The Preparation of Imidacloprid in a Jet Loop Reactor

A new process for the direct combination of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine and 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine under benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) as the catalyst and butanone as the solvent to yield imidacloprid in an 11.5 L jet loop reactor was developed. Five main reaction conditions including reaction temperature, molar ratio of BTEAC to 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine, concentration of 2-nitroiminoimidazolidine, jet liquid flow rate, and the ratio of the inside diameter of the draft tube to that of the reactor were investigated and optimized. The average molar yield and purity of imidacloprid increased to approximately 80% and 92% under the optimum operating conditions, respectively. Finally, a comparison of the efficiency for the preparation of imidacloprid between the jet loop reactor and the stirred tank reactor under the same operating conditions was conducted.     

吡虫啉合成的工艺优化和工业放大

In order to reduce the production cost of imidacloprid, the preparation technology for the direct combination of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine and 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline has been optimized in a 10L stirred tank reactor with a new solvent, butanone, and a new catalyst, benzyl triethyl-ammonium chloride (BTEAC), which was proved to be more profitable for the production of imidacloprid. Three main affecting factors (the reaction temperature, the molar ratio of BTEAC to 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline and the concentration of 2-nitryliminoglyoxaline) for the production of imidacloprid were investigated and the optimum operating conditions were found. Based on the above technological optimization, an industrial process for imidacloprid with a production capacity of 50 tons per year was put in operation using a 2500 L stirred tank reactor under the same operating conditions. Good yield and purity of imidacloprid was also obtained ia the industrial production.     

2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶在气升环流反应器中的合成研究

A new process for the direct chlorination of 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine to yield 2-chloro-5-chloro-methylpyridine in an airlift loop reactor (ALR) has been studied.Five main reaction conditions including TR,na/ns,cp,Qg and dD/dR were optimized.The average molar yield and purity of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine obtained were 79% and 98.5% respectively under the optimum operating conditions.Finally,the efficiency for the preparation of 2-chloro-50chloromethylpyridine with ALR and stirred tank reactor(STR) respectively was compared.     

异烟酸乙酯的相转移催化合成

以 BTEAC(苄基三乙基氯化铵 )为相转移催化剂合成了异烟酸乙酯。无水乙醇既为溶剂又为反应物 ,所以固定无水乙醇与异烟酸的比例为 1∶ 1 7(摩尔比 ) ,即异烟酸 4.9g( 0 .0 4 mol) ,无水乙醇 40 m L,使无水乙醇大大过量。利用正交实验考察浓 98%H2 SO4(质量分数 ,下同 )用量 ,BTEAC用量 ,反应液最终温度对产率的影响。实验确定了最佳反应条件 :H2 SO45 .5 g,相转移催化剂 0 .3g,最终反应温度 1 0 5°C,收率 82 .6%。在其他条件相同而不加相转移催化剂时收率只有44.6%,实验结果表明相转移催化剂的使用可以提高异烟酸乙酯的产率。     

清洁溶剂应用于吡虫啉合成工艺中研究

以2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶为原料,用清洁溶剂乙醇代替乙腈,采用硝基胍法对吡虫啉的合成进行了工艺改进。考察了溶剂、温度、原料配比、时间等因素对反应的影响。获得以乙醇为溶剂的最佳合成工艺条件:反应温度40℃,原料配比n乙二胺:n2-氯-5-氯甲基吡啶=2:1,反应时间为3 h,得到中间体2-氯-5-甲基吡啶乙二胺的产率为75.5%,纯度为95.30%。     

丙烯催化氧化制丙烯酸的两段流化床工艺

分别在一段和两段流化床反应器中对丙烯催化氧化制备丙烯酸过程进行了研究. 主要考察了温度、丙烯空速和氧/烯比等操作条件对丙烯氧化制备丙烯醛的第一步反应中丙烯转化率和液相收率的影响. 结果表明,在两段流化床反应器中,由于能够有效抑制气体和固体的返混及催化剂床层中气泡的增长,第一步反应中丙烯转化率和液相收率可以分别大幅度提高到94.2%和74.4%. 得到第一步反应的优化条件为：丙烯空速20~21 L/(h·kg),操作温度360~365℃,氧/烯摩尔比1.6~1.8,在此条件下,考察了连续两步反应中的丙烯转化率和液相收率.     

Two-step continuous synthesis of tetraethylthiuram disulfide in microstructured reactors

We present two-step continuous synthesis of tetraethyl thiuram disulfide using microstructured reactors, starting with the formation of N, N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid from carbon disulfide and diethylamine in the first mi- crostructured reactor, and the oxidation of N, N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid by hydrogen peroxide in the second one. We studied the effects of reaction temperature, LHSV and total flow rate on the yield of the product. In the first microstructured reactor assembled with an HPIMM micromixer and a stainless steel capillary as the delay loop, the yield of N, N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid reached 96.3% in the 40 wt% diethylamine ethanol solution under reaction conditions of the CS₂/(C₂H₅)₂NH molar ratio of 1.1: 1, total flow rate of 4 mL/min, LHSV of 42.4 h⁻¹, and reaction temperature of 25 °C. Consequently, the obtained N, N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid solution was reacted with H₂O₂ solution in another microstructured reactor assembled with SIMM-V2 and a PTFE capillary as the delay loop, the yield of the high purity tetraethylthiuram disulfide reached 89.3% under the optimized reaction conditions.     

Preparation of sorbitol from D‐glucose hydrogenation in gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop reactor

A new process for D ‐glucose hydrogenation in 50 wt% aqueous solution, into sorbitol in a 1.5 m³ gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow airlift loop reactor (ALR) over Raney Nickel catalysts has been developed. Five main factors affecting the reaction time and molar yield to sorbitol, including reaction temperature (T_R), reaction pressure (P_R), pH, hydrogen gas flowrate (Q_g) and content of active hydrogen, were investigated and optimized. The average reaction time and molar yield were 70 min and 98.6% under the optimum operating conditions, respectively. The efficiencies of preparation of sorbitol between the gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow ALR and stirred tank reactor (STR) under the same operating conditions were compared. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

过氧化氢温和氧化2-甲基萘的研究

利用过氧化氢在冰乙酸溶剂和无催化剂下氧化2-甲基萘,制备2-甲基萘醌。考察了反应温度、时间、溶剂体积以及氧化剂与原料的配比等对2-甲基萘醌产率的影响。结果表明,较优的反应条件为:反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h,溶剂量40 mL,氧化剂与原料的摩尔比10∶1。在以上较优条件下,2-甲基萘转化率为88.66%,2-甲基萘醌的选择性69.44%。     

气固法制备IF_5工艺

以碘单质和氟气为原料,采用气固法制备IF5,其中氟气间歇式通入反应器,氟气流量约为28～30 L/min,反应压力不高于-0.01 MPa。研究了反应温度、原料配比（物质的量之比）和碘加入量对反应的影响。结果表明,制备IF5的最适宜条件为：反应过程温度控制在80～100℃之间,氟气与碘的配比（物质的量之比）约6∶1,在容积为100 L的反应器内碘加入量约10 kg。此条件下,得到质量分数为99%的IF5产品的产率最大为87.32%。     

叔丁醇共溶剂用于制备生物柴油的研究

利用叔丁醇作为共溶剂可使棕榈油、甲醇和催化剂形成均相体系,用于酯交换反应制备生物柴油,可以缩短反应时间。实验以棕榈油为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,在带夹套的玻璃反应器内进行反应。考察了共溶剂质量分数、催化剂质量分数、反应温度、醇油摩尔比等因素对生物柴油产率的影响,获得了最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,当叔丁醇质量为棕榈油质量的11.6%,催化剂质量为油质量的1.0%,反应温度为60℃,醇油摩尔比为6∶1时,反应2 m in后生物柴油产率达到了90%。     

甲基磺酸铜催化合成柠檬酸三(2-乙基己基)酯的研究

研究了以甲基磺酸铜催化柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇的酯化反应,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比等对反应的影响。结果表明,甲基磺酸铜催化合成柠檬酸三(2-乙基己基)酯的最佳反应条件为:n(2-乙基己醇)∶n(柠檬酸)=1.08∶0.3,催化剂用量0.30%(以酸的物质的量计),反应温度120~130℃,负压操作。在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三(2-乙基己基)酯收率在98%以上;反应结束后,催化剂通过简单的相分离,即可重复使用,重复使用5次,其催化活性无明显下降,产品收率仍可达到90%以上。     

光学活性邻氯扁桃酸正丁酯的合成

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,通过正交实验法研究了光学活性邻氯扁桃酸与正丁醇反应得到手性萃取拆分剂S-（＋）-2-邻氯扁桃酸正丁酯的条件,合适的反应条件为：光学活性扁桃酸0.02 mol,n（邻氯扁桃酸）∶n（正丁醇）=1∶3,对甲苯磺酸0.1 g,甲苯50 mL,回流反应约5 h,含量大于98%,收率在91%以上,其结构经1H NMR确证。     

SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-MoO_3催化合成氯乙酸正辛酯

以固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2 MoO3为催化剂,氯乙酸与正辛醇合成了氯乙酸正辛酯。探讨了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间及带水剂用量等因素对酯收率的影响。结果表明:SO42-/TiO2 MoO3具有良好的催化活性。在醇酸摩尔比为1.5∶1.0,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的1.0%,反应时间为2.0h,带水剂为6ml,反应温度在160～180℃的条件下,氯乙酸正辛酯的收率可达79.0%。     

Transesterification of castor oil: Effect of the acid value and neutralization of the oil with glycerol

This paper evaluates the production of methyl esters from castor oil and methanol after neutralization of castor oil with glycerol. The reaction was carried out under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in a batch reactor, employing potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Results showed high yield of castor oil into methyl esters after neutralization of castor oil with glycerol. The highest yield observed was of 92.5% after 15 min of reaction. The best operating condition was obtained applying an alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6.0 and 0.5% w/w of catalyst.     

Oxidative reforming of biomass derived ethanol for hydrogen production in fuel cell applications

Oxidative reforming of biomass derived ethanol over an inexpensive Ni–Cu/SiO₂ catalyst has been carried out with respect to solid polymer fuel cell (SPFC) applications. Two types of runs were performed, either under diluted conditions (with helium as diluent) or under conditions corresponding to an on-board reformer. Selectivities of ethanol reforming have been analyzed as a function of operating parameters: reaction temperature, H₂O/EtOH molar ratio and O₂/EtOH molar ratio of the feed to the reformer. The hydrogen content and the CO₂/CO_x molar ratio in the outlet gases were used as parameters to optimize the operating conditions in the reforming reactor. The tests carried out at on-board reformer conditions evidenced that an H₂O/EtOH molar ratio=1.6 and an O₂/EtOH molar ratio=0.68 at 973 K allow a hydrogen rich mixture (33%) that can be considered of high interest for SPFC. Furthermore, the use of oxygen decreases the production of methane and coke which increases in turn the lifetime of the catalyst. The stability of this catalyst has been fully demonstrated by long time runs.     

Zn–Ca–Al mixed oxide as efficient catalyst for synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol

A series of Zn–Ca–Al oxides with different CaO and ZnO contents have been prepared and evaluated in the synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC) from 1,2-propylene glycol(PG) and urea in a batch reactor. The effect of catalyst composition, basicity and reaction process parameters such as temperature, catalyst dose, molar ratio of PG to urea, purge gas flow and reaction time has been studied to find suitable reaction conditions for the PC synthesis. The PC selectivity and yield under the desired conditions could reach 98.4% and 90.8%, respectively. The best performing catalyst also exhibited a good reusability without appreciable loss in the PC selectivity and yield after five consecutive reaction runs. In addition, a stepwise reaction pathway involving a 2-hydroxypropyl carbamate intermediate was proposed for the urea alcoholysis to PC in the presence of Zn–Ca–Al catalysts, according to the time dependences of reaction intermediates and products.     

喷射环流反应器中甲苯气相三氧化硫磺化

<正>对甲苯磺酸是制备对甲酚的重要中间体。目前,工业上主要采用甲苯浓硫酸磺化的方法生产,该方法硫酸利用率低,生产过程产生大量废酸,造成环境污染严重;同时,由于磺化产物中,间甲苯磺酸含量高达4%以上,以此为原料生产高纯对甲酚的收率低、成本高、工艺复杂,以SO_3为磺化剂能克服以上不足。对于大相对分子质量的烷基苯（如十二烷基苯）的SO_3磺化早已工业化,关于小相对分子质量烷基苯（如甲苯）的磺化,1983年,Sohrabi建立了气液传质模型,Davidsohn提出了多釜串联生产对甲苯磺酸的专利技术,但至今未见有工业化报道,针对SO_3磺化甲苯具有反应速度快,放热量大等特点,本文首次将用于生化反应过程的喷射环流反应器用于气相SO_3磺化甲苯的反应过程,克服了釜式磺化反应器传质比表面积小、体积大及降膜磺化反应器内易出现局部过热、结构复杂等不足。通过实验,对反应产物的物性变化情况、反应器内的气含率特性及工艺条件进行了初步研究,为工程放大提供了合理的依据。     

ZnO-TiO_2复合催化剂上尿素与甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯

考察了摩尔比不同、煅烧温度不同的ZnO-TiO2复合催化剂对尿素醇解合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性。讨论了催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和原料配比等因素对合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)收率的影响。实验结果表明ZnO-TiO2复合催化剂上最佳反应条件为:催化剂用量为反应体系总质量的1%,反应时间为4 h,反应温度为160℃,甲醇和尿素的摩尔比为14。碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的最高收率为19.2%。     

碘掺杂聚苯胺催化合成丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛

报道了单质碘掺杂聚苯胺催化剂I2/PAn的制备,采用正交试验探讨了合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的影响因素.实验结果表明,对丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率影响最大的是催化剂用量,其次是反应时间、带水剂用量和醛醇物质的量比.碘掺杂聚苯胺催化剂催化合成丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的适宜的反应条件是n(正丁醛):n(1,2-丙二醇)=1:1.5,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的0.20%,带水剂环己烷的用量为4 mL,反应时间1.0 h.在优化条件下,产品收率可达73.8%.