜、兰菜、播娘蒿、卷茎蓼、龙葵、母菊、矢车菊、豚草、苘麻、苍耳、鸭趾草、蓼、藜、苋、麦瓶草、田旋花、荠菜等阔叶杂草和水稻田里的疣草等。对莠去津的抗性杂草灰菜、反枝苋、龙葵和蓼等有较好防效。     

39%辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津油悬浮剂对夏玉米田杂草的防除效果

[目的]为明确39%辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津油悬浮剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及对玉米发育的影响和安全性。[方法]采用茎叶喷雾,定期调查的方法进行田间药效试验。[结果]39%辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津油悬浮剂的推荐用量为526.5~585 g a.i./hm2,药后35 d对杂草的总体防效可达到99.46%。[结论]39%辛酰溴苯腈·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津油悬浮剂能够有效防除玉米田杂草,并对玉米有较好的安全性。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.