太阳能喷射式制冷与电压缩制冷的能耗的对比

太阳能喷射式制冷系统在满足供冷需求时,通常需要补充一定量的一次常规能源,其节能条件及应用范围是急需解决的问题.在系统能量平衡的基础上,引入太阳能倍率等参数,推导了太阳能喷射式制冷系统与电压缩制冷系统的一次能耗比计算公式,进而对太阳能喷射式制冷系统与电压缩制冷系统的一次能源消耗进行了对比分析.并以太原为例,确定了太阳能喷射式制冷系统的平衡太阳能倍率,给出了相对于电压缩制冷的太阳能喷射式制冷的节能条件.     

冷暖联供太阳能喷射制冷系统的一次能耗

太阳能喷射式制冷(热泵)系统在满足供冷、供热需求时，通常需要补充一定量的一次常规能源。该文在系统能量平衡的基础上，引入太阳能倍率、冬夏负荷比等参数，推导了太阳能制冷系统与电压缩制冷系统的一次能耗比计算公式。进而对太阳能双元混合工质喷射式制冷(热泵)系统、单元工质喷射式制冷系统、太阳能直接供热系统与电压缩制冷系统的一次能源消耗进行了对比分析。结果表明，太阳能喷射式热泵比太阳能直接供暖系统节约一次常规能源；太阳能喷射式制冷(热泵)系统，在其太阳能倍率位于节能区时，比电压缩制冷(热泵)系统节约一次常规能源。     

HFO1234yf太阳能喷射制冷系统在住宅建筑中的应用研究

根据郑州地区夏季太阳辐射和空调负荷特点,以HFO1234yf为制冷剂,基于实验测试和模拟计算,针对某一太阳能喷射制冷空调系统运行性能进行研究,该系统供冷对象为200 m~2别墅,采用40 m~2真空管式太阳能集热装置和一个带有辅助加热装置的集热水箱作为热源,计算分析冷负荷、辅助加热量以及太阳能集热量的关系。结果表明:5~9月份,郑州地区典型气象条件下,太阳能集热效率、系统喷射系数、系统COP、太阳能喷射制冷系统综合性能COP_0随月份呈波动变化,均在7月份达到最小值;在5~9月份期间,太阳能制冷系统制冷月贡献率在0.46~0.95间波动,9月份制冷贡献率最大达到0.95,7月份制冷贡献率最小达到0.46。     

太阳能光伏、光热及制冷一体机(上)

从对一般城镇居民用电结构的调查入手,通过对现有太阳能光伏系统能量转化和利用情况进行分析,确立了太阳能光伏、光热利用两条并行主线,提出了"以光变电、制热,用热制冷"的综合解决方案。通过设计新的反射聚光系统、由太阳电池板和集热器组成复合结构的光靶、集成吸收式制冷系统和仿生害羞虫避光式阳光跟踪传感器系统等,最终形成了太阳能光伏、光热和制冷功能一体化集成设计理念,以期通过整个系统的协调运行实现太阳能利用的高效率和经济性。     

新型太阳能喷射与电压缩式联合制冷系统的研究

提出一种新型的太阳能喷射与电压缩联合制冷系统,其既可以利用太阳能喷射式制冷又可以利用电能驱动压缩式制冷,可提高太阳能与辅助能源的综合利用率。对该系统中以R141b作为制冷工质,采用斜盘式压缩机的辅助电压缩制冷系统进行了理论循环计算与实验研究。实验表明,该辅助电压缩制冷系统的性能系数达到2.53。与传统的辅助能源应用方式相比,该辅助电压缩式制冷系统能更高效地利用常规能源,提高新型太阳能喷射制冷系统的综合节能效果。     

太阳能喷射式制冷技术进展

介绍了太阳能喷射式制冷的工作原理及系统构成,从制冷工质的选择、喷射器设计、系统运行参数优化及新型太阳能喷射式制冷技术四个方面,综述了太阳能喷射式制冷的发展,并简要地分析了太阳能喷射式制冷的发展前景.     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统性能分析

叙述了太阳能增压喷射式制冷的原理和系统工作过程. 探讨了太阳能喷射式制冷系统研究的进展状况.通过计算研究了多种制冷剂对喷射器工作性能和系统制冷系数的影响.应用数学模拟的方法,分析了太阳能增压喷射式制冷系统在实际日照条件下的工作性能.结果表明,这种系统能够利用太阳能提供实际需要的制冷量.     

平板型集热器驱动的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行分析与优化研究

文章以平板型集热器作为驱动热源,构建了一套额定制冷功率为17.6 kW的小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统,并基于TRNSYS软件构建了小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统模型,研究了太阳辐射强度、集热器面积和蓄热水箱体积的变化对系统运行性能和制冷功率的影响。模拟结果表明:在系统运行过程中,平板型集热器的工作温度约为90℃,单效吸收式制冷机的驱动温度为72.5～95℃,单效吸收式制冷机的最大制冷效率可以达到0.85,由此可知,当热源温度与驱动温度的匹配度较好时,既能保证单效吸收式制冷机的高效运行,又能减少能源品位的浪费;白天,当小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统运行时,系统的太阳能保证率为57.5%,一次能源节约系数可达到0.25,此时,小型太阳能吸收式制冷系统的制冷性能优于电压缩制冷系统。     

10MW太阳能热气流发电系统结构优化与成本分析

针对太阳能热气流发电系统烟囱超高、集热棚超大的特点,基于太阳能热气流发电系统的流动与传热模型,预测了10 MW太阳能热气流发电系统的基本几何结构,建立了太阳能热气流发电系统各关键部件、整体系统的造价模型及发电成本模型.通过计算和对比10 MW系统各种几何结构型式的系统造价,获得了经济上较为合理的结构型式,并分析了影响集热棚、烟囱及系统总造价的主要因素,提出了降低系统造价的方法.结果表明,该方法经济、可行.     

外部环境对冷板冷藏车制冷系统性能的影响

对冷板冷藏车中冷凝器建立了动态分布参数模型,并与蒸发器、压缩机及热力膨胀阀模型联立求解,得到了制冷系统运行的动态仿真解.分析了冷凝器迎面风速和进风温度对制冷系统运行的影响,结果表明:在一定冷凝器进风温度下,迎面风速的改变将对制冷量、制冷系数及充冷时问产生影响;冷凝器进风温度对制冷系统的制冷能力有一定影响,建议在环境温度...     

太阳能冷管的研究及其进展

太阳能冷管以沸石分子筛—水为工质对，在一根玻璃管内完成吸附式制冷循环，一根冷管即为一个制冷单元，成功地解决了太阳能吸附式制冷技术难以转化为成果的问题。本文综述了作者近几年来对太阳能冷管首创性提出，以及其结构性能的研制和改进情况。采用真空集热方式和选择性涂层加强冷管对太阳能的吸收，采用整体固化复合吸附剂提高吸附床的吸附和脱附性能。本文还介绍了已制作的三代太阳能冷管型制冷系统的试验样机，在单一提供制冷的基础上，提出了既可以制冷又可以供热水的多功能太阳能冷管。目前，实验结果表明，最新的多功能太阳能冷管COP可达0．268，太阳能制冷与供热的总效率可达87．7％。     

大型太阳能烟囱发电站热力分析与计算

利用热力学方法建立太阳能烟囱发电系统中集热棚、烟囱及风力透平的热气流能量转换过程的理论模型及求解方法.鉴于太阳能烟囱发电站的大尺寸特征,采用一维假设建立热气流传热模型,使用龙格-库塔方法对非线性能量方程进行数值求解.对集热棚直径3 600 m,烟囱高950 m,设计功率100 MW的大型太阳能烟囱发电站进行分析与计算,给出了该电站的风力透平轴功率随质量流量和太阳辐射强度变化的规律,为风力透平机组提供热力气动设计参数,为大规模开发利用太阳能提供借鉴.     

Passive cooling of buildings by using integrated earth to air heat exchanger and solar chimney

Passive cooling is being employed as a low-energy consuming technique to remove undesirable interior heat from a building in the hot seasons. There are numerous ways to promote this cooling technique, and in the present study the use of solar chimney (SC) together with earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) is introduced. Consequently, theoretical analyses have been conducted in order to investigate the cooling and ventilation in a solar house through combined solar chimney and underground air channel. The finding shows that the solar chimney can be perfectly used to power the underground cooling system during the daytime, without any need to electricity. Moreover, this system with a proper design may also provide a thermally comfortable indoor environment for a large number of hours in the scorching summer days. Based on the required indoor thermal comfort conditions, the numbers of required SCs and EAHEs are calculated and some features of such a system is presented. It is widely expected that the proposed concept is useful enough to be incorporated with a stand-alone or a cluster of buildings especially in some favorable climates.     

不同地区住宅能耗与太阳能吸收式空调系统匹配性分析与模拟研究

为了满足农村住宅清洁用能的需求,多种形式的能源系统逐渐开始应用于广大的农村地区。随着太阳能集热器集热效率的提高,热驱动机组各项性能不断改善,这样有利于太阳能吸收式空调系统在农村地区的应用。为了研究太阳能吸收式空调系统与农村住宅全年能耗的匹配问题,文章首先建立了DeST住宅模型,然后利用TRNSYS软件建立了太阳能吸收式空调系统模型,最后根据模拟结果对国内不同气候区内农村住宅供热季、供冷季的平均热负荷值,以及全年的能耗进行分析。此外,文章还分析了典型日太阳能吸收式空调系统的运行策略与效果。分析结果表明:在无辅助热源的条件下,太阳能集热器的集热温度会大于80℃,满足空调机组的热驱动温度,因此可以作为太阳能吸收式空调系统的的热源;当启动温度为85℃时,空调机组的制冷量可以达到8 kW,性能系数COP为0.733。     

Cooling with the sun's heat Design considerations and test data for a Rankine Cycle prototype

The development of a demonstration package supplying residential cooling and/or electricity via a solar-heated Rankine Cycle is discussed. The 3-ton air conditioning, 1-kW electric system employs a solar collector to warm flowing water which provides input heat to a low temperature organic (R-113) Rankine Cycle. Expansion through a high speed (50,000 rpm) turbine-speed reducer drives an available R-12 refrigeration compressor and 3600 rpm motor-generator.The design point solar collector water temperature is 215°F, providing an R-113 temperature at the turbine inlet of 200°F. With a water-cooled R-113 condenser purveying a condensing temperature of 95°F and a turbine efficiency design goal of 80%, Rankine Cycle efficiency (turbine shaft power divided by heat input to the working fluid) is 11·5%.An 85% efficient R-12 compressor yields an overall coefficient of performance (COP) goal of 0·71.The project is jointly funded by Honeywell, Inc., and the National Science Foundation.     

Study of a solar powered solid adsorption–desiccant cooling system used for grain storage

A hybrid solar cooling system, which combines the technologies of rotary desiccant dehumidification and solid adsorption refrigeration, has been proposed for cooling grain. The key components of the system are a rotary desiccant wheel and a solar adsorption collector. The former is used for dehumidification and the later acts as both an adsorption unit and a solar collector. The heating load from sunshine can thus be reduced to a greater extent since the solar adsorption collector is placed on the roof of the grain depot. Compared with the solid adsorption refrigeration system alone, the new hybrid system performs better. Under typical conditions, the coefficient of performance of the system is >0.4 and the outlet temperature is <20°C. It is believed that the system can be used widely in the regions with abundant solar resources due to such advantages as environmental protection, energy saving and low operation costs. Additionally, some parameters, for example, ambient conditions, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger and evaporative cooler, mass air-flow rate, etc., which affect system performance, are also analyzed.     

A complete design data and performance parameter evaluation of a pilot scale solar updraft tower

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are the best alternative for giving solution to the energy shortage and CO₂ emission problems. Solar updraft tower is a relative novel technology for electricity production from solar energy. It consists of three main components; a solar air collector with absorber plate, central chimney, and a turbine. The objective of this work is to present complete design parameters of individual components of a small and less expensive prototype solar updraft tower. The main contents of this study are; solar radiation calculations, chimney design, solar wind turbine design calculations, heat loss and pressure loss estimations for collector. The pilot solar chimney power plant considered in this work consists of an air collector diameter of 3.5-m, the chimney diameter and height are 0.6 and 6?m, respectively. Theoretically the maximum velocity of air is achieved at chimney base is 1.9?m/s. The overall efficiency of the plant is estimated as 0.0019%.     

Solar cooling in the food industry in Mexico: A case study

In Mexico efforts are being made to promote the use of solar energy for cooling in the Agro-Food Industries (AFI), 120 industries were contacted in order to assess the solar cooling potential application in the sector. One case study was selected among the visited potential end users according to the size of the facility, the information available and their willingness to collaborate in the present project. Data from the industry was used to select the appropriate solar cooling concept and therefore the collector’s typology, and the absorption cooling system. Moreover, the operation of the system was simulated in order to define the optimal size of the collector field required. The proposed cooling system was composed by a Fresnel concentrating collector field to activate a series of air cooled single-effect ammonia–water absorption chillers. The cooling system simulation was carried out with the Transient Systems Simulation Programme (TRNSYS) which allowed to model the collector system that fulfill the required load. The calculated saved electricity was around 19% of the total consumption, this small fraction is due to the fact that the selected facility is operating continuously with very large refrigeration capacities. The specifications of the simulated solar cooling system are presented.     

新型平板式太阳能冷热联供装置

在积累了太阳固体吸附式制冷循环研究的基础上，与现有的平板式太阳热水器制造技术紧密结合，提出了平板式太阳冷热联供循环方式，并在实验室内成功地制作了实物样机。该装置能有效地回收太阳固体吸附式制冷不中吸附床的显热及吸附热，且操作简便。实验结果有效地支持了所提出的设想，为太阳固体吸附式制冷的实用化应用打下了良好基础。     

Energy saving mechanism analysis of the absorption–compression hybrid refrigeration cycle

Focusing on the effective use of low-grade solar heat as heat source to provide refrigeration for residential and commercial space cooling, an absorption-compression hybrid refrigeration cycle has been studied on the basis of available data of working pair 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and dimethylformamide (DMF). In order to investigate their performance, the energy saving mechanism of the hybrid cycle was analyzed, by means of thermodynamic diagrams of log p–T, log p–h and T–s. The results show that the hybrid refrigeration cycle has a relatively high thermodynamic perfectibility and can use low-grade heat to replace parts of mechanical work for obtaining lower temperature refrigeration effect owing to its energy complement and cascade refrigerating configuration between the internal sub-cycles. Moreover, on the basis of two new criteria, the heat powered coefficient of performance and the electricity saving rate, the competition behavior between the sub-cycles of the hybrid cycle, i.e. the trade-off effects of compressor pressure on the low-grade heat utilization performance were also investigated. It was found that the sub-cycles compete in their contribution to the hybrid refrigeration system and the cycle preferences depend on the dominance which one achieves. In other words, there is an optimum compressor outlet pressure region under specified working conditions, where the hybrid refrigeration cycle has the maximum heat powered coefficient of performance and electricity saving rate.